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Introduction To Velocity

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38 views7 pages

Introduction To Velocity

Uploaded by

civicamir77
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction to
velocity:
1.1.DEFINITION:
Velocity is the speed in combination with the direction of motion of an object.
Velocity is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical
mechanics that describes the motion of bodies.
Velocity is a physical vector quantity: both magnitude and direction are needed to
define it. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called speed, being a
coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI (metric system)
as metres per second (m/s or m⋅s−1).

1.2.AVERAGE VELOCITY:
The average velocity of an object over a period of time is its change in
position, Delta S is divided by the duration of the period, Delta T given
mathematically as

1.3.INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY:
The instantaneous velocity of an object is the limit average velocity as the
time interval approaches zero. At any particular time t, it can be calculated as
the derivative of the position with respect to time
1.4.ANGULAR VELOCITY:
angular velocity (ω) is also known as angular frequency vector. it is
a pseudovector representation of how the angular position or orientation of an
object changes with time, i.e. how quickly an object rotates (spins or revolves)
around an axis of rotation and how fast the axis itself changes direction.
If angular velocity ω is constant then integrating equation with in limits θ0 to θ,
we find the equation (28)

1.5.RELATIVE VELOCITY:
Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects as determined
in a single coordinate system. Relative velocity is fundamental in both classical and
modern physics, since many systems in physics deal with the relative motion of two
or more particles. In Newtonian mechanics, the relative velocity is independent of
the chosen inertial reference frame. This is not the case anymore with special
relativity in which velocities depend on the choice of reference frame.

If an object A is moving with velocity vector v and an object B with velocity vector w,
then the velocity of object A relative to object B is defined as the difference of the
two velocity vectors ARE:

1.6.SCALAR VELOCITIES:
In the one-dimensional case, the velocities are scalars and the equation is

if the two objects are moving in opposite directions

if the two objects are moving in the same direction.


2.introduction to velocity of
sound:
2.1.INTRODUCTION TO SOUND:
A sound wave is a pressure disturbance that travels through a medium by means
of particle-to-particle interaction. As one particle becomes disturbed, it exerts a
force on the next adjacent particle, thus disturbing that particle from rest and
transporting the energy through the medium.

2.2.SOUND WAVE:
A sound wave is a pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy
traveling through a medium such as air, water, or any other liquid or solid matter
as it propagates away from the source of the sound.
2.3VELOCITY OF SOUND IN VARIOUS
MEDIUM:
the speed of sound varies greatly in different media. The speed
of sound in a medium depends on how quickly vibrational energy
can be transferred through the medium. For this reason, the
derivation of the speed of sound in a medium depends on the
medium and on the state of the medium. In general. The below
picture depicts the relativity of speed of the sound wave in various
medium:

2.4.factors affecting wave velocity:


The speed of any wave depends upon the properties of the medium through
which the wave is traveling. Typically there are two essential types of properties
that affect wave speed - inertial properties and elastic properties. Elastic
properties are those properties related to the tendency of a material to
maintain its shape and not deform whenever a force or stress is applied to it.

vsolids > vliquids > vgases


3.velocity Of Sound In Air:
3.1.OVERVIEW:
The speed of sound in air depends strongly on temperature and the medium
through which a sound wave is propagating.At room temperature, the speed of
sound is 346 meters per second, which is faster than the speed of sound at
freezing temperatures of 331 meters per second.

3.2.NOTE ON VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR:


#The speed of sound in water is approximately 1500 m/s, and it is possible to
measure changes in ocean temperature by observing the resultant change in
speed of sound over long distances
#The effect of humidity on the speed of sound is slightly greater at lower air
pressures, like those experienced at high altitude.
#Thermodynamic properties of dry air include specific heat, ratio of specific
heats, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, Prandtl number, density, and
kinematic viscosity at temperatures ranging 175 - 1900 K.
4. Velocity Of Sound In Water:
4.1.OVERVIEW:
The speed of sound in water varies depending on temperature, salinity, and
pressure, and is not uniform throughout different water environments. In the
oceans, the speed of sound varies between 1450m/s and 1570m/s, and it
increases by approximately 1.3m/s per 1PSU increase in salinity, 4.5m/s per 1°C
increase in temperature, and 1.7m/s per 1dbar increase in pressure.

4.2.NOTE ON VELOCITY OF SOUND IN


WATER:
#sound waves tend to travel faster at higher temperatures, with values ranging
from 1450 to 1498 meters per second in distilled water and 1531 m/s in sea
water at room temperatures (20 to 25 °C). Water's high density partly offsets its
extreme incompressibility, and sound travels at 1,493m/s, about four times
faster than through air.
# There are two ways to measure speed of sound in water by using a small
acoustic signal which is sent to a receiver at a known distance, like in a sound
velocity profiler or ii) by measuring the variables affecting sound velocity in
water (salinity, temperature, and pressure) with a CTD and calculating sound-
speed empirically.

5.

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