Environment and Innovation

Strategies to Promote Growth

and Sustainability

Editors
Clara Inés Pardo Martínez
School of Administration
Universidad del Rosario
Bogotá, Colombia
Alexander Cotte Poveda
Faculty of Economy
Universidad Santo Tomas
Bogotá, Colombia

p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit: Front cover photos by Alexander Cotte Poveda.

First edition published 2021

by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Pardo Martínez, Clara Inés, editor. | Cotte Poveda, Alexander,
editor.
Title: Environment and innovation : strategies to promote growth and
sustainability / editors, Clara Inés Pardo Martínez, Alexander Cotte
Poveda.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2021] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021009933 | ISBN 9780367682750 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable development. | Technological
innovations--Environmental aspects. | Climatic changes--Economic
aspects.
Classification: LCC HC79.E5 E5687 2021 | DDC 338.9/27--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021009933

ISBN: 978-0-367-68275-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-68276-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-13671-2 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003136712

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Radiant Productions
 To
Juliana
Foreword

As an expert and researcher in topics related to innovation, economic growth, and

development, I want to introduce this book that shows key elements to promote
innovation and sustainability in companies to achieve green economy and migrate to
low carbon economies.
Innovation plays an important role in environmental performance because
the new ideas attempt to achieve cleaner process, technologies and energy, green
products, use of waste as raw materials, reduce use of nonrenewable materials,
among others. However, it is important to promote bottom-up type public policiea as
strategies to apply sustainability. Hence, this book analyses and evaluates different
perspectives in the relationship between innovation process, its application, and
advantages to environment.
Every chapter of this book shows the importance of innovation sustainability,
digital marketing to promote green economy, biotechnology to promote cleaner
process and energy, and bio-economy to promote rural development. In the services
sector, it evaluates infrastructure project and connection with social improvements,
how these processes require environmental education to promote innovation, the
tax and incentives strategies in the context of circular economy, the challenges
of companies to implement green accountability, application of environment and
innovation in the aviation sector and tourist, and the importance of route plan to
determine successful factors and lessons learned.
All these elements and concepts allow that this book achieves an important
contribution to determine that growth and sustainable development depends on
innovation and possibilities and plans to promote these processes in the productive
sector through the policies instruments and organizational initiatives. The information
and notions of this book are an important input to establish actions and programs
to promote from different perspectives innovation and environment that allow and
guarantee sustainability productive process through the adequate investments in
research and development and generation of new knowledge.
Jose Antonio Ocampo
Professor of Professional Practice in International and Public Affairs
School of International and Public Affairs
Columbia University
Preface

Innovation is a key element to determine new solutions to control contamination,

generate new clean process, prevent and mitigate effects of pollution, maintain or
increase economic growth and development and guarantee welfare and quality of life.
For this reason, the measurement of innovation and relationship with sustainability
and climate change is important topic especially in emerging economies that require
new strategies to promote innovation to control environmental problems and
competitiveness.
In recent years, the concept of sustainable competitiveness has emerged as
the set of institutions, policies and factors that make a country productive over the
longer term while warranting social and environmental sustainability. This definition
implies high-quality growth, natural resource management, social equality, human
development and well-being, which should be the ultimate objectives of companies,
businesses, society and national development where it is important to determine the
effects of environmental performance on competitiveness, Pardo and Cotte (2021a).
Achieving competitiveness requires having access to certain resources and skills.
Such factors can be divided based on two perspectives. The first focuses on basic
(natural resources, climate, unskilled and semi-skilled labour and debt capital) and
advanced factors (information and communications infrastructure, highly educated
labour such as engineers and computer scientists and university research institutes
in sophisticated disciplines). According to the second perspective, basic factors of
competitiveness include education, health, infrastructure well-functioning markets
and a fourth industrial revolution in terms of business sophistication, innovation and
research and development; these factors are considered fundamental to achieving
development, growth and competitiveness. According to these perspectives,
environmental management and performance are central in that competitive
economies are better positioned to adopt greener technologies and processes and
transition to a low carbon or “de-carbonized” economy. For this reason, it is important
to analyse how different environmental variables may affect competitiveness,
especially in countries with higher levels of biodiversity and natural resources,
Pardo and Cotte (2021a).
In this context, this book evaluates through empirical analysis the relationship
between environment, innovation and strategies to promote growth and sustainability,
climate change and innovation in different countries using various techniques and data
base that allow to understand how innovation play an important role in sustainability
development and economic growth in emerging economies that is characterized by
vi Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

