Ministry of Defence

Defence Standard 00-40

Issue 1 Publication Date 6 June 2003

Reliability and Maintainability

(R&M)
Part 7 (ARMP-7)
NATO R&M Terminology
Applicable to ARMP’s
 AMENDMENT RECORD

Amd No Date Text Affected Signature and Date

REVISION NOTE

This standard is raised to Issue 1 to update its content.

HISTORICAL RECORD

Arrangement Of Defence Standard 00-40

Part 1 - Management Responsibilities and Requirements for Programmes and Plans

Part 4 - Guidance for Writing NATO R&M Requirements Documents
Part 6 - In-Service R&M
Part 7 - NATO R&M Terminology Applicable to ARMPs
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PREFACE

Reliability Maintainability

NATO R&M Terminology Applicable to ARMPs

a. This Part of the Defence Standard states explicitly the exact meaning of the
Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) terminology used by NATO in the Allied R&M
Publications (ARMPs).

b. Defence Standard 00-49 indicates that ARMP-7 is the preferred source document for
definitions of R&M Terminology. As this Part of the Defence Standard contains ARMP-7 it
is to be regarded as the preferred source document for Definitions of R&M Terminology.

c. This Standard has been agreed by the authorities concerned with its use and is
intended to be used whenever relevant in all future designs, contracts, orders etc and
whenever practicable by amendment to those already in existence. If any difficulty arises
which prevents application of the Defence Standard, the Directorate of Standardization
(DStan) shall be informed so that a remedy may be sought.

d. Any enquiries regarding this standard in relation to an invitation to tender or a

contract in which it is incorporated are to be addressed to the responsible technical or
supervising authority named in the invitation or contract.

e. Compliance with this Defence Standard shall not in itself relieve any person from
any legal obligations imposed upon them.

f. This Part of the Defence Standard includes ‘Allied Reliability and Maintainability
Publication – 7’ (ARMP-7).

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TEXT

Reliability Maintainability

NATO R&M Terminology Applicable to ARMPs

0 INTRODUCTION

The MOD considers the term ‘Reliability and Maintainability’ (R&M) to be generic and
interprets it to encompass related specific concepts such as availability, supportability,
testability etc.
In accordance with the mandated hierarchy of Standards this Part of the Defence Standard is
the preferred source document for definitions of R&M Terminology. Where a required term
is not defined in this part of the Defence Standard reference should then be made to Defence
Standard 00-49

1 SCOPE

This part of the Defence Standard addresses only those R&M terms that are referred to in the
ARMPs.

2 WARNING

The Ministry of Defence (MOD), like its contractors, is subject to both United Kingdom and
European laws regarding Health and Safety at work, without exemption. All Defence
Standards either directly or indirectly invoke the use of processes and procedures that could
be injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. Defence Standards or their use in
no way absolves users from complying with statutory and legal requirements relating to
Health and Safety at work.

3 RELATED DOCUMENTS

3.1 The following documents and publications are referred to in the text of this Standard
:
Defence Standard 00-49 MOD Guide to terminology definitions
STANAG 4174 Allied Reliability and Maintainability Publications
AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions
ISO 8402-1994 International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) No 8402
Quality Management and Quality Assurance - Vocabulary
IEC-50(191) Glossary of International Terms

3.2 Reference in this standard to any related document means in any invitation
to tender or contract the edition and all amendments current at the date of such
tender or contract unless a specific edition is indicated.

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3.3 In consideration of 3.2 above, users shall be fully aware of the issue and amendment
status of all related documents, particularly when forming part of an invitation to tender or
contract. Responsibility for the correct application of Standards rests with the user.

3.4 DStan can advise regarding where related documents are obtained from.
Requests for such information can be made to the DStan Helpdesk. How to contact the
helpdesk is shown on the outside rear cover of Def Stans.

4 DEFINITIONS

Relevant definitions are contained in ARMP-7 which is attached to this Part of the Standard.

4.1 APPLICATION

This part of the Standard and in particular the ARMP-7 Appendix A of this Part of the
Standard shall be used for Definition of R&M Terminology.

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ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/FRENCH DOCUMENT
6th March 2001 PFP(CPG/QA)D(98)5
LIMITED

DISTRIBUTION

Silence procedure ends:

3 December 1998

GROUP OF NATIONAL DIRECTORS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

CNAD PARTNERSHIP GROUP (CPG)

ARMP-7 EDITION 1
NATO R&M TERMINOLOGY APPLICABLE TO ARMPs

References: 1. PFP(CPG/QA-SG/B)DS(98)1, paragraph 6(2)

2. PFP(CPG/QA)DS(98)1, paragraph 6(1)d

Note by the International Staff

1. Following agreement by Sub-Group B on Quality Programme

Methodology Implementation and Documentation (Reference 1), ARMP-7 Edition 1
on NATO R&M Terminology Applicable to ARMPs is forwarded to Heads of
Delegation of the NATO members of AC/250/CPG (in English and French) for
approval under a silence procedure ending on 3 December 1998.

