Accounting Principles

Fourteenth Edition
Weygandt Kimmel Mitchell

Chapter 1
Accounting in Action

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Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
LO 1 Identify the activities and users associated with
accounting.
LO 2 Explain the building blocks of accounting: ethics,
principles, and assumptions.
LO 3 State the accounting equation, and define its
components.
LO 4 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the
accounting equation.
LO 5 Describe the four financial statements and how they
are prepared.
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 Accounting Activities and Users

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Identify the activities and users associated with
accounting.
Accounting consists of three activities
1. Identification - Select economic events (transactions)
2. Đang tải…
Recording - Record, classify, and summarize
3. Communication
• Prepare accounting reports
• Analyze and interpret for users

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 Who Uses Accounting Data
Internal Users
• Finance - Is cash sufficient to pay dividends to
Microsoft stockholders?
• Marketing - What price should Apple charge for an
iPhone to maximize net income?
• Human Resources - Can General Motors afford to
give its employees pay raises this year?
• Management - Which PepsiCo product line is most
profitable? Should any products be eliminated?

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 Who Uses Accounting Data
External Users
• Investors
o Is General Electric earning satisfactory income?
o How does Disney compare in size and profitability with
Time Warner? Đang tải…
• Creditors - Will United Airlines be able to pay its
debts as they come due?

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 DO IT! 1: Basic Concepts
Indicate whether each of the statements is true or false.
1. The three steps in the accounting process are identification,
recording, and communication.
2. Bookkeeping encompasses all steps in the accounting process.
3. Accountants prepare, but do not interpret, financial reports.
4. The two most common types of external users are investors
and company officers.
5. Managerial accounting focuses on reports for internal users.

Solution:
1. True
1. Fals
1. Fals
1. Fals
1. Tr
e e e ue

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 The Building Blocks of Accounting

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
Explain the building blocks of accounting: ethics,
principles, and assumptions.
Ethics in Financial Reporting
• Financial scandals include: Enron, WorldCom,
HealthSouth, and AIG.
• Regulators and lawmakers concerned that economy would
suffer if investors lost confidence in corporate accounting
o Congress passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
• Effective financial reporting depends on sound ethical
behavior

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 Ethics in Financial Reporting
Review Question
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions
are judged as:
• right or wrong
• honest or dishonest
• fair or not fair
• all of these options

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 Ethics in Financial Reporting
Review Answer
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one’s actions
are judged as:
• right or wrong
• honest or dishonest
• fair or not fair
• Answer: all of these options

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Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles

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 Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles
Standard-Setting Bodies
Standards that are generally accepted and universally
practiced. These standards indicate how to report
economic events. Đang tải…
Standard-setting bodies:
• Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

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 Measurement Principles
Historical Cost and Fair Value Principles
Historical Cost Principle (or cost principle) did
the actual cransaction
• Record assets at their cost. as

Fair Value Principle Lignore nik ) =

• Assets and liabilities should be reported at fair value (the

price received to sell an asset or settle a liability)

Selection of which principle to follow generally relates to

trade-offs between relevance and faithful
representation.

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Measurement Principles
Relevance and Faithful Representation
Relevance and faithful representation are two primary
qualities that make accounting information useful for
decision-making.
Relevance means that financial information is capable of
making a difference in a decision.
Faithful representation means that the numbers and
descriptions match what really existed or happened—they
are factual.

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 Assumptions & reporting
recording numbers

Monetary Unit and Economic Entity

Assumptions
Monetary Unit Assumption
• Include in accounting records only transaction data that can
be expressed in terms of money
Economic Entity Assumption
• Activities of entity be kept separate and distinct from
activities of its owner and all other entities
o Proprietorship
Forms of Business
o Partnership
Ownership
o Corporation

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Forms of Business Ownership
wnerbussines
single safe fat

Proprietorship Partnership Corporation

• Owned by one • Owned by two • Ownership
person or more persons divided into shares
• Owner is often • Often retail and of stock
manager/operator service-type • Separate legal
• Owner receives businesses entity organized
any profits, suffers • Generally under state
any losses, and is unlimited personal corporation law
personally liable liability • Limited liability
for all debts • Partnership
his can how much
tax income agreement to
invested
-
unlimited liabilities
taxable exentig
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>
- ‹#›
 Assumptions
Review Question
Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills
would violate the
• cost principle
• economic entity assumption
• monetary unit assumption
• ethics principle.

