INSTRUCTIONS

(For Physics file , Activity file & Projects )

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3. Use pencil for diagram and graph paper. Pasting diagram & graph from
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5. Suggested practical manual :- Elite

6. Physics activity file:- Classmate physics practical file (90 Pages)

7. Make your projects on project paper with spiral binding.

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 PRACTICALS
1. The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual
examination has to include:

2. Record of at least 8 Experiments [with 4 from each section], to be

performed by the students.

4. Record of at least 6 Activities [with 3 each from section A and section

B], to be performed by the students.

5. The Report of the project carried out by the students.

Evaluation Scheme

Max. Marks: 30Time 3 hours

Two experiments one from each section 7+7 Marks

Practical record [experiments and activities] 5 Marks

One activity from any section 3 Marks

Investigatory Project 3 Marks

Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks

Total 30 marks
 Physics Practical Index 2023-24

S.No. Experiment Date Sign.

To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for
1
potential difference v/s current.

2 To determine resistance of a given wire using meter bridge

3
To verify the laws of series combination of resistance using
meter bridge.

4
To determine the resistance of a moving coil galvanometer
by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.

To find the value of v for different value of u in case of a

5
concave mirror and to find the focal length.

To determine the refractive index of the material of a glass

6
slab using a travelling microscope.

7
To find refractive index of a liquid by using concave mirror
and plane mirror .

8 To draw the characteristic curve of a pn junction diode in

forward bias and reverse bias.
 PRACTICAL NO- 1
Aim : To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for potential
difference v/s current
Apparatus : Resistance wire, ammeter, voltmeter, key, battery, rheostat, connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram-

Theory : (1) Ohm’s law states that if the temperature of a conductor is constant
than current is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.
V=IR
V
R 
I
(2) Resistivy of its material is-

𝑅𝜋𝑟2
𝜌= (ohm x meter)
𝐿
V= Potential difference (volt), I = current (Amp.)
L = Length of the resistance wire. (meter)
Observation:
3 Amp.
Least count of ammeter =  0.05 Amp.
60
3 volt
Least count of voltmeter =  0.05 Volt
60
Length of the resistance wire used (l 1) = 30 cm.
Length of the resistance wire used (l 2) = 45 cm.

6. Observation table:
(1) Table for the radius of Resistance wire.

S.No Main Scale Circular Scale Mean Diameter Radius

Reading Reading Total
Reading D (cm) r = D/2 (cm)
a (cm) b = (n x L.C.) cm D = (a+b) cm
1. 0.0 cm 0.046 cm 0.046 cm
2. 0.0 cm 0.044 cm 0.044 cm 0.045 cm 0.0225 cm

3. 0.0 cm 0.044 cm 0.044 cm

(2) Table for the Resistance of wires-

Resistance S. Voltmeter Ammeter Mean R

connected No Reading V (volt ) reading (Ohm’s)
I (amp.) Resistance R =
V
I
1 4x0.05 = 0.20 V 2x0.05 = 0.1 amp. 
2 8x0.05 = 0.40 V 4x0.05 = 0.2 amp. 
R1 Only 3 12x0.05=0.60 V 6x0.05=0.3 amp  2 ohm’s
4 16x0.05=0.80 V 8x0.05=0.4 amp 

1 6x0.05 = 0.30 V 2x0.05 = 0.1 amp. 

2 12x0.05 = 0.60 V 4x0.05 = 0.2 amp. 
R2 Only  3 ohm’s
3 18x0.05=0.90 V 6x0.05=0.3 amp
4 24x0.05=1.20 V 8x0.05=0.4 amp 

Calculations-
Resistivity of wires -
𝑅1 𝜋𝑟 2 L1= 30 x 10-2 meter
(i) 𝜌1=
𝐿1
r = 0.0225 x10-2m
2 x 3.14 x(0.0225 x10−2 )2
𝜌1=
30 x 10−2 R= 2 
= 105.97 x 10−8  x meter
𝑅2 𝜋𝑟 2
(ii) 𝜌2= 𝐿2 L2= 30 x 10-2 meter
3 x 3.14 x(0.0225 x10−2 )2
𝜌1= r = 0.0225 x10-2m
45 x 10−2