2. Unless the Secretary of AC/250/CPG, Defence Support Division,

International Staff, hears to the contrary by close of business on 3 December 1998,
ARMP-7 Edition 1 will deemed to have been approved and will be forwarded for
ratification and publication.

3. Under cover of this Document, copies have also been provided to

Heads of Delegation of AC/250/CPG Partner participants for information purposes.

(Signed) D. Phaetos

ANNEX: Draft ARMP-7 Ed.1 (English and French)

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ALLIED
RELIABILITY AND
MAINTAINABILITY
PUBLICATION

NATO R&M

TERMINOLOGY APPLICABLE TO

ARMPs

MARCH 2001
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION

MILITARY AGENCY FOR STANDARDISATION (MAS)

NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION

December 1998

1. ARMP-7 (Edition 1) "NATO R&M TERMINOLOGY APPLICABLE TO

ARMPs" is a NATO UNCLASSIFIED publication. The agreement of interested
nations to use this publication is recorded in STANAG 4174.

2. ARMP-7 (Edition 1) is effective on receipt.

3. It is permissible to distribute copies of this publication to Contractors

and Suppliers and such distribution is encouraged.

A. GRONHEIM
Major General, NOAF
Chairman MAS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION .......................................................................................................... II

RECORD OF CHANGES ................................................................................................................................... II

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................I

PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

NATO TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 2-1

ANNEX: REFERENCES................................................................................................................................ A-1

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PREFACE

1. This glossary is compiled by direction of the Group of National Directors

for Quality Assurance in accordance with Part 1 of AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms &
Definitions - Policy & Procedures for the NATO Terminology Standardisation
Programme. This glossary is not exhaustive. It is not designed to compete with any
existing Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) glossary of terms, as it is only relevant
to terms included in Allied Reliability and Maintainability Publications (ARMPs) which
are not explicitly defined in those documents. In addition, where the terms in this
glossary differ from NATO-agreed terms, they are to be considered for ARMP use
only. Its purpose is to explain specialist terms in the ARMPs, thereby promoting
mutual understanding.

2. The use of ISO 8402-1994 and IEC-50(191) terms has been approved
by the appropriate organisations.

3. This glossary is intended for incorporation, by reference, into contracts.

4. The glossary is published in the two official languages of NATO:

English and French.

5. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (New Edition) is the reference source for
English in ARMP-7. Le Petit Robert, Dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la
langue français (New Edition) is the reference source for French in ARMP-7.

6. The source of the definition is indicated by enclosing the short title of

the source in parentheses, following the definition, e.g. Reliability/Fiabilité. The
ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a specified
period of time (AAP-6). Where a term, used in a definition, is defined elsewhere in
ARMP-7, then the term is highlighted in bold type. The detailed titles of the sources
quoted in this publication are compiled at Annex A.

7. Proposals for new terms and definitions or changes to or deletion of

existing terms and definitions are to be made in accordance with paragraph 5 Part 1
of AAP-6(V).

8. All suggestions and inquiries concerning this glossary should be

directed to the:

NATO Secretary
Armaments Planning, Programmes & Policy Directorate
Defence Support Division
NATO HQ, 1110 Brussels, Belgium.

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NATO TERMINOLOGY

Accept Criteria/Critères d'acceptation

The limits for R&M parameters which will lead to an acceptance of tested items if the
values measured during an R&M demonstration are within prescribed limits.

Accessibility/Accessibilité

A measure of the relative ease of admission to the various areas of an item for the
purpose of operation or maintenance.

Adjustment/Ajustement - Réglage

Changing (by electronic, electrical or physical means) a variable in an item to cause a

change in its output characteristics.

Administrative Delay Time/Délai administratif

Administrative Delay: The accumulated time during which an action of corrective

maintenance on a faulty item is not performed due to administrative reasons. (IEC-50(191))

Alert Time/Temps d'alerte

That element of up-time during which an item is assumed to be in specified operating

conditions, and is awaiting a command to perform its intended mission.

Availability/Disponibilité

The ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function under given

conditions at a given instant of time or over a given time interval, assuming that the
required external resources are provided. (IEC-50(191))

Basic Reliability/Fiabilité de base

The ability of an item to perform its required functions without failure or defect for the
duration of its life profile.

NOTE: Reliability is deemed to include Durability (defined below).

Built-In-Test (BIT)/Autotest

An integral capability of the equipment which provides an on-board test capability to

detect, diagnose, or isolate system failures. The fault detection and, possibly, isolation
capability is used for periodic or continuous monitoring of a system’s operational health,
and for observation and, possibly, diagnosis as a prelude to maintenance action.

