KINETICS AND KINEMATICS OF

VARIOUS ACTIVITIES OF DAILY

LIVING
• ADLs are complex tasks/ skills.
• Each of these skill analyses will break down the
activity into three elements.
1. First element identifies the sequence of activities
performed from the start to the completion of the
activity.
2. Second element presents a description of the joint
movements throughout the activity.
3. Third element distinguishes the muscles and how
they function to produce the joint movements to
successfully perform the activity.
• Mobility is important in the ability to move from one
position to another and to move the body into
positions that permit desired functions.
• Without our ability to mobilize the body and its
segments, function is extremely limited.
 SUPINE TO STANDING
• One of the first mobility activities infants learn is
rolling.
• During the development of locomotion, rolling is the
earliest pattern used for floor mobility, and it remains
a useful mobility skill throughout an individual’s
lifetime.
 Supine to prone
• Rolling is the earliest pattern used for floor mobility,
and it remains a useful mobility skill throughout an
individual’s lifetime.

• Rolling is defined as moving from supine to prone

or from prone to supine, usually involving some
amount of trunk rotation.
When rolling first begins, the motion
initiates primarily from the head and neck
and occurs non segmentally using the whole
body as one

But with practice, it becomes a fluid

segmental movement pattern with a
separation of motions between the pelvis
and shoulders.
 Sequence of motion

-Rotating to the right to look in

-Left upper extremity reaching the direction of motion.
across the body with movement
-Head motion is immediately
Rolling to right initiated by the humerus and followed by trunk rotation to
scapula and is immediately
the right side.
followed by the left elbow,
wrist, and hand motions. -As the trunk rotates, the left
hip begins its motion.
 MUSCLE WORK
Scapula serratus anterior
upper trapezius
lower trapezius muscles
Shoulder anterior deltoid
clavicular portion of pectoralis major
coracobrachialis
Elbow Triceps
Forearm Pronator quadratus
Pronator teres
Wrist & hand Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis and
extensor carpi ulnaris.
The fingers are extended by the extensor digitorum
and abducted by the dorsal interossei.
The thumb extends through the action of extensor
pollicis.
Head & trunk Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique
FLOOR TO STAND
• The ability to get from the floor to standing requires
joint motion and muscle action from the entire body
just as with rolling.
 Joint motion

-Weight shifts over the -From side-sitting, the -From Quadripeud, hips -From this position, the
right buttocks as the right trunk rotates over the extend as the back remains individual flexes the hips to
arm is placed in lower extremities and the straight to move the trunk move the trunk over the left
extension, medial body shifts into into an upright kneeling knee.
rotation and some quadruped with the hips, position. -As the center of mass moves
abduction at the right shoulders, and knees forward and over the left
side. flexed at 90°, the scapula -When kneeling, the body lower extremity, the left hip
-The right elbow, wrist, and pelvis stabilized, and weight shifts to the right and knee extend to lift the
fingers, and thumb are all the elbows, wrist, fingers, knee, maintaining right hip body upward and the right hip
extended to allow and thumbs all extended extension. The neck and and knee extend as the body
weight-bearing on the trunk are maintained in moves to a standing position
extremity. erect midline alignment.
 Muscle work
Neck & Trunk flexors and extensors (SCM, scalene and splenius
capitus and cervicus) in conjunction with the erector
spinae and the abdominals, obliques
Scapula concentric contraction of the rhomboids and middle and
lower trapezius.
Shoulder humeral extension, abduction, and medial rotation-
latissimus dorsi, teres major, posterior deltoid, middle
deltoid, supraspinatus, subscapularis, pectoralis major,
teres minor, and infraspinatus.
Elbow, Wrist & Triceps, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis
Fingers longus and brevis, extensor digitorum, and extensor
pollicis muscles.
Hip iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and pectineus
• Moving to a standing position, the erector spinae
eccentrically control a straight spine during forward
motion of the trunk as the center of mass is shifted
forward over the left hip and knee.
• The gluteus maximus and hamstrings are engaged
eccentrically on the left to control the amount and
speed of this forward shift over a hip flexing to about
70° as the right knee is becoming unweighted.
• The left ankle maintains its stable position through
eccentric control by the gastrocnemius as the tibia
advances over the foot and the COM moves anterior
to the ankle.
 Sit to stand transfer
• A transfer refers to movement from one surface or
position to another and may be accomplished
independently or with assistance.
• To stand up from a sitting position, the individual
must be able to control the trunk and lower
extremities and have dynamic balance.
• The center of mass changes from having a relatively
larger base of support (hips, thighs, and feet) to
having a small base of support (the feet) as the body
moves from sitting to standing.
• The hips are moved forward in the chair either by “walking the
hips forward” or by pushing the back against the back of the
chair.
• In walking the hips forward, the body weight moves from one
side of the pelvis to the other as the non weight-bearing pelvis
rotates forward until the hips are on the edge of the seat.
• As movement to standing begins, the shoulders move from
hyperextension to either slight hyperextension or neutral
extension, the elbows extend, and the wrists move toward
neutral as the hands come off the chair arms.
• Before the hips extend to move the body upright, the head
must move ahead of the feet so the center of mass is positioned
over the feet.
1. Tibialis anterior muscle—activated for preparatory placement
of tibial stabilization.