= 105.97 x 10−8  x meter R= 3 

Result – (i) The graph between V and I is a straight line

(ii) 𝜌1 = = 105.97 x 10−8  x meter
(iii) 𝜌2 = = 105.97 x 10−8  x meter

Precaution :
1. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight.
3. Thick copper wire should be used per connection after removing the
insulations by sand paper.
 PRACTICAL NO- 2

Aim: To determine resistance of a given wire using meter bridge

Apparatus: Meter bridge, the given wire, connecting wire sand paper, key, Leclanchi cell,
resistance box (prefer ably fractional) galvanometer, Jockey meter scale, screw gauge and
wire cutter
.

Circuit Diagram-Meter Bridge

Theory: The meter bridge works on the principal of wheat stone bridge. It consisted of four
resistance P, Q, R and S connected in the circuit as shown is fig (a) it can be used to
determine any one of the four resistance in terms of the remaining three.

For a balanced bridge with the keys K an K1, closed no current flows through the
galvanometers and in this conditions we have
P R Q
 S=PxR
Q S

Meter bridge is a practical from of Wheatstone bridge, if R and S are the resistance in
between ad and cd of the bridge and B is the balance point on a wire of uniform diameter, we
have
R resis tan ce of wire AB 100−l
 S= xR
S resis tan ce of wire BC l

Where AC = 100 cm is a constantan or manganin wire of uniform area of cross section and
resistance of AB
And Bc are proportional to their length
R l

S 100  l
100  l
S  R( )
l
 100cm
Observation & Observation Table:- Least count of meter scale =  0.1cm
1000
S. NO Resistance in Balancing Balancing Unknown Mean
resistance (box) length ( l ) cm Length (100- l ) Resistance resistance
1 1 28.0 72.0 2.57 
2 2 40.0 60.0 3
3 3 48.5 51.5 3.19  2.99 
4 4 56.0 44.0 3.14 
5 5 62.0 38.0 3.07 

Calculation: Unknown Resistance

100  l 72
I. S R   2.57 
l 28
100  l 60
II. S R  2  3 
l 40
100  l 51.5
III. S R   3  3.19 
l 48.5
100  l 44
IV. S R   4  3.14 
l 56
100  l 38
V. S R   5  3.07 
l 62

Mean Resistance :

2.57  3  3.19  3.14  3.07 14.97

S mean =   2.99
5 5

Result : Resistance of the given wire is 2.99  (Using Meter Bridge)

Precautions :
1. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight.

3. The plug in the key K should be inserted only when the observation are to be taken.
 PRACTICAL NO- 3
Aim : To verify the laws of series combination of resistance using meter bridge.
Apparatus : A meter bridge, galvanometer, resistance box Jockey, two resistance
coils/wires, connecting wires, sand paper and a current Source (e.g Lechalanche cell)

Theory : For a balanced wheat stone bridge the resistance r of a wire (used as S) In given by

 100  l 
r  R
 l 

For a series combination of two resistance r 1 and r2 the net resistance ( rs) is given by

rs  r1  r2

Diagram:

Series combination of resistance

Observation:
Theoretical value rs = r1 + r2 = 6.25 

Observation table:

Resistance S. Resistance from Length Length Resistance Mean

connected No the box AB= l cm BC(100- l )  100  l  resistance
r  R
R (ohm) cm  l  (Ohm)
(Ohm)
r, Only 1 2 40 60 3 r1 =
2 3 49 51 3.12  3.06 
1 2 39cm 61cm 3.13 
r2 Only 2 3 48cm 52cm 3.25  r2 = 3.19 
r1 and r2 1 5 46cm 54cm 5.9  rs = 5.72 
Calculation :
(100  l) 60
I. r1  R  2  3 
l 40
(100  l) 51
r1  R   3  3.12 
l 59
3  3.12
Mean r1   3.06 
2
(100  l) 61
II. r2  R   2  3.13 
l 34
(100  l) 52
r2  R   3  3.25 
l 48
3.13  3.25
Mean r2   3.2 
2
(100  l) 54
III. r3  R   5  5.9 
l 46
(100  l) 48
r3  R   6  5.5 
l 52
5.9  5.5
r3   5.72  (Experimental value)
2
Theoretical value rs= r1 + r2 = 6.25 
Difference= 6.25-5.72 = 0.53  (Negligible)
Result : Difference between experimental value and theoretical value is negligible so series
combination law is proved.

