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Network Models

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8 views

Network Models

Uploaded by

moattarfatima2019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Models

 A network is a combination of h/w and s/w that sends data from one location to
another.
 Hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals from one point to
another.
 Software consists of instruction set that make possible the services that we expect from
a network.
Layered Tasks
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. For example, consider sending a postal email.
In the same way that computer networks use layers to simplify communication, the postal
system also follows a layered approach. Let's compare these layers to sending a letter through
the post office:

1. You Write the Letter (Application Layer).


2. You Put the Letter in an Envelope (Presentation Layer)
3. You Add the Address and Stamp (Session Layer)
4. You Add the Address and Stamp (Session Layer)
5. You Drop the Letter at the Post Office (Transport Layer)
6. Post Office Routes the Letter (Network Layer)
7. Postman Delivers the Letter (Data Link and Physical Layers)
Every layer use services of the layer below it.
The OSI Model
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all
aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was
first introduced in the late 1970s. Its main purpose is to enable diverse communication systems
to work together (interoperate) by using a set of defined layers that handle specific functions
within the communication process.
1. Physical Layer

Transmission medium decides whether data is to be sent in digital form or analog form.
Physical Characteristics of Interfaces and Medium:

 Interfaces: Physical connections between devices for communication, such as USB,


Ethernet, or HDMI.
 Medium: The material or channel through which data is transmitted, such as copper
wire, fiber optics, or wireless.

Types of Medium:

 Wired: Transmits data via cables (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic).
 Wireless: Uses electromagnetic waves (e.g., radio, infrared) for data transmission.

Representation of Bits:

Bits (0s and 1s) are transmitted as electrical signals or light pulses. A stream of bits forms the
basic data unit in communication.

Data Rate:

The data rate is the speed at which bits are transmitted, measured in bits per second (bps).

Synchronization of Bits:

Bit synchronization ensures the sender and receiver are aligned in terms of timing, often
achieved through an embedded clock signal.

Line Configuration (Connections):

 Point-to-Point: Direct link between two devices.


 Multipoint: Shared link among multiple devices.

Physical Topology:

 Mesh: Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link with every other device.
 Bus: All devices share a common communication line.

Transmission Modes:

 Simplex: Data flows in one direction only.


 Half-Duplex: Data flows in both directions, but not simultaneously.
 Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously.
2. Data Link Layer

The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model is responsible for node-to-node (hop-to-hop)
data transfer. It ensures that data sent from one device reaches another device that is directly
connected to it.

Let's break down the key functions:

Hop-to-Hop (Node) Delivery: Ensures that data is transmitted from one directly connected
device (node) to the next on the network, handling communication at each hop.

Framing: The Data Link Layer splits the continuous bit stream from the Network Layer into
manageable units called frames, making data easier to handle and transmit.

Physical Addressing: Adds a header to the frame containing the sender's and receiver's MAC
addresses, ensuring that the frame reaches the correct destination on the local network.
Flow Control ensures that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver by sending data faster
than the receiver can process.
Error Control guarantees that damaged or lost frames are retransmitted, and duplicates are
recognized and discarded.
Access Control (MAC) determines which device on a shared medium gets to transmit data at
any given moment, preventing data collisions.

Hop-to-hop delivery
3. Network Layer

The network layer is a critical component of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
model, responsible for the transmission of data packets from the source to the destination
across multiple networks.

Key characteristics:

host-to-Host Delivery (Logical Addressing - IP): The Network Layer uses IP addresses (logical
addresses) to identify both the sender and receiver, enabling communication across different
networks.

IP Address Structure: IP contains network details and host details, distinguishing devices
within and across networks.

 If a packet passes the network boundary, we need another addressing system to help
distinguish the source and destination systems.
 The network layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer that, among
other things, includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver

Crossing Network Boundaries: When data moves between different networks, the Network
Layer adds a header with the logical addresses (IP) of both sender and receiver to ensure
correct delivery.

Routing: Routing is the process of determining the best path for data to travel across
networks.
Routers: Routers connect different networks and ensure packets are directed to their final
destination by determining the most efficient route.

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