Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-II (Stress Management and its

Techniques)

A. Select the correct option.

1. .................................... provides us with energy and motivation to
achieve our goals.
a. Stress
b. Eustress
c. Distress
Answer: b. Eustress

2. Stress Management covers all the tools that

alleviate................................. stress, which could otherwise prove to be a
lethal disease.
a. Temporary
b. Low
c. Chronic
Answer: c. Chronic

3. Stress is an .................................... response of the nervous system to

any threat, challenge or problem.
a. Automatic
b. Deliberate
c. Delayed
Answer: a. Automatic

4. Exercise helps in ..................................... .

a. Building immunity
b. Proper functioning of organ systems
c. Both a and b
Answer: c. Both a and b

5. Meditation brings a sense of ......................................

a. Self-awareness
b. Depression
c. Anxiety
Answer: a. Self-awareness

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Stress can be viewed as a disease that is afflicting people of all age
groups.
2. Stress causing agents are known as stressors which can be self induced or
external.
3. Stress management includes a pool of techniques that assist individuals to
eradicate anxiety and negative thoughts.
4. In fight or flight response, the body reacts spontaneously to protect itself
from any unfavorable situation.
5. Yoga reduces the level of cortisol which is the stress hormone.

C. Answer the following questions.

1. What is stress?
Answer: Stress can be defined as a reaction to any external stimuli that
triggers changes in one's personality. Stress causing agents are known as
stressors, which can be self-induced or external. It can be viewed as a
disease that afflicts people of all age groups. It often leads to addiction,
loneliness and antisocial mannerisms, that give rise to various ailments such
as headache, nausea, degeneration of cognitive abilities, and heart-related
problems.

2. What are the various factors that cause stress?

Answer: Some factors that contribute to stress are:
• Threat
• Dangerous situations
• Irrational demands
• Unrealistic goals
• Expectations
• Financial loss
• Discrimination

3. Explain the importance of Stress Management.

Answer: Stress management is important as:
• It allows a person to react positively in stressful situations.
• It provides ways to measure the different levels of stress so that the inflicted
person can resort to self-help or seek help from a professional.
• It helps to identify distinct stressors, which can either be good or bad. They
can be self-induced or be triggered due to external situations. They can be
categorised as:
→ Positive stressors
→ Dangerous stressors (leads to stressful situations)
→ Irrelevant stressors
• After successfully recognising the stressors, stress management provides
practical measures to target those stressors.
• It infuses a sense of control and accomplishment. It equips you with the
ability to handle any situation efficiently.
• It helps to bring about a healthy change in one's perception of events,
people, or situations.
• Stress management helps to bridge the gap between the available
resources and the unrealistic demands surrounding them.
• Stress management also enhances the physiology of a person. It boosts his
immune system and makes him healthy. It emphasizes on a balanced diet,
sound sleep, and exercise. Thus, it helps in bringing a positive change in the
outlook and lifestyle of a person.

4. What are the different types of stressors?

Answer: There are 3 types of stressors:
• Positive stressor
• Dangerous stressor
• Irrelevant stressor

A. Select the correct option.

1. An ……………………. person is wholly responsible for the outcome of
the task which has undertaken.
a. Resourceful
b. Self-motivated
c. Independent
Answer: c. Independent

2. Which of the following is not one of the keys to becoming

independent?
a. Self-awareness
b. Self-care
c. Self-motivation
Answer: b. Self-care

3. ……………………. are too focused on what others think and fail to

focus on what matters to them.
a. Introspectors
b. Seekers
c. Pleasers
Answer: c. Pleasers

4. Which of the following statements related to self-regulation is

incorrect?
a. Self-regulation helps people to show their irritation and frustration.
b. Self-regulation makes people more independent
c. Self-regulation helps people to behave in socially acceptable ways.
Answer: a. Self-regulation helps people to show their irritation and frustration.

5. Which of the following statements related to an independent person is

incorrect?
a. He tends to rely more on others.
b. He is wholly responsible for the outcome of the task which he has
undertaken.
c. He is resourceful.
Answer: a. He tends to rely more on others.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. Intrinsic motivation refers to the behaviour of a person that is driven by his
innate desire to do something for his own sake and personal rewards.
2. People who have a low degree of both internal and external self-
awareness may be categorised as seekers.
3. Self regulation involves being able to control reactions to emotions like
frustration or excitement.
4. Independent people are likely to be more confident on handling problems
affecting their lives.
5. External self-awareness requires understanding how other people
perceive us.