its environmental wealth, biodiversity and vulnerability to climate change, Pardo and
Cotte (2021b).
Results of this study suggests the importance of innovation in the generation of
clean process and environmentally friendlily goods and services and prevention and
mitigation of climate change, higher innovation should achieve lower pollution, CO2
emissions, and environmental problems, and higher competitiveness and economic
growth, where it is important to develop political instruments to promote innovation
process with environmental criteria that allow through innovation to generate a
sustainable development, responsible use of natural resources and activities to
control and prevent climate change.
Findings in every chapter of this book are an important input to design and
apply policies that integrate innovation and environment as key element of economic
growth, development and sustainability in countries.

References
Pardo, C.I. and Cotte, A. (2021a). The effects of environmental performance on competitiveness and
innovation: A stochastic frontier approach, Working Paper.
Pardo, C.I. and Cotte, A. (2021b). (Ed.). Environmental Sustainability and Development in Organizations
Challenges and New Strategies. Routledge, Taylor & Francis & CRC Press.

Clara Inés Pardo Martínez

Alexander Cotte Poveda

List of Reviewers
Anida Yupari, Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, UNCTAD.
Andrés Alberto Barrios, Universidad de los Andes.
Joachim Venus, Potsdam University.
Anjana Pandey, Mnnit Allahabad.
Rosalina Gonzalez, Universidad de la Salle.
Yarleys Pulgarín Osorio, Universidad de la Salle.
Daniel Torralba, Score – Universidad del Rosario.
Arely Paredes, Conacyt, Facultad de Ciencias, UMDI Sisal.
Edesiri Okoro, Delta State University, Abraka.
Varsha Agarwal, Center for Management Studies, Jain (Deemed-to-be University).
He Zhu, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Key,
Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, China.
Luis Doña Toledo, Universidad de Granada.
Segura Saul Serna, Woosong University.
Contents

Foreword iv
Preface v

1. Analysis of the Relationships Among Between Climate Change 1

and Innovation in Colombia: An Empirical Approach
Alexander Cotte Poveda and Clara Inés Pardo Martínez

2. Organic Acid Production by Biotechnology 13

Lucidio Cristovão Fardelone, Taciani dos Santos Bella de Jesus,
Gabriela Chaves da Silveira, Ynae Padilha David, Gustavo Paim Valença
and Paulo José Samenho Moran

3. Urban and Territorial Dimensions of Habitability in Socially 25

Focused Infrastructure Projects
Paula Andrea Valencia Londoño, Diana Valencia Londoño and
Phoenix Storm Paz

4. Practicalities of a Cross-curricular Approach of 50

Environmental Education
Andra-Dina Pană

5. The Traditional Tax System before the Challenges of Circular 66

Economy and Green Markets: Proposal of Selective Incentives
Reynier Limonta Montero

6. The Importance of Business Associations in Promoting the 82

Socio-Environmental Sustainability Innovation Concept
Araceli Regalado-Cerda

7. Customer Relationship Marketing (CRM) for the Design of 108

Strategies in Digital Marketing
Raquel Ayestarán
viii Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

8. CORSIA Evolution: A Global Scheme for a Sustainable 120

Colombian Aviation Industry
James Pérez‑Morón and Lina Marrugo‑Salas

9. An Introduction to the Status of Tourism in Mexico 151

Camilo José Medina Ramírez

10. Whither Environmental Accounting. The Challenge of 179

Ecological and Green Accounting
Danny García Callejas and Carmen A. Ocampo‑Salazar

11. One Health for the New Era of our Common Oikos 201
Maria Gabriela Valle Gottlieb, Vilma Maria Junges, Raquel Seibel
and Vera Elizabeth Closs
Index 219
Chapter 1
Analysis of the Relationships
Among Between Climate Change
and Innovation in Colombia
An Empirical Approach
Alexander Cotte Poveda 1,* and Clara Inés Pardo Martínez2,*

Introduction
In recent decades, the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
and contamination problems has transformed the composition of the atmosphere and
changed the global climate system, including the amount and pattern of precipitation,
meteorological characteristics, health problems, and some human and biological
activities worldwide (UNDP 2004, EPA 2018). GHG emissions have increased by an
average of 2.2% per year during recent decades, and in recent years, anthropogenic
GHG emissions reached 49 ± 4.5 GtCO-eq, while anthropogenic global warming
increased by 0.2°C per decade due to past and ongoing emissions. These increases are
related to changes in snow cover, ice cover, sea levels, and precipitation disturbances
in many regions of the world and to changes in human health, economic activities,
and the characteristics of human settlements (IPCC 2014, 2018).
Currently, governments recognize climate change has a meaningful impact
on economies. Therefore, innovative solutions are needed that can respond to the
changes generated by climate change. It has become necessary to analyse the role of
innovation to support the damages occasioned by this phenomenon (UNEP 2018).
Studies on the relationships among climate change and innovation have
been made mainly at macro level in the context of developed countries or BRICS
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries; for example, Santra

