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 GESA International Journal of Biological Innovations
http: //ijbi.org.in | http://www.gesa.org.in/journals.php
GLOCAL ENVIRONMENT Doi: https://doi.org/10.46505/IJBI.2021.3203
& SOCIAL ASSOCIATION IJBI 3(2): 264-270 (2021)
E-ISSN: 2582-1032

INDUCTION OF SPAWNING AND NURSING PANGAS,

PANGASIANODON HYPOPHTHALMUS (SAUVAGE, 1878)
UNDER HATCHERY SYSTEM
Article Info:
B. K. Chakraborty Research article
Received
Department of Fisheries, Bangladesh & Bangladesh Agricultural University 18.06.2021
Reviewed
*Corresponding author: [email protected] 17.07.2021
Accepted
27.07.2021

Abstract: Induced breeding of pangas, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was carried out from May to
August, 2020. The experiment was carried out in the month of May, June, July and August 2020 with
PG and LHRH-A. Two hormonal sources were tested to evaluate their efficacy on ovulation, fertility
and hatching rate of pangas under controlled condition. Double doses of PG (an initial dose of 2.0
mg/kg body weight and final dose of 8.0-10.0 mg/kg body weight) and single dose of Ovuline®
(LHRH-A) (0.50 -0.60 ml/kg body weight) showed better results in case of female. In the month of
June, PG and LHRH-A showed better results in ovulation, fertility and hatching rate. Males were
administered with a single dose of LHRH-A (0.15 ml/kg body weight) and PG (2 mg/kg body weight)
showed better results in spermiation. The hatchery operators may use both PG and LHRH-A for
induction of spawning better performance of P. hypophthalmus breeding.

Keywords: Hatchling, LHRH-A, Ovulation, Pangas, PG.

INTRODUCTION Chakraborty, 2020; Efe and Bemigho, 2021).

Fishes are exclusively aquatic vertebrates having The Asian striped catfish, Pangasianodon
fins, gills and streamlined body (Verma and hypophthalmus, is recognized as a superior
Prakash, 2020). Fishes are the important aquaculture species for tropical regions, as well
components of food for humans, as they have as a major aquaculture product in world markets
high nutritive value. The fishes are rich in (Michael V. McGee, 2014). Catfishes of the family
protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, essential Pangasiidae are of great economic importance in
amino acids, fatty acids and so on, required for India (Padiyar et al., 2014). Striped catfish (P.
the normal growth, development and hypophthalmus) is a large freshwater fish,
maintenance of body and prevents several commonly known as pangas in Bangladesh,
nutritional deficiency diseases (Kumar et al., belongs to the family Pangasiidae, under the order
2020). Since fishes play a key role in human Siluriformes. According to Roberts and
nutrition therefore they have extensively studied Vi d t h a y a n o n ( 1 9 9 1 ) , t h e o r i g i n o f P.
across the world from various points of view hypophthalmus was from the Mekong river of
(Verma, 2017, 2019; Chakraborty et al., 2019, Vietnam to the Chao Phraya River to Thailand
2021; Prakash and Verma, 2019, 2020; and it was spread over other countries such as
 B. K. Chakraborty, IJBI 3 (2): 2021 265

Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh and China. breeding experiments were conducted during
Pangas species is accepted as delicious food by a May to August 2020. The mature male and female
wide range of people. Because this species is a brood fishes were caught from the rearing pond
good source of protein and calorie of people in with a seine net and they were placed in the
rural as well as urban areas. Pangas species have separate breeding tank. For the purpose of
been cultured in earthen ponds and this shark breeding, the ripe fishes were selected based on
catfish attained weights of 3 kg within 2 years of physical and visual examination of the pectoral
birth ( Bardach et al., 1972). fin, abdomen and genital opening (Jhingran and
Pullin, 1985). Matured brood stocks of P.
The information about reproductive behavior hypophthalmus were selected based on their
and embryonic development of pangas is condition. Males oozing milt on slight pressing of
available little. In the catfish world, there are abdomen was selected and female with distinct
some studies on the supply of food and culture budging of abdomen with a pinkish colour with
techniques (Zulkafli and Zahari, 1989); growth, egg. Intramuscular injection was done below the
reproduction and breeding of Thai pangas (Manat dorsal fin. Twenty four female fishes divided into
et al., 1990); taxonomical and behavioral eight groups were injected with PG extract (Fig.
difference of P. sutchi and Pangasianodon gigas 1a) and Ovuline® (LHRH-A) (Fig. 1b) placed in
(Wanpen, 1984); rearing of patin fry (Pangasius
separate spawning tanks in different times.
pangasius) in different salinity (Arifin, 1990) and
early embryonic development of Thai pangas
(Asiful, 2005). The aim of the study is to find out
the early life cycle from oocyte activation to the
beginning of the adult fry of pangas under
hatchery conditions.