Precaution :
1. All of the plug of resistance box should be tight
2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight
3. The plug is key K, should be inserted only when the observation are to be taken.
4. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.

Sources of Error
1. The plug may not be clean.
2. The instrument screw may be loose.
 PRACTICAL NO- 4
Aim :- To determine the resistance of a moving coil galvanometer by half-deflection method
and to find its figure of merit.

Apparatus: Moving coil galvanometer, a high resistance box a low resistance box, a Battery
2 one – way keys, connecting wires and sand paper.

Theory – A galvanometer is a device used to detect and measure current A galvanometer

worker on this principal that a current, carrying coil placed in a uniform magnetic field
experiences a torque.

A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it shows large deflection for small current.

Mathematically its sensitivity is expressed as deflection per unit current sensitivity

deflection 
IS  
current I

A galvanometer should have low resistance/

Figure of merit – The figure of merit of a galvanometer is defined as the current required to
produce a deflection of one division in the galvanometer

E
The figure of merit (K) of a galvanometer is given by K 
 ( R  G)

Where ;- E = e.m.f of the cell

 = galvanometer deflection in divisions

R = Resistance in the circuit (from the resistance box)

G = Resistance of Galvanometer

Diagram :
 RS
The resistance of the galvanometer is given by G
RS
Where R = Resistance introduced by high resistance box to produce deflection 

S = Resistance introduced by low resistance box to get half deflection  /2

Observation Table : (A) Table for G

S. No H.R.B. Galvanometer Shunt Half RS

G
Resistance deflection a ( Resistance deflection RS
(ohm)
R ( Ohm)  ) div S (Ohm)  
  div
2
1 5000 28 70 14 70.99 
2 5500 26 70 13 70.90 
3 6000 24 70 12 70.82 
4 6500 22 70 11 70.76 
5 7000 20 70 10 70.70 
Mean RG = 70.83 

Table of K – e.m.f of the cell (E) = 2.15 volt

S. no. Resistance introduced in Galvanometer Figure of ment

the higher resistance box Deflection (dw) E
K
 ( R  G)
(Ohm)

1 5000  28 0.176 × 10-4 amp/div

2 5500  26 0.172 × 10-4 amp/div

3 6000  24 0.171 × 10-4 amp/div

4 6500  22 0.172 × 10-4 amp/div

5 7000  20 0.176 × 10-4 amp/div

Mean k = 0.1734 × 10 -4 amp/division

Calculation For K
G = 70 
E 2.15 2.15
1. K1     0.176 104 amp / dw
amp/div
(R  G) 28(5000  70) 141960
E 2.15 2.15
2. K2     0.172 104 amp / dw
amp/div
(R  G) 26(5500  70) 144820
E 2.15 2.15
3. K3     0.171 104 ampamp/div
/ dw
(R  G) 24(6000  70) 145680
E 2.15 2.15
4. K4     0.172 104 amp / dw
amp/div
(R  G 22(6500  70) 144540
E 2.15 2.15
5. K5     0.176  104 amp
amp/div
/ dw
(R  G) 20(7000  70) 141400
K  K 2  K3  K 4  K5
Mean K  1
5
4
0.176 10  0.172 104  0.171104  0.172 104  0.176 104

5
4
K  0.1734 10 dmp / dw
amp/div

Result : The resistance of the galvanometer = 70.834 

And figure of merit of the galvanometer = k = 0.1734×10 -4 amp/division

Precautions :
1. Draw the circuit diagram before making the connections

2. While making the connection , Key k, and k 2 should be removed

3. Insert key k, only after taking out a high resistance from k

4. All the connection and keys should be tight

 PRACTICAL NO. 5
Aim : To find the value of V for different value of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal
length.