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 Assumptions
Review Answer
Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills
would violate the
• cost principle
• Answer: economic entity assumption
• monetary unit assumption
• ethics principle.

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 Assumptions
Another Review Question
A business organized as a separate legal entity under
state law having ownership divided into shares of
stock is a
• proprietorship
• partnership
• corporation
• sole proprietorship

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 Assumptions
Another Review Answer
A business organized as a separate legal entity under
state law having ownership divided into shares of
stock is a
• proprietorship
• partnership
• Answer: corporation
• sole proprietorship

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 DO IT! 2: Building Blocks of
Accounting
Items 1-3 each of the statements is true or false.
Indicate whether
1. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to reduce unethical
behavior and decrease the likelihood of future corporate
scandals.
2. The primary accounting standard-setting body in the United
States is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
3. The historical cost principle dictates that companies record
assets at their cost. In later periods, however, the fair value of
the asset must be used if fair value is higher than its cost.

Solution:
1. True
1. Tru
1. Fals
e e
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 DO IT! 2: Building Blocks of
Accounting
Items 4-5 each of the statements is true or false.
Indicate whether
1. Relevance means that financial information matches what
really happened; the information is factual.
2. A business owner’s personal expenses must be separated from
expenses of the business to comply with accounting’s economic
entity assumption.

Solution:
1. True
1. Tru
1. Fals
1. Fals
1. Tr
e e e ue
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 The Accounting Equation

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
State the accounting equation, and define its components.

Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity

Basic Accounting Equation

• Provides underlying framework for recording and
summarizing economic events
• Assets are claimed by either creditors or owners
• If a business is liquidated, claims of creditors must be paid
before ownership claims
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 The Accounting Equation—Assets

Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity

Assets
• Resources a business owns
• Provide future services or benefits
• Cash, Supplies, Equipment, etc.

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 The Accounting Equation—Liabilities

Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity

Liabilities
• Claims against total assets (debts and obligations)
• Creditors (party to whom money is owed)
• Accounts Payable, Notes Payable, Salaries and Wages
Payable, etc.

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 The Accounting Equation—Owner’s
Equity
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity

Owner’s Equity
• Ownership claim on total assets
• Referred to as residual equity
• Investment by owners and revenues (+)
• Drawings and expenses (−)

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 Increases and Decreases in Owner’s
Equity
Increase in Owner’s Equity
• Investment by Owner. Assets the owner puts into the business
• Revenues. Increases
-
in assets or decreases in liabilities resulting
from sale of goods or performance of services in normal course
of business
Decrease in Owner’s Equity
• Drawings. A withdrawal of cash or other assets for personal use
• Expenses. Cost of assets consumed or services used in the
process of earning revenue

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The Expanded Accounting Equation

A) L > Eq

Cll-D ILLUSTRATION 1.7

Eq =

R
Exp
+ +

① A
12 Eq
Ea]
-

② Cl-D
+ R
_

Exp
=

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DO IT! 3: Owner’s Equity Effects

Classify the following items as investment by owner,

owner’s drawings, revenues, or expenses. Then indicate
whether each item increases or decreases owner’s equity.
Effect on
Classification Equity
1. Rent Expense Expense Decrease
1. Service Revenue Revenue Increase
Owner’s
1. Drawings Decrease
Drawings
1. Salaries and Wages
Expense Decrease
Expense

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 Analyzing Business Transactions

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
Analyze the effects of business transactions on the
accounting equation.
Transactions are a business’s economic events recorded by
accountants.
• May be external or internal
• Đang tải…
Not all activities represent transactions
• Have a dual effect on the accounting equation

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Transaction Identification Process
Illustration: Are the following events recorded in the
accounting records?

ILLUSTRATION 1.8

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 1
Ray Neal decides to start a smartphone app development company which
he names Softbyte. On September 1, 2022, he invests $15,000 cash in the
business. This transaction results in an equal increase in assets and
owner’s equity.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 2
Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 3
Softbyte Inc. purchases for $1,600 headsets and other accessories expected to last
several months. The supplier allows Softbyte to pay this bill in October.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 4
Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for app development
services it has performed.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 5
Softbyte Inc. receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising
on its online website but postpones
-
payment until a later date.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 6
Softbyte performs $3,500 of services. The company receives cash of
$1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 7
Softbyte pays the following expenses in cash for September: office rent
$600, salaries and wages of employees $900, and utilities $200.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 8
Softbyte pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash. The company previously
(in Transaction 5) recorded the bill as an increase in Accounts Payable.