2. Simultaneous onset of activity in the hip extensors (gluteus

maximus and biceps hamstrings) and knee extensors (rectus
femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis muscles).

3. Activity of these extensors peaks when the thighs are lifted off
the seat, and to varying degrees, the gastrocnemius and soleus
muscles play a role in postural control
 LIFTING
• Lifting is a common activity performed both at work and at
home. It is also an activity that is often performed incorrectly.
• Individuals who lift frequently are at risk of a cumulative
injury if they perform lifting tasks repeatedly incorrectly.
• One of the main elements of a safe lifting task is the
importance of proper body mechanics.
• Proper body mechanics will ensure that the back is well
protected and that the motions required at the contributing
body segments are not only effective, but efficient.
-The individual holds -Prior to lifting, the -To move into a squat, -As the squat lowers
his or her head and individual tests the the hips laterally rotate the individual close to
trunk in their midline object to be lifted to to about 45° and flex to the box, the upper
get an idea of its about to 90°. extremities move
alignment and
-The ankles move into forward into shoulder
stabilizes the lumbar weight.
dorsiflexion as the tibia flexion with extended
spine by moving the -Then establishes moves forward over the elbows to reach and
pelvis into its neutral wide base of support foot, and the knees flex obtain a firm grasp of
position. standing close to the to lower the body so the the object
-Avoid lumbar flexion object as he or she hands are able to grasp
prepares to lift it. the box.
 Muscle work
Neck SCM, Scalene, Speleneii
Trunk Ercetor spinae, abdominals
Hip Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL , sartorius
Ankle Gastrocnemeus eccentrically contract to stabilize ankle in
closed chain position.
Shoulder While getting up pectoralis major, deltoid, coracobrachialis
Wrist Extensors
 OVERHEAD ACTIVITIES
• To carry out many activities of daily living such as
reaching to a high shelf in a closet to get a book, or
hanging up a jacket on a hanger in the closet, the
shoulder requires a varying but optimal range of
motion
• Joints and motions involved in overhead shoulder
complex activities include scapular upward rotation
and protraction, glenohumeral flexion, and elbow
extension.
• Forearm motion will depend upon the specific
requirement of hand placement and may include
either supination or pronation.
• The wrist is in slight extension whereas the fingers
are in some degree of flexion for grasping or
maintaining a grasp.
Scapula Upper trapezius and serratus anterior stabilize the scapula as the
humerus begins elevation.
As the reach goes higher, the scapular muscles begin to also produce
upward rotation and protraction of the scapula.
The rotator cuff muscles continue to stabilize the humeral head in the
glenoid fossa.
Trunk Erector spinae
Wrist Wrist flexors and extensors (flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi
radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris)
Leg Tibialis anterior, quadriceps
 RUNNING & JOGGING
• Running is another locomotor activity that is similar to
walking, but certain differences need to be examined.
• Running requires greater balance, muscle strength, and ROM
than does normal walking.
• Greater balance is required because running is characterized
not only by a considerably reduced base of support but also by
an absence of the double-support periods observed in normal
walking and the presence of float periods in which both feet
are out of contact with the supporting surface
• Muscles must generate greater energy both to raise
the head, arms, and trunk higher than in normal
walking and to balance and support them during the
gait cycle.
• Muscles and joint structures also must be able to
absorb more energy to accept and control the weight
of the head, arms, and trunk.
Joint motion
• The ROM varies according to the speed of
running
 Muscle activity
Gluteus Maximus & medius At beginning of stance phase & at the
TFL beginning of swing phase
Adductor magnus Late stance & early swing
Illiopsoas Mid swing
Medial hamstrings Beginning of stance & throughout swing
phase
Gastrocnemius 15%-50% of gait cycle
Tibialis anterior Both stance & swing phase
 STAIR ASCENDING &
DESCENDING
• Ascending and descending stairs is a basic
body movement required for performing
normal activities of daily living.
• Locomotion on stairs is similar to level-ground
walking in that stair gait involves both swing
and stance phases in which forward
progression of the body is brought about by
alternating movements of the lower
extremities.
STAIR GAIT CYCLE
WEIGHT ACCEPTANCE 14%