C. Answer the following questions.

1. List any four elements that keep a person motivated.
Answers: Four elements that keep a person motivated are:
a. Personal drive to achieve, the desire to improve, or to meet specific
standards
b. Commitment to personal or organisational goals
c. Initiative or readiness to act on opportunities
d. Optimism, which is the ability to continue and pursue goals in the face of
failures
2. Explain the advantages of working independently.
Answer: a) It boosts self-confidence.
b) Makes the person self-reliant.
c) Makes the person emotionally independent
d) Makes decision making an easy task
e) Brings out the best in a person.
f) Increases self-value and self-esteem
g) Makes the person accountable
3. Why is self-regulation important for becoming independent?
Answer: It makes people more independent as it enables them to make the
right decision about their behaviours. It teaches them how to behave in
different situations without any guidance.
4. Define self-regulation.
Answer: Self-regulation is the ability to understand and manage your reaction
to the things happening around you.
SECTION 3: APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)
1. Arnita is preparing a lecture for her students on self-motivation.
Which skills should she highlight to help the students become self-
motivated and take charge of their learning?
Answer: Arnita should highlight the following skills:
✦ Setting high but realistic goals

✦ Taking an appropriate level of risk

✦ Looking for constant feedback in order to improve

✦ Being committed to personal or organisational goals

✦ Utilising opportunities
✦ Continuing to pursue goals despite setbacks

2. Your friend Rahul is always stressed during exam time. He is a

sincere and studious student, but the thought of exams creates
anxiety in him. What are some stress management techniques that
you would suggest to help him?
Answer: I would suggest following stress management techniques:
a) Physical Exercise – Rahul should exercise regularly to control stress.
b) Yoga – Rahul can do yoga to self-development, enlightenment of the soul,
and spiritual growth.
c) Meditation – Regular practice of meditation reduces stress, anxiety, and
depression. Rahul should do meditation.
d) Taking nature walks – Nature walks have a calming effect on our minds.

SECTION 4: SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)

1. Why is yoga practiced?
Answer: It is practised for self-development, enlightenment of the soul, and
spiritual growth.
2. Name some stress management techniques.
Answer: a) Physical Exercise
b) Yoga
c) Meditation
d) Vacations with Friends and Family
e) Taking nature walks
3. What is the definition of stress?
Answer: Stress can be defined as a reaction to any external stimuli that
triggers changes in one’s personality.
4. What is external self-awareness?
Answer: This type of self-awareness requires understanding how other
people perceive us. External self-awareness often surfaces in situations when
people are the centre of attention. For example, while giving a presentation or
talking to a group of friends.
5. Name two types of motivations.
Answer: The two types of motivations are intrinsic and extrinsic.

SECTION 5: LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)

1. What is meant by 'Stress Management'?
Answer: Stress management includes a pool of techniques that assist
individuals in eradicating anxiety and negative thoughts, and work on their
well-being.
2. 'Sometimes stress can be helpful. Elaborate giving an example.
Answer: Stress does not always have a negative impact on us. It can
sometimes be useful and help us to accomplish great things. For instance,
some challenges are difficult to face and cause stress; and yet, they help us to
push our limits. This is known as 'eustress'. Eustress provides us with energy
and motivation to achieve our goals. For example - Suppose a child took a
test and performed well. To achieve this result, he might have planned his
schedule, prioritised his activities, set up a daily routine, etc. The situation was
a bit stressful, but the child managed to reduce the effects of stress by
planning well.
3. Compare external and internal self-awareness.
Answer: External Self-Awareness: This type of self-awareness requires
understanding how other people perceive us. External self-awareness often
surfaces in situations when people are the centre of attention. For example,
while giving a presentation or talking to a group of friends. People who have a
high degree of external self-awareness may be categorised as 'pleasers'.
They are aware that their actions and behaviours are being evaluated, so they
often behave in a socially acceptable way. External self-awareness can also
cause people to become distressed, anxious, or worried about how others
perceive them.
Internal Self-Awareness: This type of self-awareness represents how we
see our values, passion, aspirations, thoughts, feelings, behaviours,
strengths, weaknesses, and their impact on others. For example, feeling
nervous when you realise that your teacher has caught you lying. High job
and relationship satisfaction, personal and social control, and happiness are
some of the positive aspects of internal self-awareness, whereas anxiety,
stress, and depression are some of the negative aspects.
4. Who are 'Seekers'? Explain.
Answer: They do not know who they are, what they stand for, or how other
perceive them. They feel frustrated with their performance and relationships.
5. Why is it important to be self-aware?
Answer: When you are self-aware, you are more confident, innovative, and
empathetic. Your decision-making abilities and communication skills are also
enhanced. Those with enhanced self-awareness can work independently and
become more effective leaders. Thus, self-awareness is an essential factor in
achieving success and becoming independent.
6. How does working independently make a person emotionally
independent?
Answer: Independent people experience challenging life situation without
involving other people. Emotional independence improves their relations with
friends and family and make them stronger.
Unit 3: Information and Communication Technology Skills-II
(Operating Systems)
A. Select the correct option.
1. The main screen of Windows is called .................................... .
a. Tabletop
b. User Area
c. Desktop
Answer: c. Desktop