Apparatus :
Optical bench, three upright, with provision for lateral movement, mirror holder, two pins, a

knitting needle and a half meter scale

Diagram:

Theory: According to Cartesian sign conversions used, the object distance and the image
distance are taken to be negative so the focal length of the concave mirror is also negative.
The focal length ‘f’ of a concave mirror is related to the object distance u and image distance
v by the formula.
1 1 1
 
f U V
UV
Or f
UV

Observations :

Least count of optical bench – 0.1 cm

Rough focal length of given concave mirror = – 10 cm

Observation Table:

Position of Distance between Distance between

S. No Obj & mirror image & mirror
Object mirror Image
(U) (cm) (V) (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 40 cm 0 cm 13.3 cm 40 cm 13.3 cm

2 50 cm 0 cm 12.5 cm 50 cm 12.5 cm

3 60 cm 0 cm 12 cm 60 cm 12 cm

4 70 cm 0 cm 11.6 cm 70 cm 11.6 cm

Calculation :-
𝒖𝒗 𝟒𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟑.𝟑 𝟓𝟑𝟐
f1 = - =- = - 𝟓𝟑.𝟑 = −𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝒄𝒎
𝒖+𝒗 𝟒𝟎+𝟏𝟑.𝟑

𝟓𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓
f2 = - = - 𝟔𝟐.𝟓 = −𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
𝟓𝟎+𝟏𝟐.𝟓

𝟔𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 𝟕𝟐𝟎
f3 = - = - 𝟕𝟐.𝟎 = −𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
𝟔𝟎+𝟏𝟐

𝟕𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟔 𝟖𝟏𝟐
f4 = - = - 𝟖𝟏.𝟔 = −𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝟕𝟎+𝟏𝟏.𝟔

𝟗.𝟗𝟖+𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟗.𝟗𝟓
fmean = - =−𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝒄𝒎
𝟒

Result : focal length of mirror → f = -9.98 cm

Precautions :

1. All the upright should be vertical.

2. The tip of the needle, centre of the mirror & centre of the mirror should be at the same
height

3. The – concave mirror should be of large focal length

 PRACTICAL NO. 6
Aim: To determine the refractive index of the material of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

Apparatus: Glass slab, traveling microscope, fine saw dust or chalk powder.

Theory: Due to the phenomenon of refraction a point X when seen through a glass slab ( or
any other medium) refracting appears to be raised to y, the apparent depth (=yz) of the slab is
less then the real depth xz , the refractive index of the material of the glass slab is given by →

Re al depth zx
 
apparent depth z  y

Observation : Vernire constant of the microscope scale = .005 cm /50 =0.001 cm

Diagram:

Observation Table:

Reading of microscope focused on.

Cross mark without slab Cross marks with slab placed on it Powder sprinkled on top of slab

S. Total Total Total

Vernier Vernier Vernier
No Reading Reading Reading
M.S.R. Coincidin M.S.R. Coincidin M.S.R. Coincidin
M +n x M +n x M +n x
(M) cm g Div. x (M) cm g Div. x (M) cm g Div. x
L.C L.C L.C
L.C L.C L.C
= r1 (cm) = r2 (cm) = r3 (cm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. 2.0 0 x.001 2.000 2.40 0 x.001 2.400 3.2 40 x.001 3.240

2. 3.0 0 x.001 3.000 3.40 0 x.001 3.400 4.2 30 x.001 4.230

3. 4.0 0 x.001 4.000 4.40 05 x.001 4.405 5.2 40 x.001 5.240

Calculation :-
Real depth dr = r 3 - r1
(1) 3.240 – 2.00 = 1.240cm
(2) 1.230 cm
(3) 1.240cm
1.240+1.230+1.240
Mean dr = = 1.2367cm
3