1
Universidad Santo Tomas, Faculty of Economy, Bogotá, Colombia.
2
Universidad de Rosario, School of Administration, Bogotá, Colombia.
* Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]
2 Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

(2017) determined the effects of eco-technology innovations on the reduction of

CO2 emissions and the increase in productivity, especially in BRICs economics.
Aldieri et al. (2019) demonstrated the positive relationship between productivity
and environmental innovation in Russian regions. Du and Li (2019) studied
71 economies in the world for the period 1992–2012, finding that green technology
innovations have effects only in developed economies and that the effects of green
technology innovations on productivity are nonsignificant in developing countries
because fewer new green technologies or innovations are applied than in developed
countries. Morris (2018) evaluated the effect of innovation on productivity across
manufacturing and services firms globally, demonstrating that both are positively
related, but the manufacturing and service sectors differ, and the process is very
complex and heterogeneous. Ranasinghe (2017) studied Canada and US innovation
spending, productivity, and firm size differences, where the main results indicated that
subsidies for innovation can be more cost effective and can increase innovation and
productivity. Szopik-Depczyńska (2018) calculated the innovation level of national
economies in Europe using different indicators, determining that eco-innovations are
important for progress and to improve the quality of life that has become fundamental
for sustainable development. These studies show the importance of connecting
innovation with solutions to address issues related with climate change.
With this background, this study seeks to analyse the relationships among
innovation and climate change in Colombia using different econometric techniques.
The hypothesis for this research is that innovation plays an important role in
supporting consequences of climate change, especially in vulnerable regions. The
main contribution of this research is that it applies measured and novel techniques
to determine the influence of different variables of innovation on climate change
as an input for developing adequate instruments to promote innovation in different
Colombian regions.
In general, this study provides an empirical analysis based on a balanced
dataset composed of 26 regions or departments and the main city of Colombia from
2016–2018. To assess the relationships between climate change and innovation, this
study employs the variables and approach used by global innovation index that was
calculated for this country as an input for promoting innovation in whole regions.
Therefore, the results of this research have policy implications.
This chapter is structured as follows. The first part provides the introduction.
Section two presents the data and method used in this study. In the third section, the
results and discussion are explained. Finally, the last section concludes and outlines
some suggestions for further research.

Data and Method

In this section, the data and method used in this study are explained, with the aim of
determining the relationships between innovation and climate change based on data
and variables that are used by the global innovation index and adapted for Colombia
to calculate a regional innovation index and analyse how different variables impact
innovation performance. This country is selected taking into account improvements
 Climate Change and Innovation 3

in innovation and the development of a new productive economic model that

promotes science, technology, and innovation (World Bank 2017).
In Colombia, innovation generates different opportunities for inserting new
processes and activities as part of a cumulative flow of economic diversification.
Innovation, from incremental developments to drastic originality, can increase the
environmental control in this country, which has immensely rich biodiversity and is
affected by the stresses created by climate change (OECD 2014). It is important to
analyse these relationships to formulate and apply adequate governance and policy
to analyse effects and measure climate change.

Data
This analysis uses the Colombian regional innovation index and variables that are
based on the global innovation index. The data, variables, and sources of this study
are as follows:
• CO2 emissions as tonnes of CO2 emissions (data on carbon emission factors was
obtained from Resolution 181401/2004, where natural gas is 56.1 tCO2/TJ and
electricity is 59.14 tCO2/TJ); data was obtained from Superintendent of Public
Services.
• Credit for innovation is measured as percentage of gross domestic product; data
was obtained from DANE through the survey on development and technological
innovation.
• Energy efficiency for every Colombian region; data was obtained from the
Superintendent of Public Services and UPME.
• Sophistication of productive apparatus is measured by an economic complexity
index by region that is calculated based on the formal employment structure of
all economic activities that appear in the regional competitiveness index.
• Industrial specialization for every Colombian region, which measures regional
specialization and shows the degree of similarity of the regional economic
structure with that of the country. This measure is generated by DANE through
regional accounts.
• Technology transfer investment measures investments in technology transfer,
the acquisition of licenses, and similar mechanisms that lead to innovation, and
is calculated as a percentage of GDP in the data on every Colombian region;
data was obtained from the DANE survey on development and technological
innovation.
• Import of high technology goods in every Colombian region is measured as a
percentage of total Colombian imports; data was obtained from DANE’s external
trade statistics.
• ICT investment of companies that introduce new organizational methods;
data was obtained from DANE’s survey on development and technological
innovation.
4 Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