It has been introduced in Singapore, Philippines,

Taiwan, Malaysia, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh,
Nepal and India. Females of this attain maturity at Fig. 1a: PG abstract Fig.1b: Ovuline® (LHRH-A)
the end of third year while male mature in two
years (Phuong and Oanh, 2009; Griffith et al., The doses of PG extract in female at 1.5 to 2.0
mg/kg body weights were required for first
2010; Vidthayanon and Hogan, 2013; Anon,
injection. At the time of second injection, male
2014). P. hypophthalmus is highly fecund fish,
fishes were injected with PG extract at 2.0 mg/kg
seasonal spawner and breeds once in a year in
body weight and female fishes were injected with
flooded river. Although there are many literatures
PG extract at 8.0-10 mg/kg body weight. Again
available on the reproductive behavior of
hormone Ovuline® (LHRH-A) at dose 0.5 ml/kg of
different catfishes, spawning strategies and
spawner and 0.25 ml/kg male was administered to
breeding techniques but the literature on the
the selected brood. Three male and three female
early developmental stages of hybrid catfish is
fishes were released in the separate tank.
still limited. Striped catfish is characterized by a
Breeding behavioral changes and spawning
laterally compressed body, a short dorsal with
activities were observed up to ovulation time.
one or two spines, a well-developed adipose, a
long anal fin, strong pectoral spines, two pairs of Eggs were fertilized by dry stripping method.
barbels and terminal mouth. There are six Female fishes were stripped to collect eggs in an
branched dorsal fin rays and the pelvic fins have enamel tray or plastic bowl. Milt from the male
8-9 soft rays. The gill rakers are described as being fish was collected by applying slight pressure on
normally developed, with small gill rakers being male's abdomen. The sperm was diluted five
interspersed with larger ones. times directly in a 0.9% NaCl solution at
stripping. Stickiness of the eggs was removed by
MATERIALS AND METHODS treatment with tannin 1%. The eggs and milt were
The experiment was conducted in the Satota mixed thoroughly in the plastic bowl with a soft
hatchery, Trisal, Mymensingh. The induced and clean feather.
266 Induction of spawning and nursing pangas.....

A few drops of water were added in the bowl and different pair of parents were collected from
was stirred continuously for 5-6 minutes. The hatching jars and released in the previously
eggs were washed several times with freshwater prepared different nursery ponds. The water
and swollen eggs were transferred to different temperature was recorded during experimental
hatching jars under continuous water circulating period.
system. The flow of water (600-800 ml/min) in the
jar was regulated during the incubation period. Statistical analysis
The eggs hatched out within 22 to 25 hours at The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA using
o
temperature range of 26 to 31 C. After 22 to 25 MSTAT Software (version) followed by Duncan's
hours of fertilization, hatchlings were started to Multiple Range Test to find out whether any
come out from the egg shell and hatching was significant difference existed among treatment
completed within 2.0 to 4.0 hours. Unfertilized means (Zar, 1984).
eggs and egg-shells were cleaned from the
hatchling jar within an hour of hatching to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
protect larvae from fungal infection. In the present study, it was found that P.
hypophthalmus was bred in the month of May to
The fertilization rate and hatching rate were August where peak was in June and July months.
calculated by the following formula: Commencement of breeding season for P.
hypophthalmus as observed in the present
Number of fertilized eggs investigation agrees with the report of Sah et al.
Fertilization rate = --------------------------------------------×100 (2018) from Nepal. Breeding of P. hypophthalmus
Number of total eggs was performed at an ambient water temperature
(Okomoda et al., 2017). of 26.5 to 29.0oC. This range of temperature is
suitable for breeding of most indigenous small
Number of hatchlings fishes (Islam and Chowdhury, 1976). P.
Hatching rate = -------------------------------------------------- × 100 hypophthalmus seemed to have similar
Number of fertilized eggs temperature requirement of Indian major carps.
The information on the reproductive behavior of
An early developmental stage of Pangas, P.
pangas is limited. In the catfish world, there are
hypophthalmus was observed up to 72.0 to 74.0
little studies on reproduction and breeding of
hours starting from egg fertilization. The eggs
Thai pangas (Manat et al., 1990) and early
collected randomly from the hatching jar. Boiled
embryonic development of Thai pangas (Asiful,
chicken egg yolk mixed with water and sieved
2005). Female and male brood fishes weighing
through a glass nylon cloth. After hatching, the
between 3.80 kg and 4.8 kg and 4.40 to 5.5 kg
fine egg yolk emulsion was then spreaded in
respectively in good condition were selected for
water to feed the hatchlings. Larvae from
the induced breeding carried out during mid-May