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Built-in Test Equipment (BITE)/Équipement de test intégré

Any device permanently mounted in the equipment and used for the express purpose of
testing the equipment, either independently or in association with external test
equipment.

Burn-In /Rodage

The operation of an item to stabilise its characteristics. Basically, a reliability

conditioning procedure which is a method of ageing an item by operating it under
specified environmental and test conditions in accordance with an established procedure
in order to eliminate early failures and age or stabilise the item prior to final test and
shipment.

CALS/CALS

An acronym for Continuous Acquisition and Life Cycle Support, previously the
acronym stood for Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistic Support. It is an effort to
document and utilise technical information, in a digitised format, for weapon system
acquisition, design, manufacturing and support. Its intent is to accrue to military
services the benefits available from digital technology.

Common(Critical)Failure Mode/Mode commun de défaillance (critique)

Failures of distinct components caused by an initiating event.

Concurrent Engineering/Ingénierie concourante

A systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related
processes, including manufacture and support. This approach is intended to cause the
developers, from the outset, to consider all elements of the product life cycle from
conception through disposal, including quality, cost, schedule and user requirements.

Confidence Level/Niveau de confidence

That probability that a given statement is true. The statement in question normally
refers to whether a given parameter lies between two limits, is above a lower limit, or is
below an upper limit.

Configuration Control/Contrôle de la configuration

The establishment of an agreed build standard for an item and the procedure for
controlling change to that standard, in order that it may be defined at any time.

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Consumer’s Risk/Risque client

The probability of accepting equipment with a true mean time between failure
(MTBF) equal to the lower test MTBF. The probability of accepting equipment with a
true MTBF less than the lower test MTBF will be less than the consumer’s risk.

Contractor Data Requirements List/Liste des données contractuelles

A contractual term which refers to all the written documents (i.e. reports, drawings,
procedures, data) which a contractor is obligated, under the contract, to provide to the
procuring activity. This is over and above any hardware or services which the contractor
may be also obligated to provide.

Corrective Action/Mesures correctives

Action taken to eliminate the causes of an existing non conformity, defect or other
undesirable situation in order to prevent recurrence. (ISO 8402/1994)

Corrective Maintenance (See Corrective Maintenance Time)/Maintenance

Corrective (Voir Temps de Maintenance Corrective)

Maintenance actions carried out to restore a defective item to a specified condition. (AAP-6)

Corrective Maintenance Time (See Corrective Maintenance)/Temps de

maintenance corrective (Voir maintenance corrective)

That part of the maintenance time including that due to logistic delays, during which
corrective maintenance is performed on an item. (BS 4778)

Critical Failure/Défaillance critique

A failure that could result in injury to persons or that prevents an item from performing
an essential mission.

Critical Item/Entité critique

An item whose failure could result in a critical failure or that requires special effort
during development/production.

NOTE: examples, that might be tailored for each contract, are listed below:

1. the failure of which would critically affect system safety, cause the system to
become unavailable or unable to achieve mission objectives, or cause
extensive/expensive maintenance and repair.

2. the failure of which would prevent the acquisition of data to evaluate system
safety, availability, mission success, or need for maintenance/repair.

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3. an item which has stringent performance requirement(s) in its intended application
relative to state-of-the-art techniques for the item.

4. a single point failure which causes system failure.

5. an item which is stressed in excess of specified derating criteria.

6. an item which has a limitation which warrants controlled surveillance under

specified conditions.

7. an item which is known to require special handling, transportation, storage, or test

precautions.

8. an item which is difficult to produce or manufacture relative to state-of-the-art

techniques.

9. an item which has exhibited an unsatisfactory operating history or which does not
have sufficient history of its own to provide confidence in its reliability.

10. an item which has past history, nature, function or processing with a deficiency
warranting a total traceability.

11. an item that can be produced by one company only.

12. long lead time items.

Defect/Défaut

Any non-conformance of an item with specified requirements, or a condition which

experience indicates could result in a non-conformance.

Derating/Réduction des caractéristiques de fontionnement

(dégrèvement).

Using an item in such a way that applied stresses are below rated values.

Derating factor/Taux de réduction des caractéristiques de fonctionnement

Complement-to-1 of the quotient of actual stress to the rated stress value.

Diagnostics/Diagnostic

The detection, isolation and analysis of faults and failures.

Discrimination ratio/Taux de discrimination.

It is one of the standard test plan parameters, it is the ratio of the upper test MTBF to the
lower test. (MIL-HDBK-781)

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Early Life Failures/Défaillances de jeunesse, Défaillances prématurées

Failures which occur in the early life of an item. The early life of an item is normally
characterised as a period in which the failure rate of the item is considerably higher
than that of the subsequent period. Such failures are usually amenable to removal by
burn-in or environmental stress screening.