• High school education is measured as the net coverage rate of high school
education; data was obtained from statistics published by the Ministry of
National Education.
• Research and development are measured as investment following Frascati
Manual (2015) and the OECD; data was mainly obtained from administrative
registers and from the National Planning Department through the regional
innovation index.
• Business expenditures for R&D as a percentage of sales; data was obtained from
the DANE survey on development and technological innovation.
• Knowledge-intensive employment is measured as a percentage and is defined
as the relationship between the sum of the years of education accrued by the
employed population and full employment; data was obtained from the DANE
Large Integrated Household Survey.
• Applications of utility models per million inhabitants; data was obtained from
the national office of the Industry and Commerce Superintendence (SIC).
• Regional innovation index for Colombia; data was obtained from the National
Planning Department following the methodology of the Global Innovation
Index.

Method
This research uses the estimation technique suggested in studies on climate change
and interactions with innovation. Different methodologies designed for databases
composed of a unique set of cross-section units, in this case, Colombian regions,
with an annual periodicity, are employed. With this information, a data panel is
constructed for each entity that is studied in each of the reference periods. Three
econometric models were adopted with their respective methods based on theory.
Models incorporate corrections recommended by the econometric literature
when the time constant causes a residual autocorrelation problem. In the presence
of this problem, the methodology of estimation by random effects must be applied,
corresponding to a particular case of generalized least squares (GLS). Given the
structure of the data, the third model employs a technique that allows us to overcome
the typical problems related to the use of longitudinal data. The serial correlation of
errors and endogeneity by constant omitted variables in the error can be treated with
fixed effects.
The following general structure is considered for estimating random effects:
yit = α + xit β + υi + ϵit t = 1,2………,T (1)
In this model, υi + ϵit is the error term that we have little interest in; we want to
calculate the estimates of β. υi is the unit-specific error term; it differs between units,
but for any particular unit, its value is constant.
The estimation structure for climate change is defined as follows:
lnCCit = ait + Φ1lnGDPpcit + Φ2lnSPAit + Φ3lnIEit + Φ4lnTTIit + Φ4lnITGit + υi + ϵit (2)
 Climate Change and Innovation 5

Note that CCit is the Climate Change in period t for Colombian region i,
GDPpcit is the aggregate-level production per capita by Colombian region, SPAit is
Sophistication of the productive apparatus, IEit is industrial specialization, TTIit is
technology transfer investment, and ITGit is imports of high-tech goods.
Similarly, the structure is defined as follows:
lnCCit = ait + φ1lnEEit + φ2lnSPRit + φ3lnCIOSit + φ4lnIICTit +
(3)
φ4lnISEit + φ5lnR&Dit + υi + ϵit
Note that CCit is Climate Change in period t for Colombian region i; EEit is
energy efficiency; SPRit is school performance in reading, math and science; CIOSit
represents the number of companies certified with ISO quality standards; IICTit is the
ICT investments of companies; ISEit is high school education; and R&Dit is research
and development.
The following general structure is used for estimating fixed effects for the
regression model:
yit = αi + B`xit + ϵit
A common formulation of the model assumes that differences between units can
be captured by differences in the constant term
yi = iα + xi β + ϵit
For the innovation model, we estimate the structural form given by the following
relationships:
lnIit = ait + Ω1lnGDPpcit + Ω2lnCIit + Ω3lnBR&Dit + Ω4lnKIEit + ϵit (4)
Note that Iit is innovation in period t for Colombian region i, GDPpcit is GDP per
capita, CIit is credit to innovate, BR&Dit , is business expenditures on R&D, and KIEit
is knowledge-intensive employment.
Similarly, this structure is defined as follows:
lnIit = ait + ϑ1lnGDPpcit + ϑ2lnIICTit + ϵit (5)
Note that Iit is innovation in period t for Colombian region i, GDPpcit is GDP per
capita, IICTit is the ICT investments of companies.

