1

FACULTY OF COMPUTING
CONTENTS

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 Analog quantities

• Most natural quantities that we see are analog and

vary continuously.
• Analog systems can generally handle higher power
than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F) Other examples:
100

95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 4

 Digital quantities

Temperature
(°F)

100
95
90

85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

• Digital systems can process, store, and transmit

data more efficiently but can only assign discrete
values (discontinuous) to each point.

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 5

 Analog vs Digital

1 1 1 1 HIGH

0 0 0 0 0 LOW

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Nyquist’s theorem for
digitization

Example of sampling analog-

to-digital (frequency at least 2
times higher than analog)

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http://musicandcomputers306.blogspot.com/2010/10/waveforms-ad-conversion-sampling.html

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 Self-Test: Which of the following
belong to analog system?

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Resource: Google searched 9
 Answer

(a) (c)

(e)
Resource: Google searched 10
Example: Analog systems

Resource: Google searched 11

Example: Digital systems

Resource: Google searched 12

 Digital

*DSL-2320B (ADSL Modem)

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 Digital
Exercise: Match the picture to which digital
application system it belong to.

(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (f)
(e)
(e)
(f)

(a) (d) (c)

Resource: http://www.wirelessnetworkproducts.com/dsl-2320b.aspx 14
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http://www.tvjuneau.com/images/HDTV-Resolutions_Full.jpg

20Mhz

6Mhz

Laserdisc, CD, minidisc

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 Analog and Digital Systems

• Many systems use a mix of analog and digital

electronics to take advantage of each technology.
• A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD
drive and converts it to an analog signal for
amplification.

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http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/story/61/18/006128/31929466-2-440-overview-1.gif

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 17

 CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 18

CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

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 Conversion:

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): http://www.idt.com/products/data-converters

• Convert analog signal into digital signal using process such as

sampling, quantization process and digital conversion.
• Error will occur during the sampling and quantization, hence
loss of information can happen.

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC):

• Needed if the speaker is using analog system.
• Need to convert the digital data to analog
signal in order for the speaker works properly
and the sound can heard by human.
http://thesoundviewstudio.com/audio-rentals.html

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21
 Binary digits and logic levels

VH(max)
Digital electronics uses circuits HIGH
that have two states, which are VH(min)
represented by two different Invalid
voltage levels: VL(max)

LOW
VL(min)

A bit can have the value of

either a 0 or a 1, depending
on if the voltage is HIGH or
LOW.

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 22

• Digital waveforms change between the LOW
and HIGH levels.
• A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and
then back again.
• Digital waveforms are made up of a series of
pulses.

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 23

 HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

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 Digital Waveforms

Periodic

Non-Periodic / Aperiodic

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waveforms.png

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Hz

seconds

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103
102
101

10-1
10-2
10-3
http://ruthpawson.rbe.sk.ca/johnson_math0910

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= (0.01 * 10-3) s x 103 = (0.01 * 10-3) s x 106
= (0.01 * 10-3+3) ms = (0.01 * 10-3+6) μs
= (0.01 * 100) ms = (0.01 * 103) μs
= 0.01 ms = 10 μs

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 Exercise 1.1 : Calculate the frequency of signals if time
period are given as the following:

a) .

b) .

c) .

d) .

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 Exercise 1.2 : Calculate the time period of signals if the
frequencies are given as the following:

a) .

b) .

c) .

d) .

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 Pulse Definition

Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 36

 Repetitive Pulse Waveform

• In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse

waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse
width (tW) and duty cycle.
• Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.

Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)

Time
Period, T

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 37

Duty cycle is the ratio
of tW to T.

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 Exercise 1.3: Given the duration or period of a system is
1000ms, determine the on state and off state
of the system that operate with the ratio of
duty cycle is 25%. Show your works.
On State

Off State

Solution 1.3: T = 1000 ms

Duty cycle  on state

Off state :
(module: page 18) 39
 Exercise 1.4: Given the duration or period of a system is
1000ms, determine the on state and off state
of the system that operate with the ratio of
duty cycle is 50%. Show your works.
On State Off State

Solution 1.4: T = 1000 ms

Duty cycle  on state

Off state :
(module: page 18) 40
 Exercise 1.5: Given the duty cycles of a system is 40% for a
duration of 500ms.
a) Calculate the pulse width of the system.
b) Determine the off state of the system that
operate with the ratio of duty cycle.
Show your works.

Solution 1.5:

a). b).

𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
40 = 100 Off State = 500 - 200
500
= 300 ms
40(500)
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
100
(module: page 18) 41
 Timing diagram

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship

between two or more digital waveforms,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

At time 8, all
Clock A, B, and C LOW
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

A
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

B
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
C

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 42
 Bit time 3 Bit time 7

Clock
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A = ?, B = ?, C = ? A, B, and C HIGH
A = 1,
A and B = HIGH = 1, B = 1,
C = LOW = 0 C = 1

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 43

 0 1 0

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1

Exercise: Complete the

truth table. 0 0 0

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 44

 Data Transfer

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem
Serial data
Data can be
transmitted by 1

either serial Computer 0 Printer

transfer 1

or parallel transfer. 1

Parallel data
0

0
t0 t1

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 45

46
 Introduction
• What is logic?
– is something related to human reasoning,
– where input is provided to a system or
mathematical operation and outputs are provided
based on those inputs

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 Introduction
• 1854
– George Boole ( Irish mathematician ) developed
mathematical proofs regarding logic.
• 1938
– Claude Shannon, applied George Boole's ‘Boolean
Algebra' to the analysis of electrical circuits
– and that's kind of where the digital electronics started

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 Basic logic function

True only if all input

conditions are true.

True only if one or more

input conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite

condition (inverter).

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 49

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 Logic Gates:
Summary

XNOR

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Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 57
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 HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code

The encoding function 5

4
3
for 9 used for
storage and/or
computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

The decoding function Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 62

 Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆t1 ∆t2 ∆t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2

∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 63

 Flip-flop

Semiconductor
Memories

Optical Memories

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 Examples:

Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 66

67
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The
circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested.

DIP
chips
In this case, testing
can be done by a
computer connected to
the system.

(Dual In-line Package)

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 68

 DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package Small outline IC

(DIP) (SOIC)

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 69

 Other surface mount technology (SMT)
packages:

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC

(Small-outline IC) (Leadless Ceramic
(Plastic Leaded
Chip Carrier) Chip Carrier)

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 70

 Printed Circuit Board ( PCB)

IC and conventional Surface Mount PCB

through-hole technology

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 Integrated circuit

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case

Pins

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 72

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SI_263P_8404_chip1_package_top.jpg

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(Transistor-transistor Logic)

(Emitter-Coupled Logic)

(Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)

(N-Type Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)

(Bipolar and Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)

CMOS –
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Altera_MAX_7128_2500_gate_CPLD.jpg/300px-Altera_MAX_7128_2500_gate_CPLD.jpg 80
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Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 82