Environmental Stress Screening (ESS)/Déverminage

A series of tests conducted, at an early stage, under environmental stresses to disclose

weak parts and workmanship defects for correction.

Failure/Défaillance

The inability of an item to perform within previously specified limits.

NOTE: Failures may be classified as to such aspects as cause, degree, relevancy,

chargeability, dependency and responsibility.

Failure Analysis/Analyse de défaillance

The logical, systematic examination of a failed item to identify and analyse the failure
mechanism, the failure cause and the consequences of failure. (IEC-50(191))

Failure Mode/Mode de défaillance

The consequences of the mechanism through which the failure occurs, ie short, open,
fracture, excessive wear.

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)/Analyse des modes de défaillance

et de leurs effets (AMDE)

A procedure by which each potential failure mode of a component, equipment or sub-

system in a system is analysed to determine the results or effects thereof on the overall
system and to classify each potential failure mode according to its severity.

Failure Modes, Effects & Criticality Analysis (FMECA)/Analyse des modes de

défaillance de leurs effets et de leur criticité (AMDEC)

A qualitative method of reliability analysis which involves a fault modes and effects
analysis together with a consideration of the probability of their occurrence and of the
ranking of the seriousness of the faults. (IEC-50(191))

Failure Rate/Taux de défaillance

The number of failures of an item per unit measure of life, expressed in hours, cycles,
kilometres, events as applicable to the item. (A-LP-001-000/AM-000)

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Fault/Panne

The state of an item characterised by inability to perform a required function, excluding

the inability during preventive maintenance or other planned actions, or due to lack of
external resources.

NOTE: A fault is often the result of a failure of the item itself, but may exist
without prior failure. (IEC-50(191))

Fault Tolerant/Tolérant aux pannes

Fault Tolerance: The attribute of an item that makes it able to perform a required
function in the presence of certain given sub-item faults. (IEC-50(191))

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)/Analyse par arbre de défaillance (AAD)

An FTA provides a diagrammatic means of showing the logical relationship between a

particular system failure mode and the basic failure causes. (DEF STAN 00-41)

Human Engineering/Ergonomie

The area of human factors, which applies scientific knowledge to the design of items to
achieve effective man-machine integration and utilization including operations,
maintenance, support and disposal of the system.

Human Error/Erreur humaine

A human action that produces an unintended and unwanted result.

Inactive Time/Temps d'inaction

That time during which an item is in an inactive or non-operational inventory, i.e. it is

being held in reserve for potential future assignment to the inventory of an operational
unit.

NOTE: The distinction between inactive time and down time is that down time implies
that the item is both on the inventory of an operational unit and dysfunctional,
whereas inactive time would only mean that the item is not in an operational
unit’s inventory.

Incident/Incident

The initial indication of a possible defect or failure.

Infant Mortality (See Early Life Failure)/Mortalité infantile (Voir défaillance de

jeunesse)

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Inherent Maintainability/Maintenabilité intrinsèque

The maintainability potential present in a design, i.e. the maintainability which is

dependent solely on the quality of design and assumes perfect quality of manufacture
and correct use in the field.

Inherent Reliability/Fiabilité intrinsèque

The reliability potential present in a design, i.e. the reliability which is dependent
solely on the quality of design and assumes perfect quality of manufacture and correct
use in the field.

In-Service R&M Demonstration/Démonstration de F et M sur le terrain

A procedure to demonstrate the reliability and maintainability achieved by an

equipment against the requirements specified in the contract using production standard
equipment under agreed In-Service conditions.

Interchangeability/Interchangeabilité

A condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical
characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of
being exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves, or of
adjoining items, except for adjustment, and without selection for fit and performance.
(AAP-6)

Intrinsic Availability/Disponsibilité intrinsèque

The probability that the system/equipment is operating satisfactorily at any point in time
when used under stated conditions, where the time considered is operating time and
repair time (active).

Thus, intrinsic availability excludes from consideration all free time, storage time,
administrative delay time and logistic delay time.

Intrinsic R&M (See Inherent Reliability and Inherent Maintainability)/F&M

inhérentes (Voir Fiabilité intrinsèque et Maintenabilité intrinsèque)

Life Cycle Cost (LCC)/ Coût du cycle de vie du matériel

The sum total of the direct, indirect, recurring, non-recurring and other related costs
incurred, or estimated to be incurred, in the design, development, production,
operations, maintenance, support and disposal of a major system over its anticipated
useful life span.

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Life Limited Item/Article à durée de vie limitée

An item that has a limited and predictable useful life and could be considered for
replacement on a pre-planned basis for reliability, safety or economic reasons.

Life Profile/Profil de vie

A time-based description of the events and environments an item experiences from

manufacture to final expenditures or removal from the operational inventory, to include
one or more mission profiles.