Density Analysis
For the analysis of the density estimation, we use the sum of the weighted values
calculated with the function of K, according to the following functional form:

1 n  x− X 
fˆk = ∑ wi K  h i  (6)
qh i =1
The Epanechnikov function is the most efficient way to minimize the mean
integrated square error, given the data used for this investigation.
6 Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

Results and Discussion

Innovation and sustainability have close relationships, and according to their
development, they could determine performance, productivity, competitiveness,
efficiency, and the generation of new jobs or competences, which require an
effective policy and regulation that promote eco-innovation and development with
the respective promotion and use of these technologies, products, and goods. In this
section, the main results obtained using three econometrics models are analysed.
These results are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. Results of the models used to analyse the relationships among environmental sustainability,
climate change, and innovation.

Parameter Climate Change Innovation

[1] [2] [4]
Random (Std.Err) Random (Std.Err) Fixed (Std.Err)
Effects Effects Effects
Constant –15.43 a (6.40) –0.692 (2.79) 3.498 c (2.56)
GDP per capita 1.457 a
(0.39) –0.024 (0.15)
Credit for innovation 0.035 a (0.12)
Energy efficiency –0.416 b (0.22)
Sophistication of the productive 0.895 a (0.26)
apparatus
Industrial specialization –0.046 (0.26)
Technology transfer investment –0.077 (0.05)
Importations of high-tech goods –0.033 (0.12)
School performance, reading, –0.213 (0.34)
math and science
Companies certified with ISO –0.206 (0.17)
quality standard
ICT investments of companies –0.160 c (0.10)
High School education 2.490 a (0.86)
Research and development 1.435 a (0.49)
Business expenditure on R&D 0.024 (0.02)
Knowledge intensive 0.060 b (0.03)
employment
F-Model 0.00 0.00 0.00
F-test for OLS vs. FE Prob (Reject OLS) Prob (Reject OLS) Prob (Reject OLS)
Breusch-Pagan test (P-value) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hausman test (P-value)* 0.1494 0.1452 0.0023
No. Observations 78 78 78
Figures in the parentheses are standard errors. Significant at the 1% level, Significant at the 5% level,
a b

c
Significant at the 10% level.
* If Prob > chi2 is < 0.05 reject random effects.
 Climate Change and Innovation 7

Climate Change Model

Carbon dioxide emissions are the dependent variables in the two models used to
analyse the relationship between climate change and innovation. In the first model,
climate change has an inverse relationship with industrial specialization, technology
transfer investment, and imports of high technologies goods, indicating that decreased
CO2 emissions depend on industrial specialization and the use of new technologies,
whereas low formal employment leads to high CO2 emissions. We take into account
that informal employment has not applied environmental protection regulations and
protocols.
These results concur with those of Zilberman et al. (2018), who indicated the
importance of promoting innovation and new technologies to control and adapt to
uncertain climate change impacts that imply improved technology adaptation, the
prevention or facilitation of the migration of the population, and increased efficiency.
The production sector should analyse the effects of heterogeneous technologies
designed for activities, such as pollution control, eco-efficiency, green design, the
development of low carbon energy and management systems, to determine the
advantages of economic and climate outcomes (Wang et al. 2018).
Moreover, a fully functioning labor market and skilled labor can contribute to
a fast, efficient, and fair transition to a low carbon and resource efficient economy,
which implies the ability to adapt to new technology because workers are well-
performing and have developed strong technology skills (OECD 2012), which must
be promoted in school, especially in emerging economies.
The second model indicates that a decrease in CO2 emissions depends on
improved performance in reading, math, and science; the certification of quality
standards; energy efficiency, and the ICT investment of companies. Low coverage
of high school education and competences in research and development lead to
increased CO2 emissions. These results show that high education levels, certifications
in industrial processes based on ISO standards, energy efficiency, ICT investments,
and research and development performance are important drivers for controlling and
decreasing CO2 emissions.
These results demonstrate the importance of climate change education, which
is an opportunity to enhance interdisciplinary skills that include the complex
integration of data, laboratory results, computer modelling, and improved scientific
and quantitative analysis based on STEM (McCright et al. 2013). Education on this
issue promotes a society with more creative, flexible, adaptable, well-informed,
inventive, and sustainable communities (Lehtonen et al. 2019), which is fundamental
for climate change adaptation and addressing the challenges of climate change.
Quality standards and infrastructure are essential to check and monitor climate
change variables and indicators, which are key elements of generating information
for policy-makers and decision makers to formulate adequate governance and
policy climate change. This information should include the analysis of the viability,
application, and transfer of new technologies; the formulation of national targets and
investors’ expectations; and the development of quality and safe technologies that
can be used to control and adapt to climate change (Ferdinand and Telfser 2017). It
is important to promote the application of quality standards in Colombian regions
8 Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