PULL UP 14-32%

FORWARD CONTINUANCE 32-64%

FOOT CLEARANCE 70-80%

FOOT PLACEMENT 80-100%

PUSHING
Joints involved & muscle work in
pushing a door
 Action of forces
• The longer the moment arm, the lesser
amount of force is required to close the door.
Pushing heavy object
 PULLING
• The action of moving something towards body
by applying force.
 Biomechanics of overhead pull with
both hands
• Also called as Lat pulldown.
 Overhead press

Concentric phase ( Pulling bar Eccentric phase (Returning to

towards chest) start position)
Joint motion: Joint motion:
1. Shoulder adduction 1. Shoulder abduction
2. Elbow flexion 2.Elbow extension
3. Scapula downward rotation 3. Scapular upward rotation &
& retraction protraction
 Muscle work
Agonist Latisumus dorsi
Teres major

Synergist Posterior deltiod

Trapezius
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
Biceps & brachialis

Stabilizers Triceps
Rotator cuff
THROWING/ PITCHING
 WINDUP
JOINT MOTION
• The front hip and knee are flexed to about 90°
each. The arms are raised the front hip and
knee flex and the back flexes to produce this
winding up of the body.
 MUSCLE WORK
Concentric Eccentric
❑ Back extensors ❑ Knee extensors
❑ Hip flexors
❑ Anterior deltoid
❑ Pectoralis major
❑ Upper & lower trapezius, seratous
anterior
❑ Abdominals
 EARLY COCKING
• The early cocking phase is from the end of the
windup to the time when the front, or stride,
foot contacts the ground.
• During this time the body begins its forward
motion toward the target so the body weight
moves to the front leg.
JOINT MOTION
• During this time, the pitcher moves the hand and ball
away from the target as far as possible. The scapula
moves into a retracted position, the elbow becomes
flexed, and the humerus moves into abduction,
lateral rotation.
MUSCLE WORK
• Motion of the body from the back leg to the front leg
occurs as the hip extensors and abductors, knee
flexors, and plantarflexors of the back leg move the
body weight onto the front leg.
• The front leg muscles are accepting only some of the
body’s weight at this time, so there is some eccentric
activity of the hip extensors and adductors, knee
extensors, and calf muscles
• Abdominals, scapular retractors
 Late cocking
• The late cocking phase begins when the front foot
hits the ground and ends when the pitching shoulder
achieves maximum lateral rotation.
 Joint motion
• In this position, the scapula is retracted, and
the elbow flexed to 90° as the humerus abducts
to about 90°, and laterally rotates; the wrist is
in neutral.
• By the end of this phase, the humerus achieves
its maximal lateral rotation.
 Muscle work
• The hip extensors, knee flexors, and calf muscles of the
back leg continue to contract concentrically to transfer
their forces up the kinetic chain.
• The abdominal muscles control trunk stability and rotation.
• An upright posture with some lumbar extension. In the
shoulder complex, the scapula is held in retraction by the
rhomboids and middle trapezius whereas the posterior
deltoid, middle deltoid, and supraspinatus concentrically
contract to elevate and horizontally extend the humerus.
• As mentioned, the subscapularis controls lateral humeral
rotation through eccentric contraction.
 ACCELERATION PHASE
• The acceleration phase begins right after the
shoulder has achieved maximum lateral
rotation and begins its forward movement
toward the target and ends with release of the
ball.
JOINT MOTION
• The scapula protracts as the humerus rotates and
moves toward extension.
• Elbow motion in acceleration moves toward
extension so its position changes from 90° of flexion
to 120° of flexion.
• The forearm pronates as the elbow moves into
extension. The wrist begins this phase in extension
and ends it in a neutral position when the ball is
released
• MUSCLE WORK
1. subscapularis
2. Pectoralis major, latismus drosi
3. Flexor carpi radialis, ulnaris, pronator teres
 FOLLOW THROUGH PHASE
• Follow-through is the period from the release
of the ball to the end of all motion.
MUSCLE WORK:
• serratus anterior, rhomboids, and trapezius decelerate
the scapula’s protraction motion; the subscapularis,
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and biceps
decelerate the shoulder joint
• triceps and biceps together control the elbow