Line of Maintenance/Ligne de maintenance

An echelon in an organisation where specified levels of maintenance are to be carried

out on an item.

NOTES:
1. Examples of maintenance echelons are: field, repair shop, manufacturer.

2. The maintenance echelon is characterised by the skill of the personnel, the

facilities available, the location etc.

Line Replaceable Unit (LRU)/Élément remplaçable sur place

A unit designated to be removed upon failure from a larger entity (equipment, system)
in the operational environment.

Logistics /Logistique

The science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces. In
its most comprehensive sense, those aspects of military operations which deal with:

a. design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution,

maintenance, evacuation and disposition of materiel;
b. movement, evacuation and hospitalisation of personnel;

c. acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation and disposition of facilities;

and

d. acquisition of furnishing of services. (AAP-6)

Logistic Delay Time/Délai Logistique

Logistic Delay: That accumulated time during which a maintenance action cannot be
performed due to the necessity to acquire maintenance resources, excluding any
administrative delay.

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NOTE: Logistic delays can be due to, for example, travelling to unattended
installations, pending arrival of spare parts, specialists, test equipment, information and
suitable environmental conditions. (IEC-50 (191))

Logistic Support (See Logistic Support Analysis)/Soutien logistique (Voir analyse de

soutien logistique)

Logistic Support Analysis (LSA)/Analyse de soutien logistique (ASL)

The selective application of scientific and engineering efforts undertaken during the
acquisition process, as part of the system engineering process, to assist in:

a. causing support considerations to influence design;

b. defining support requirements that are related optimally to design and to each
other;
c. acquiring the required support;
d. providing the required support during the operational phase at minimum cost.

During the later production and in-service phase LSA is conducted on a repetitive basis
in order to meet life cycle costs, readiness and supportability objectives. (ALP 10)

Maintainability/Maintenabilité

The probability that a given maintenance action, for an item under given conditions of
use, can be carried out within a stated time interval, when the maintenance is
performed under stated conditions and using stated procedures and resources.

NOTE: The term "maintainability" is also used to denote the maintainability

performance quantified by this probability. (IEC-50 (191))

Maintainability Demonstration (See also Maintainability

Verification)/Démonstration de la maintenabilité (voir aussi vérification de la
maintenabilité)

A maintainability verification performed as a compliance test. (IEC-50 (191))

Maintainability Model/Modèle de maintenabilité

A mathematical model used for prediction or estimation of maintainability

performance measures of an item.
(IEC-50 (191))
Maintainability Prediction/Prévision de la maintenabilité, Prédiction de la
maintenabilité

An activity performed with the intention of forecasting the numerical values of a

maintainability performance measure of an item, taking into account the
maintainability performance and reliability performance measures of its sub-items,
under given operational and maintenance condition. (IEC-50 (191))

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Maintainability Qualification Test (MQT)/Essai de qualification de la
maintenabilité (EQM)

A compliance test carried out prior to the production phase to ensure that the design can
accommodate the maintainability requirements.

Maintainability Verification/Vérification de la maintenabilité

A procedure applied for the purpose of determining whether the requirements for
maintainability performance measures for an item have been achieved or not.

NOTE: The procedure may range from analysis of appropriate data to a

maintainability demonstration. (IEC-50 (191))

Maintenance/Maintenance

1. All action taken to retain materiel in or to restore it to a specified condition. It

includes inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair,
rebuilding and reclamation.

2 All supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its
mission

3 The routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure,
ground facility, utility system or other real property) in such condition that it may
be continuously utilised, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency for its
intended purpose. (AAP-6)

Maintenance Concept/Concept de maintenance

A description of the planned general scheme for maintenance and support of an item in
the operational environment. The maintenance concept provides the practical basis for
design, layout and packaging of the system and its test equipment and establishes the
scope of maintenance responsibility for each level (echelon) of maintenance and the
personnel resources (maintenance manning and skill levels) required to maintain the
system.

Maintenance Down Time/Temps d'immobilisation dû à la maintenance

The interval between the time a system/equipment is made available for preventive or
corrective maintenance until that maintenance action is successfully completed.

Malfunction (See Fault)/Mauvais fonctionnement (Voir panne)

Man-Machine Systems/Système de travail

A system comprising of persons and equipment interacting together to perform a

function.

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Markov Chain/Chaîne de Markov

A stochastic process on a discrete time basis that has finite or a denumerable number of
infinite states and in which the probabilities of occurrence of future states depend only
on the present state and not on the history of prior states. A stochastic process is one
which can be modelled by a family of random variables (R(t).

NOTE: Markov Chains are a complex concept. For more detailed information,
further references should be sought.

Mean Mission Time to Restore Functions/Durée moyenne de rétablissement

des fonctions

The expected (average) time it takes to restore mission functions during a mission
scenario.

