INTERNET

History of the Internet

The Internet came in the year 1960 with the creation of the first working
model called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency) . In
October 1969, using ARPANET first message was transferred from one
computer to another. After that technology continues to grow.

How is the Internet Set Up?

The internet is set up with the help of physical optical fiber data
transmission cables or copper wires and various other networking
mediums like LAN, WAN, MAN, etc. For accessing the Internet even the
2G, 3G, and 4G services and the Wifi require these physical cable setups
to access the Internet. There is an authority named ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) located in the USA
which manages the Internet and protocols related to it like IP addresses.

How Does the Internet Work?

The actual working of the internet takes place with the help of clients and
servers. Here the client is a laptop that is directly connected to the internet
and servers are the computers connected indirectly to the Internet and
they are having all the websites stored in those large computers. These
servers are connected to the internet with the help of ISP (Internet Service
Providers) and will be identified with the IP address.

Each website has its Domain name as it is difficult for any person to
always remember the long numbers or strings. So, whenever you search
for any domain name in the search bar of the browser the request will be
sent to the server and that server will try to find the IP address from the
Domain name because it cannot understand the domain name. After
getting the IP address the server will try to search the IP address of the
Domain name in a Huge phone directory that in networking is known as
a DNS server (Domain Name Server) . For example, if we have the name
of a person and we can easily find the Aadhaar number of him/her from
the long directory as simple as that.

What is an IP Address?
IP Address stands for Internet Protocol Address. Every PC/Local machine
is having an IP address and that IP address is provided by the Internet
Service Providers (ISPs). These are some sets of rules which govern the
flow of data whenever a device is connected to the Internet. It
differentiates computers, websites, and routers. Just like human
identification cards like Aadhaar cards, Pan cards, or any other unique
identification documents. Every laptop and desktop has its own unique IP
address for identification. It’s an important part of Internet technology. An
IP address is displayed as a set of four-digit like 192.154.3.29. Here each
number on the set ranges from 0 to 255. Hence, the total IP address
range from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

EMAIL

What is an email protocol?

Email protocol is a set of rules defined to ensure that emails can be
exchanged between various servers and email clients in a standard
manner. This ensures that the email is universal and works for all users.

What are the different email protocols?

The common protocols for email delivery are Post Office Protocol (POP), Internet
Message Access Protocol (IMAP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Each of
these protocols has a standard methodology to deal with the emails and also has
defined functions.

POP Protocol

POP stands for Post Office Protocol. Email clients use the POP protocol support in the
server to download the emails. This is primarily a one-way protocol and
does not sync back the emails to the server.

IMAP Protocol

IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP Protocol is used to sync the
emails in the server with the email clients. It allows two-way sync of emails between the
server and the email client, while the emails are stored on the server.

SMTP Protocol

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is the principal email protocol
that is responsible for the transfer of emails between email clients and email servers.
 SOCIAL NETWORKING
What Is Social Networking?
Social networking uses internet-based social media sites to stay
connected with friends, family, colleagues, or customers. Social
networking can have a social purpose, a business purpose, or both
through sites like Facebook, X, Instagram, and Pinterest.

Social networking is also a significant opportunity for marketers seeking to

engage customers. In 2024, Facebook ranks as the most popular social
network, with over 3 billion people using the platform monthly.

Popular Platforms
 Facebook: Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg and owned by
Meta Platforms, Facebook connects individuals, businesses, and
organizations. Users can post updates, respond to others, and share
photographs and links to online content. Users can chat live and
upload and share videos. Users can communicate
directly via Facebook Messenger. They can join groups with similar
interests and be notified of friends' activities and pages they elect to
follow.

 YouTube: This site follows Facebook for most users. In 2024,
YouTube had over 2.5 billion users. YouTube is a platform for
creators to display their produced content. "Creators" can monetize
their YouTube channels through advertising, merchandise sales, and
subscriptions.

 Instagram: Focuses on sharing visual media like photos and videos.
It's similar to Facebook in that users create a profile with a news
feed. Posts can be shared publicly or with followers. Instagram has
features such as Instagram Stories and Instagram Reels. Instagram
was founded in 2010 by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger and
acquired by Meta in 2012. In 2024, Instagram had 2 billion users.

 X: A social network that allows individuals to communicate with short
messages called tweets. The social platform limits tweets to 280
characters for basic and 25,000 characters for premium. Posting (or
"tweeting") is sometimes referred to as microblogging. X was
founded as Twitter in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone,
 and Evan Williams, and was bought by Elon Musk in Oct. 2022.
Musk changed the name to "X" in July 2023 and the site is owned by
X Corp., one of Elon Musk's holding companies.

 Pinterest: This site was created by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra,
and Evan Sharp in 2009. Pinterest promotes image saving and
sharing using a virtual pinboard. It's an innovative platform that
facilitates cataloging and organizing creative information for
individuals. Account holders find images by browsing the web or
Pinterest. They then pin those images to an online pinboard.