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 9
Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who had been billed for
services (in Transaction 6).

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Transaction Analysis—Transaction 10
Ray Neal withdraws $1,300 in cash in cash from the business for his
personal use.

go
38
-

150 wo 300

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 Summary of Transactions
1. Each transaction analyzed in terms of effect on:
a. Three components of basic accounting equation
• Assets
• Liabilities
• Owner’s equity
b. Specific types of items, such as Cash
2. Two sides of equation must always be equal.
3. The Owner’s Capital, Owner’s Drawings, Revenues, and
Expenses columns indicate the causes of each change in the
owner’s claim on assets.

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 DO IT! 2: Tabular Analysis
Transactions made by Virmari & Co., a public accounting firm, for
the month of August are shown below. Prepare a tabular analysis
which shows the effects of these transactions on the expanded
accounting equation, similar to that shown in Illustration 1.9.
1. The owner invested $25,000 cash in the business.
2. The company purchased $7,000 of office equipment on credit.
3. The company received $8,000 cash in exchange for services
performed.
4. The company paid $850 for this month’s rent.
5. The owner withdrew $1,000 cash for personal use.

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DO IT! 2: Tabular Analysis
Transaction 1
The owner invested $25,000 cash in the business.

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DO IT! 2: Tabular Analysis
Transaction 2
The company purchased $7,000 of office equipment on credit.

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DO IT! 2: Tabular Analysis
Transaction 3
The company received $8,000 cash in exchange for services performed.

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DO IT! 2: Tabular Analysis
Transaction 4
The company paid $850 for this month’s rent.

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DO IT! 2: Tabular Analysis
Transaction 5
The owner withdrew $1,000 cash for personal use.

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The Four Financial Statements

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
Describe the four financial statements and how they are
prepared.

chap17
X
Y X

Revenue Exp
Let
-

= MI Cl-D + MI A =

- -
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 Net Income
Review Question
Net income will result during a time period when:
• assets exceed liabilities
• assets exceed revenues
• expenses exceed revenues
• *revenues exceed expenses

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 Net Income
Review Answer
Net income will result during a time period when:
• assets exceed liabilities
• assets exceed revenues
• expenses exceed revenues
• Answer: revenues exceed expenses

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Income Statement and Owner’s
Equity Statement

ILLUSTRATION
1.10

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Owner’s Equity Statement and
Balance Sheet

ILLUSTRATION
1.10

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Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash
Flows

ILLUSTRATION
1.10

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 Income Statement
• Reports revenues and expenses for a specific period
of time
• Lists revenues first, followed by expenses
• Shows net income (or net loss)
• Does not include investment and withdrawal
transactions between owner and business in
measuring net income

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 Owner’s Equity Statement
• Reports changes in owner’s equity for a specific
period of time
• Time period is the same as that covered by the
income statement

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 Balance Sheet
• Reports assets, liabilities, and owner's equity at a
specific date
• Lists assets at top, followed by liabilities and owner’s
equity
• Total assets must equal total liabilities and owner's
equity
• Snapshot of company’s financial condition at a
specific moment in time (usually month-end or year-
end)

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 Statement of Cash Flows
• Information on cash receipts and payments for a specific
period of time
• Answers the following:
o Where did cash come from?
o What was cash used for?
o What was change in cash balance?

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 Specific Date
Review Question
Which of the following financial statements is prepared as
of a specific date?
• Balance sheet
• Income statement
• Owner's equity statement
• Statement of cash flows

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 Specific Date
Review Answer
Which of the following financial statements is prepared as
of a specific date?
• Answer: Balance sheet
• Income statement
• Owner's equity statement
• Statement of cash flows

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 DO IT! 5: Financial Statement Items
Presented below is selected information related to Flanagan Company at
December 31, 2022. Flanagan reports financial information monthly.