Mean Time Between Critical Failures (See Mean Time Between Failures and Critical
Failures)/Temps moyen entre défaillances critiques (Voir temps moyen entre
défaillances et défaillances critiques)

Similar to Mean Time Between Failures except that only critical failures are counted.
It is a measure of expected time between critical failures.

Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)/Temps moyen entre défaillances (MTBF)

A measure of the expected (average) time during which a system will continuously
perform within its specified limits under stated conditions. It can be estimated by
dividing life units (hours, miles, rounds etc) accrued during a stated period under stated
conditions by the number of failures during the period and is a basic measure of
reliability for repairable items.

Mean Time Between Maintenance Actions/Durée moyenne entre actions de

maintenance

A measure of the expected (or average) time between all maintenance (preventive and
corrective) actions. It can be estimated by dividing the total number of system life units (hours,
miles, rounds etc) by the total number of maintenance actions (both preventive and corrective)
during a stated period of time. It provides information related to the demand for maintenance
manpower.

Mean Time to Failure (See Mean Time Between Failure)/Durée moyenne sans
panne (durée moyenne de fonctionnement avant défaillance) MTTF (Voir temps
moyen entre défaillances)

This is similar to Mean Time Between Failure but applies to non-repairable systems.
It is a measure of the expected life till failure. It can be estimated by dividing the total
number of failures within a population into the total number of life units of the
population during a stated period under stated conditions.

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Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)/Temps moyen de réparation (MTTR)

The average or expected time it takes to repair an equipment. It can be estimated by the
total elapsed corrective maintenance time divided by the total number of corrective
maintenance actions during a given period of time.

Mission Profile/Profil de mission

A time-phased description of the events and environments an item experiences from

initiation to completion of a specified mission. It identifies the tasks, events, durations,
operating conditions and environments for each phase of a mission.

Mission Reliability/Fiabilité en mission

The probability that an item will perform its required functions for the duration of a
specified mission profile. (See Mission Profile)

Mission Time/Temps de mission

That element of up-time required to perform a stated mission profile.

Monte Carlo Computer Simulation Techniques/Techniques de simulation

informatisé de Monte Carlo

A method utilising random sampling to obtain inputs for computer simulation trials and
obtaining approximate solutions in terms of a range of values each of which has a
calculated probability of being the solution to the problem.

NOTE: This is a complex concept. For more detailed information further references
should be sought.

Non Operating Time/Temps de non utilisation opérationelle

The amount of time that a system/equipment is not operating but assumed to be

operable. Non Operating Time refers only to systems not committed to a specific
mission.

Operating Time/Temps d'utilisation opérationnelle

The time during which the system or equipment is turned on and actively performing at least
one of its functions.

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Operational Availability (See also Intrinsic Availability)/Disponibilité opérationnelle
(Voir aussi disponibilité intrinsèque)

The probability that an equipment/system at any instant in the required operating time
will operate satisfactorily under stated conditions where the time considered includes
operating, corrective and preventive maintenance, administrative delay time and
logistic delay time.

Overhaul/Révision

The effort, usually performed at depot level, when a complete disassembly inspection,
rework and reassembly, of an item is required to restore the item to a ‘like new’
condition.

Parts Control Programme/Programme de contrôle des pièces

A documented policy and procedure intended to control the method for selecting and
using parts to enhance system/equipment performance and reliability.

Parts Count Analysis/Analyse de décomptes des composants

A method of predicting item reliability utilising models which need part types and
quantity, part quality levels and equipment environment. This prediction method is
normally utilised during early design phases and assumes the time to failure of the parts
is exponentially distributed, i.e. a constant failure rate. (MIL-HDBK-217)

Parts Stress Analysis (See also Parts Count Analysis)/Analyse des contraintes de
composants (Voir aussi analyse des décomptes des composants)

A method of predicting item reliability utilising models which require additional

information to that in Parts Count Analysis, particularly stresses on parts (e.g.
temperature, power or current rating, complexity etc). It is normally applied at later
design phases for trade-offs between reliability versus part selection. The parts stress
analysis method assumes the time to failure of the parts is exponentially distributed
(i.e. a constant failure rate).

Petri Net/Réseau de Petri

A method of modelling systems in which activities of one component of the system may occur
simultaneously with activities of other components of the system. A Petri Net model is
composed of four parts: a set of places P, a set of transitions T, an input function I and an
output function O. The input function I maps elements of the transition set to a collection of
places known as the input places of the transitions. Analogously the output function O maps
transition elements to a collection of places known as the output places.

NOTE: This is a complex concept. For more detailed information, further references should
be sought.

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Preconditioning (See also Burn In, Early Life Failures and
ESS)/Préconditionnement (Voir aussi rôdage, défaillance de jeunesse et ESS)

A method of ageing an item by operating it under specified environmental (normally

high temperature or vibration) in order to eliminate early life failures prior to final test
or shipment.