to improve the indicators and measurements and achieve an effective application of

technologies and innovation. This is one strategy that can decrease disparities among
the territories.
The application of ICT has great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emission
through increased energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy, operational process,
and others, which could generate large savings and contribute to socioeconomic
development (British Telecommunications 2016). It is important to promote
infrastructure and the use of ICT, especially in remote areas or regions in Colombia
that could promote development and decrease environmental problems.
Controlling climate change is key for the transformation of the global energy
system, which highlights the importance of maintaining and conserving the
environment, controlling urban air quality, and protecting the world’s climate. In
addition, energy efficiency offers financial and economic opportunities (IRENA 2019).
The results of these models demonstrate the close relationships among the
control or adaptation of climate change and improvements in quality education, new
technologies, and innovation, which are fundamental for climate change adaptation.

Innovation Model
In the innovation model, the dependent variable is the regional innovation index
based on the global innovation index for every Colombian region. The results indicate
a direct relationship between innovation and credit for innovation, knowledge-
intensive employment, and the application of utility models, which implies that
the government should use different instruments to promote innovation, such as
credit, education based on knowledge intensity, and improved innovation processes,
including the protection of intellectual property and the register of patents and utility
models.
These results demonstrate that science, technology, and innovation play a critical
role to prevent, mitigate, and control climate change, which implies that policies for
clean technology innovation are designed and applied to decrease the technology gap
and increase the role of intellectual property rights in developing countries to achieve
a low carbon economy (ICC 2015). Moreover, policies that stimulate demand for
innovations that improve efficiency by using alternative energy are important and
can lead to sustainability (Gans 2012).

Density Analysis
As noted in the previous sections, this work estimates the different regional distributions
in Colombia. This study uses variables related to sustainability, climate change, and
innovation to calculate the estimates for the different models. Using the density
kernel estimation methodology, it is possible to determine non-parametric density
estimators to see how a distribution evolves over time and to analyse the distribution
behavior of a variable. Density estimation can show important characteristics of data,
such as symmetry and multimodality. By estimating each distribution in isolation and
at different points in time, a comparison of the distribution of the analysed variables
can be made by observing how they changed between periods (see Figure 1.1).
 Climate Change and Innovation 9

Figure 1.1 Contd. ...

10 Environment and Innovation: Strategies to Promote Growth and Sustainability

...Figure 1.1 Contd.

d

Figure 1.1. Density estimates for climate change. Source: Own calculations.
 Climate Change and Innovation 11

Figure 1.1 shows a reduction in CO2 emissions for both low- and high-income
regions, achieving outstanding effects on the impacts of climate change for most
regions of the country. In the density kernels, the dispersion of the data for the
variables of sophistication of the productive apparatus and industrial specialization
can be observed, indicating its minimal response to the effects on the reduction
of CO2 emissions. However, the effects of technology transfer investment and the
import of high-tech goods show a small dispersion, indicating that they may reduce
CO2 emissions.

Conclusions
Climate change is an important challenge that requires new green technologies, and
innovation is a strategy that can help countries migrate to low carbon economies
and maintain the standards of living without detrimental consequences for global
warming and environmental processes.
The climate change model was worked with two models that were formulated
that indicate there is an inverse relationship with industrial specialization, technology
transfer investment, and the import of high technologies goods. Moreover, decreasing
CO2 emissions depends on improved performance in reading, math, and science;
certification in quality standards; energy efficiency, and the ICT investments of
companies.
The density kernels show that the distribution at different periods of time differs,
indicating that there is a group of regions that are prone to support environmental
sustainability, address climate change, and encourage innovation. The other group
of regions should include incentives for these improvements in their policies at the
regional level.
The findings of this study are important to formulate and apply adequate
innovation and climate change policy that includes clean technologies for mitigation
(to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases) and adaptation (to adjust to the
negative effects of climate change or exploit positive ones). In the case of innovation,
it is important to engage in technology development (the use of scientific knowledge
to obtain solutions) and technology diffusion (new technologies are transmitted from
one party to another). More research is necessary to analyse strategies designed to
improve innovation and adaptation to climate change, especially in vulnerable areas.

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