Apparent depth = da = r3 –r2

(1) 3.240 – 2.40 = 0.840cm

(2) 0.830cm
(3) 0.835cm
0.840+0.830+0.835
Mean da = = 0.835cm
3
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑟
Refractive index 𝜇 = =
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑎

𝟏.𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕
= = 1.481 (unit less)
𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟓

Result :

Refractive inder of the material of the slab = 1.481 (unitless)

Precaution :

1. The microscope should be carefully focused.

2. The microscope screw should be moved only in one direction to avoid back – last error.
3. The particles used should be very fine.
4. The experiment should be performed in a well lit form.
 PRACTICAL NO. 7
Aim: To find refractive index of a liquid by using concave mirror and plane mirror
Apparatus:
A concave mirror an optical needle, an iron stand with clamp a meter scale, the given liquid
(water ) and a plumb line, rod
Theory: When an object is placed at the center of curvature of a concave mirror, its real
image is also formed at the some point.
The radius of curvature of a concave mirror changes on putting a liquid in the mirror the
refractive inder of the liquid is given by.
real raduis of curvature OC
 
apparent raduis of curvature OC '
Diagram:

Observation and Observation table :

S.no. Real Depth Apparent depth Refractive index

1 OC = 27.2cm OC`=20.6cm µ1= 1.32

2 OC=24.2cm OC`= 18.3cm µ2= 1.33

3 OC = 22.4cm OC`=17.2cm µ3= 1.30

Calculation-
𝑂𝐶 27.2𝑐𝑚
𝜇1 = = = 1.36
𝑂𝐶` 20.6𝑐𝑚

𝑂𝐶 24.2𝑐𝑚
𝜇2 = = = 1.33
𝑂𝐶` 18.3𝑐𝑚

𝑂𝐶 22.4𝑐𝑚
𝜇3 = = = 1.30
𝑂𝐶` 17.2 𝑐𝑚

𝜇1 + 𝜇2 + 𝜇3
𝜇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 1.3166(unit less)
3

Result: Refractive index of water = 1.3166 (unit less)

Precaution: 1. The experiment must be performed in a well lit form.
2. The tip of the needle and pole of the mirror should be on the same vertical line.
 PRACTICAL NO. 8
Aim: To draw the characteristic curve of a pn junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.
Apparatus:- P & junction semi conductor diode
Theory:-
FORWARD BIASING:- A p-n junction os forward biased when its p side is connected to
the positive of supply voltage and n to the negative terminal. Initially with the increase in
voltage there is not much rise in current due to the opposition by barrier potential. Beyond
this, the current starts rising. The forward voltage when current starts rising is termed as
knee-voltage.
REVERSE BIASING:- A p-n junction is said to be reverse biased if the positive terminal of
the external battery B is connected to n side and the negative terminal to p side of the p-n
junction.
From the characteristics curve it is noted that in reverse biasing of p-n junction diode, the
reverse current is very small (mA) and is voltage independent upto certain reverse bias
voltage. It is called break down voltage.
Circuit Diagram :

Observation : L. C of voltmeter is forward bias = 0.02 v

L.C of millimeter in F.B = 0.2 ma

L. C of voltmeter in R. B = 1 V

L. C of micrometer in R.B = 2 µA.

Observation table :

S. Forward bias Reverse bias

No
Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (mA) Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (µA)

Vf If Vr Ir

1 5×0.02=.1 0×0.2=0 5×1=5 0×2=0

2 10×0.02=0.2 1×0.2=.2 10×1=10 1×2=2

3 15×0.02 = 0.3 3×0.2 = 0.6 15× 1 = 15 2×2 = 4

4 20 × 0.02 = 0.4 7 × 0 .2 = 1.4 20 × 1 = 20 4× 2 = 8

5 25 × 0.02 = 0.5 12 × 0.2 = 2.4 25 × 1 = 25 7 × 2 = 14

Result : Result is shown on graph paper

Precaution :

1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight

2. Keys should be used in circuit and opened when circuit is not being used.
Sources of Error :

The junction diode supplied may be faulty.