Premature Failure (see Early Life Failure)/Défaillances prématurées (Voir aussi

défaillance de jeunesse).

Preventive Maintenance/Maintenance préventive

The maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals or according to prescribed

criteria and intended to reduce the probability of failure or the degradation of the
functioning of an item.

Producer's Risk/Risque producteur

The probability of rejecting equipment which has a true MTBF equal to the upper test
MTBF. The probability of rejecting equipment which has a true MTBF greater than the
upper test MTBF will be less than the producer’s risk. (MIL-HDBK-781)

Production Reliability Acceptance Test (PRAT)/Essai d'acceptation de faibilité

en production (EAFP)

A test conducted under specified conditions, by, or on behalf of, the purchaser, using
delivered or deliverable production items, to determine the producer’s compliance with
specified reliability requirements.

Provisioning/Approvisionnement

The process of determining and acquiring the quantity and type of support items, spares,
repair parts, tools and test equipment necessary to operate and maintain an item for an
initially stated period of time.

Quality/Qualité

The totality of characteristics of an item that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and
implied needs. (ISO 8402)

R&M Assurance/Assurance F et M

The implementation of adequate planned and systematic actions necessary to provide

confidence that an item will satisfy given reliability and maintainability requirements.

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R&M Model/Modèle F et M

A mathematical model used for prediction or estimation of R&M performance measures

of a product.

R&M Programme Plan/Plan de programme F et M

A plan that defines the management and technical tasks to be undertaken and the
organisations responsible for them.

Random Failure/Défaillance aléatoire

A failure whose time of occurrence is predictable only in a probabilistic sense (i.e. not
deterministic).

Random Vibration/Vibration aléatore

A vibration whose magnitude is non periodic and is described by a probability

distribution which gives the fraction of the total time the vibration occurs within a
specified range of magnitudes.

Reaction Time/Temps de réaction

That element of up-time needed to initiate a mission, measured from the time the
command is received.

Reject Criteria/Critère de rejet

The limits for R&M parameters which will cause a rejection of tested items when the
limits are reached or exceeded during an R&M demonstration.

NOTE: Possible parameters for reject criteria are the number of chargeable failures
(for reliability) or repair times (for maintainability).

Reliability/Fiabilité

The ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a
specified period of time. (AAP-6)

NOTE: The term reliability is also used as a reliability characteristic denoting a probability
of success, or a success ratio.

Reliability and Maintainability Allocation and Apportionment/Allocation et

distribution de fiabilité et de maintenabilité

The allotment of reliability and maintainability requirements to sub-systems such that,

if these sub-system requirements are met, the allotment will result in satisfactory system
level reliability and maintainability.

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Reliability and Maintainability Assessment/Évaluation de fiabilité et de
maintenabilité

The determination of the R&M values of an item within stated confidence limits, from
test or field data, on nominally identical items. The source of the data must be stated.

NOTE: Alternatively, point estimates may be used, the basis of which must be defined.

Reliability Block Diagram (RBD)/Bloc diagramme de fiabilité

A reliability model that provides a pictorial representation of a system reliability

performance and shows the logical connection of (functioning) components needed for
system success.

NOTE: In the symbolic representation, no distinction is made between open circuit,

short circuit or other fault modes, however in the numerical evaluation this is
possible.

Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM)/Maintenance axée sur la fiabilité

A method for establishing a scheduled (preventive) maintenance programme which

will efficiently and effectively achieve the inherent reliability and safety levels of
equipment. It is methodology which can be applied to the development of a preventive
maintenance programme and results in improved component reliability and minimised
overall programme costs. The intended end result is improved overall equipment
safety, availability and economic operation.

Reliability Demonstration/Démonstration de fiabilité

A demonstration using statistical evaluation of tests or operating data to show that

system/equipment reliability meets the specified quantitative requirements.

Reliability Growth/Croissance de la fiabilité

The improvement in a reliability parameter caused by the successful correction of

deficiencies in item design or manufacture.

Reliability Growth Model/Modèle de croissance de fiabilité

A mathematical model to monitor/control the improvement of a reliability parameter

generated by the successful correction of deficiencies in system/equipment design or
manufacture.

NOTE: Usually a distinction is made between parametric and non-parametric

reliability growth models. Parametric models allow users to plan,
monitor/control and predict the reliability growth.

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Reliability Growth Test/Essai de croissance de fiabilité (ECF)

A series of tests conducted to disclose deficiencies in item design and manufacturing

and to verify that corrective actions will prevent recurrence. It measures the degree of
improvement in item reliability as a result of corrective actions in the design and
manufacturing processes.