Fig.2a: Collecting milt. Fig.2b: Collecting egg. Fig.2c: Mixing sperm with eggs.

Pertinent data regarding the time of injection and table 1. In the present experiment, injection of
ovulation, fertilization rate, time of hatching, pituitary extract of 2 mg/kg body weight at first
hatching rate and temperature are furnished in and of 8-10 mg/kg body weight of second
 B. K. Chakraborty, IJBI 3 (2): 2021 267

injection to the P. hypophthalmus showed better hypophthalmus at an interval of 6 hours, which

ovulation, fertility and hatchability success. In was more or less similar to breeding of Labeo
case of male, the amount of PG required to rohita and Cirrhinus cirrhosus and Cirrhinus reba
promote spermatogenesis found to be 2.0-2.5 mg (Hossain, 2001).
PG/kg of body weight administered at the time of
application of second injection to the females. Ovuline®(LHRH-A) was found to be very
Best spawning occurred during last June under effective agent for induced spawning of P.
dual hormonal regime at the PG dose of 2.0 and hypophthalmus. In the month of June, best
8.0 mg/kg body weight in the case of female in the spawning occurred at the dose of 0.50 ml/kg body
month of June. weight in case of female and 0.20 ml Ovaprim/kg
body weight in case of male injected at the same
In the month of May and August, administration time. In the month of May and August, with
of PG extract in female at a dose of 9.0 and 8.5 increase in the amount of hormone i.e. a dose of
mg/kg body weight showed lower fertilization 0.60 ml/kg and 0.55 ml/kg body weight showed
and hatching rate. Ovulation occurred after 8-10 good fertilization and hatching rate. Ovulation
hours of 2nd injection (Fig. 2a 2b and 2c) and occurred after 13.0-15.0 hours of hormonal
hatchings occurred after 18 to 24 hours of injection (Fig. 2b and 2c) and hatchlings came out
fertilization. Under the same PG doses after 18 to 24 hours of fertilization. In July better
fertilization and hatching rates were found to be spawning occurred at the dose of 0.52 ml/kg body
90.440.84% and 78.331.76%, respectively with weight in case of female and 0.23 ml Ovuline
significance differences with other doses. Thus, (LHRH-A)/kg body weight in case of male injected
the doses of PG have been optimized to 2.0 mg at the same time. Best fertilization and hatching
and 8.0-10.0 mg/kg body weight at first and rates were found to be at 88.140.84% and
second injection, respectively, for female of P. 72.310.92 %, respectively in the month of June.

Table 1: Effect of different doses of hormone on the spawning of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.

Ovulation period

Body weight Doses of st Doses of 2nd

temperature ( C)
o
injection injection

Hatching rate
(Double dose)

Fertilization

(ml/kg or mg/kg ) ((ml/kg or mg/kg )

period (hr.)