Equipment 10,000 Utilities Expense 4,000

Cash 8,000 Accounts Receivable 9,000
Service Revenue 36,000 Salaries and Wages Expense 7,000
Rent Expense 11,000 Notes Payable 16,500
Accounts
2,000 Owner’s Drawings 5,500
Payable
a. Determine the total assets of at December 31, 2022.
b. Determine the net income reported for December 2022.
c. Determine the owner’s equity at December 31, 2022.

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 DO IT! 5: Financial Statement Items
Solution for Part a.
Flanagan reports financial information monthly.
Equipment 10,000 Utilities Expense 4,000
Cash 8,000 Accounts Receivable 9,000
Service Revenue 36,000 Salaries and Wages Expense 7,000
Rent Expense 11,000 Notes Payable 16,500
Accounts
2,000 Owner’s Drawings 5,500
a. Payable
Determine the total assets of at December 31, 2022.
Cash $ 8,000
Accounts receivable 9,000
Equipment 10,000
Total assets $27,000

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 DO IT! 5: Financial Statement Items
Solution for Part b.
Flanagan reports financial information monthly.
Equipment 10,000 Utilities Expense 4,000
Cash 8,000 Accounts Receivable 9,000
Service Revenue 36,000 Salaries and Wages Expense 7,000
Rent Expense 11,000 Notes Payable 16,500
Accounts
2,000 Owner’s Drawings 5,500
a. Payable
Determine the net income reported for December 2022.
Service revenue $36,000
Rent expense 11,000
Salaries and wages expense 7,000
Utilities expense 4,000
Net income $14,000
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 DO IT! 5: Financial Statement Items
Solution for Part c.
Flanagan reports financial information monthly.
Equipment 10,000 Utilities Expense 4,000
Cash 8,000 Accounts Receivable 9,000
Service Revenue 36,000 Salaries and Wages Expense 7,000
Rent Expense 11,000 Notes Payable 16,500
Accounts
2,000 Owner’s Drawings 5,500
a. Payable
Determine the owner’s equity at December 31, 2022.
Total assets $27,000
Less: Notes payable 16,500
Less: Accounts payable 2,000
Owner’s equity $ 8,500

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Career Opportunities in Accounting

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
Explain the career opportunities in accounting.

Public Accounting Private Accounting

Careers in auditing, taxation, Careers in industry working in
and management consulting cost accounting, budgeting,
serving the general public. accounting information systems,
and taxation.
Governmental Accounting Forensic Accounting
Careers with the IRS, the FBI, the Uses accounting, auditing, and
SEC, public colleges and investigative skills to conduct
universities, and in state and local investigations into theft and fraud.
governments.

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A Look at IFRS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7
Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial accounting.
Most agree that there is a need for one set of international accounting standards. Here is why:
Multinational corporations. Today's companies view the entire world as their market. For example,
Coca-Cola, Intel, and McDonald's generate more than 50% of their sales outside the United States.
Many foreign companies, such as Toyota, Nestlé, and Sony, find their largest market to be the United
States.
Mergers and acquisitions. The mergers between Fiat/Chrysler and Vodafone/Mannesmann suggest
that we will see even more such business combinations of companies from different countries in the
future.
Information technology. As communication barriers continue to topple through advances in
technology, companies and individuals in different countries and markets are becoming more
comfortable buying and selling goods and services from one another.
Financial markets. Financial markets are of international significance today. Whether it is currency,
equity securities (stocks), bonds, or derivatives, there are active markets throughout the world trading
these types of instruments.

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 A Look at IFRS
Similarities
• The basic techniques for recording business transactions are
the same for U.S. and international companies.
• Both international and U.S. accounting standards emphasize
transparency in financial reporting. Both sets of standards
are primarily driven by meeting the needs of investors and
creditors.
• The three most common forms of business organizations,
proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, are also
found in countries that use international accounting
standards.

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 A Look at IFRS
Differences
• International standards are referred to as International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS), developed by the International
Accounting Standards Board. Accounting standards in the United
States are referred to as generally accepted accounting principles (GAA
P) and are developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board.
• IFRS tends to be simpler in its accounting and disclosure requirements;
some people say it is more “principles-based.” GAAP is more detailed;
some people say it is more “rules-based.”
• The internal control standards applicable to Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
apply only to large public companies listed on U.S. exchanges. There is
a continuing debate as to whether non-U.S. companies should have to
comply with this extra layer of regulation.

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Copyright

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