Reliability Prediction/Prévision de fiabilité

The reliability computed from the observed, assessed or extrapolated reliability of its
parts for the stated conditions of use, and taking into account the design of a product.

Reliability Qualification Test/Essai de qualification (démonstration) de fiabilité

A test conducted under specified conditions, by, or on behalf of, the government, using
items representative of the approved production configuration, to determine compliance
with specified reliability requirements as a basis for production approval.

Reliability Stress Analysis/Analyse des contraintes de fiabilité

The study of the reliability effects of stresses (electrical, mechanical, thermal ...) on a
product and their distributions taking into account the operational requirement.

Safety/Sécurité

The likelihood of a product to maintain throughout its life cycle an acceptable level of
risk that may cause an injury to personnel or major damage to the product or its
environment.

Scheduled Maintenance (See Preventive Maintenance)/Maintenance programmée (Voir

maintenance préventive).

Screening/Tri-sélection

A process for inspecting items to remove those that are unsatisfactory or those likely to
exhibit early life failure. Inspection includes visual examination, physical dimension
measurement and functional performance measurement under specified environmental
conditions.

Secondary Failure/Fault/Défaillance/panne secondaire

A failure of an item, caused either directly or indirectly by a failure or a fault of

another item.
(IEC-50 (191))
Selection Time/Temps de sélection

Time necessary to select requisite test equipment/programmes.

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Shelf Life/Durée stockage - Durée de conservation

The length of time an item can be stored under specified conditions and still meet
specified requirements.

Simulation/Simulation

The representation of selected behavioural characteristics of one physical or abstract

system by another system.

Single Point Failure/Point de défaillance unique

The failure of an item which would result in failure of the system and is not
compensated for by redundancy or alternative operational procedure.

Sneak Analysis/Analyse de conditions insidieuses

Sneak circuit analysis: a procedure conducted to identify latent paths which cause occurrence of
unwanted functions or inhibit desired functions assuming all components are functioning
properly.

Spare Parts Scaling/Barémisation des pièces de rechange

The determination of how many spares of each type should be held to support an
equipment by the unit in which it is fitted, its supporting base(s) and depot(s), having
considered the numbers of equipment fitted, likely failure rate and proximity of the
alternative sources.

Standby Mode/Mode repos

That mode of an item during which it is not fully operating but assumed to be
completely operable.

Standby Operation/Opération de repos - Opération d'attente

A sequence of elementary activities carried out during a quasi-operational

state.

Supportability/Aptitude au soutien

A measure of the degree to which all resources required to operate and maintain the
system/equipment can be provided in sufficient quantity and time.

System Life Cycle/Cycle de vie d'un système

The period divided into phases, ranging from the first considerations on the need for a
system/equipment through the development and in-service stages down to phasing-out and
disposal. (ALP 10)

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Tailoring/Adaptation

The process by which the individual requirements (paragraphs, sub-paragraphs or

sentences) of the selected documents are evaluated to determine the extent to which
each requirement is most suitable for a specific system or equipment acquisition and the
modification of these requirements, where necessary, to ensure that each achieves an
optimal balance between operational needs and cost. This process must take care not to
exclude those R&M requirements which are determined as essential to meeting
operational needs.

Testing Process/Processus d’essai

A series of tests conducted to disclose deficiencies or to verify that corrective actions

will prevent recurrence and to determine compliance with specified R&M requirements.

Up-Time/Temps réel de fonctionnement

That period of time during which an item is in a condition to perform a required

function. (MIL-HDBK-338)

Wear Out Failure/Défaillance par vieillissement - Défaillance par usure

A failure whose probability of occurrence increases with the passage of time, as a result
of processes inherent in the item. (IEC-50 (191))

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REFERENCES

AAP-6 NATO glossary of terms and definitions, issued by

NATO, Military Agency for Standardisation

ALP 10 Allied Logistic Publication No 10, Guidance on Integrated

Support for Multinational Equipment Projects (ILS),
issued by NATO Logistic Directorate

A-LP-001-000/AM- Canadian Forces Technical Order - Reliability Vol. 1:

000 Equipment Reliability Requirements (Land)

BS 4778 British Standard 4778, Quality Vocabulary, issued by

British Standards Institution

DEF STAN 00-41 UK Defence Standard 00-41, Reliability and

Maintainability, MOD Guide to Practices and Procedures,
issued by Ministry of Defence

IEC-50(191) International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Chapter 191:

Dependability and Quality of Service issued by
International Electro-technical Commission

ISO 8402/1994 International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) No

8402 Quality Management and Quality Assurance -
Vocabulary

MIL-HDBK 338 US Military Handbook 338, Electronic Reliability Design

Handbook, issued by Department of Defense

MIL-HDBK 781 US Military Handbook 781 Reliability Test Methods,

Plans and Environments for Engineering Development
Qualification, and Production

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