Incubation
Hormone

Hatching
Female

Female

rate (%)
Female
Male
Male

Male
(g )

(g )

(hr)

(%)
PG

May 4.20 4.90 - 2.5 2.0 9.0 6-8 74.22b 18.0- 66.11c
±4.22 ±2.82 - ±2.22 24.0 ±0.86

June 4.80 4.80 - 2.0 2.0 8.5 6-7 90.44a 18.0- 78.33a 26.2-
(Double dose)

±3.50 ±5.24 ±0.84 22.0 ±1.76 29.2

July 4.62 5.02 - 2.0 2.5 8.0 6-7 88.84c 18.0- 72.0b
PG

±2.25 ±3.82 ±1.22 22.0 ±1.33

August 4.40 5.40 - 2.4 2.5 8.5 6-8 72.84c 18.0- 70.0b
±2.25 ±3.82 ±1.22 24.0 ±1.33

May 4.60 5.10 - - 0.25 0.60 13-15 70.0b 18.0- 60.13c 26.2-
±3.29 ±4.92 ±2.22 24.0 ±1.06 29.5
Ovuline® (LHRH-A)

June 3.80 4.40 - 0.20 0.50 13-14 88.14a 18.0- 72.31a

±2.20 ±4.92 ±0.84 21.0 ±0.92

July 4.10 5.50 - - 0.23 0.52 13-14 80.84c 18.0- 70.11c

±3.22 ±4.92 ±1.22 22.0 ±0.98

August 4.80 5.50 - - 0.22 0.55 13-15 70.33c 18.0- 68.11c

±4.25 ±3.82 ±1.22 24.0 ±0.98
Figures with different superscripts in the same column varied significantly (P < 0.01).
268 Induction of spawning and nursing pangas.....

Ovuline® (LHRH-A) at 0.50 ml/kg body weight The embryonic developmental stage in the
gave rise to complete ovulation in the stipulated experiments attained up to egg to late C- cell stage
time (13-14 hours) which was very much similar and this may provide a basis for further studies on
to carp breeding (Nandeesa et. al., 1990). The its ontogeny and further to develop key
effective doses of Ovuline (LHRH-A) for management during pangas hatchery seed
induction of spawning have been optimized to production in Indian conditions. After hatching
0.50-0.60 ml/kg body weight at single doses of 71-74 hours, yolk sacs were totally absorbed and
injection for female of P. hypophthalmus, which the hatchlings were found to perform horizontal
was more or less similar to breeding of Catla movement with sign of commencement of first
catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus cirrhosus (0.40- feeding. Chicken egg yolk emulsion was fed for
0.50 ml, 0.30-0.40 ml and 0.25-0.30 ml/kg body 300,000 hatchlings/one egg/day to meet up the
weight), respectively (Peter et al., 1988). A dietary requirement. The purpose of this was to
slightly increased amount of Ovuline (LHRH-A) start the alimentary canal functioning before
as required in case of P. hypophthalmus seemed to transferring them in the nurseries (Price, 1989).
be related with the species specificity The water temperature was the main key factor
phenomenon. for ovulation and hatchling. Temperature was
recorded 26.2-29.6 0C during experimental
Khan and Mukhopadhyay (1975) noted that the period.
success of induced breeding depends largely on
proper selection of brood fishes, which has CONCLUSION
proved very true in the present experiment. It is evident from the findings of the present study
Accomplishment of successful spawning that both PG extract and Ovuline® (LHRH-A) are
depends on selection of suitable recipient fish at equally effective in induction of spawning in P.
the proper stage of ovarian development and hypophthalmus under controlled hatchery
creation of congenial spawning conditions (Nash condition. The hatchery operators may use any of
and Shehadesh, 1980) which is very accurate in the two sources of reproductive hormones as per
the present experiment. The egg capsule and yolk their choice. But considering the ease of hormone
sphere are greenish or yellowish brown in color. administration, cost and easy availability,
Fish from the same catfish family (e.g. Clarias pituitary gland (PG) seems to be advantageous
batrachus) have a greenish egg capsule over Ovuline® (LHRH-A) for artificial
(Mookerjee and Mazumder, 1950). The ovulated propagation of P. hypophthalmus.
eggs of P. hypophthalmus further increased
around 0.2 mm in size after incubation of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
fertilized eggs in hatchery, which might be due to The author acknowledge to Satota hatchery,
hydration of the eggs. The fertilized eggs were Trisal, Mymensingh for financial help and other
strongly adhesive and found in clutch among the research facilities.
eggs during incubation in the hatchery. Many
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