2. Windows OS is based on which user interface?

a. Data
b. Graphical
c. Character
Answer: b. Graphical

3. Which of these functions is not performed by an operating system?

a. Entering data
b. Error detection
c. Job scheduling
Answer: a. Entering data

4. Start button is located on the ..................................... .

a. Status bar
b. Menu bar
c. Taskbar
Answer: c. Taskbar

B. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the main advantage of GUI ?
Answer: In GUI multiple tasks can run simultaneously at a time. GUI lets a
user interact with the device/system with the help of graphical elements, like
menus, icons etc. The CUI or Character User Interface, lets a user interact
with their device/system with the help of various commands. A user does not
need to remember the lengthy commands or their syntax as they had to do in
Command-Line Interface(CLI), or CUI.

2. What is an operating system? Give a few examples.

Answer: The first program that loads on a computer when switched on is
called its operating system. It is a program that acts as an interface between
the software and computer hardware. It is a specialised set of programs that
manages the overall functioning of the computer and its resources. An
operating system controls and monitors the execution of the other programs
and applications. It performs basic tasks, such as recognising input from the
keyboard, sending output to the monitor, managing files and directories on the
storage devices, and controlling peripheral devices. Some common examples
of operating systems are Windows, Macintosh
(Mac), Linux, DOS, and Unix.
3. What is the purpose of multitasking?
Answer: The ability to perform more than one task at a single instant of time
is called "multitasking". An operating system that is capable of doing multiple
tasks or executing processes while using common processing resources like
CPU, is called a Multitasking operating system.

4. What are the components of Windows desktop?

Answer: The components of Windows desktop are:
• This PC
• Recycle Bin
• Shortcuts of some applications
• Start button
• Taskbar (peek button, notification area, task view button)

A. Select the correct option.

1. Which application provides the basic information about files, folders,
and drives?
a. This Window
b. This PC
c. This Computer
Answer: b. This PC

2. When you delete a file, it goes to the _______________.

a. Desktop
b. Recycle bin
c. Trash
Answer: b. Recycle bin

3. Which one of the following is a correct statement?

a. All files are of same type
b. Only files of the same type can be stored in a folder
c. Files can be of different types
Answer: c. Files can be of different types

4. Which of the following option is used to recall a file from Recycle Bin?
a. Restore
b. Recall
c. Refresh
Answer: a. Restore

Answer the following questions.

1. What do you understand by the File System?
Answer: File System defines the ways in which files are named and where
they are placed logically for storage and retrieval. Each operating system
(DOS, Windows, Unix, Macintosh) has its own type of file system with its own
structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size, and kind of
application, etc.
2. What is the difference between a file and folder?
Answer: The difference between a file and folder is that a file stores data (like
numbers, alphabets etc.) while a folder stores files (like Word document etc.).

3. What are the different ways of renaming a file or folder?

Answer: There are different ways to rename a file or folder:
→ First way is to directly rename:
• Right-click on the file or folder you want to rename and select the "Rename"
option from the menu.
• Type the desired name and press enter key.
→ Second way is through “This PC”:
• Double-click on “This PC” to open it and open the file/folder that you want to
rename.
• Select the file/folder from the right panel.
• Click on the Rename command from the Organize group on the Home tab.
• Type the new name for the file/folder.
→ Other way for renaming multiple files:
• Select all those files that you want to rename.
• Type the name that you want. All the files will be renamed automatically.
Example, if you enter a new name "My document" all the
files will be renamed as "My document (1)", "My document (2)", and so on.

4. What is Recycle Bin? How can you restore a file to its original
location?
Answer: All the files/folders that have been deleted are stored in Recycle Bin.
If a file is deleted by mistake, it can be restored again. There are different
ways of restoring the deleted file. One of the ways is to go to "Recycle Bin"
folder. Right-click on the file that you want to restore. Press "Restore" option.
The file will be restored to the original location.

5. How can you delete a file from folder?

Answer: To delete a file from a folder, you can simply press "Delete" button
on the keyboard. The file will be moved to Recycle Bin.
Another way to delete file from folder is by right-clicking the file that you want
to delete and select the "Delete" option. The file will be
moved to Recycle Bin in this case also.

SECTION 3: THEORY QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)

1. Explain briefly about the Windows 10 desktop.
Answer: The desktop of Windows contains various icons like, shortcut icons,
document icons, disk drive icons, etc., on your computer’s desktop.

2. Which are the common icons present on the Windows taskbar?

Explain in brief.
Answer. Start button, Task view button, Peek button etc

3. Explain about the different types of operating systems.

Answer. 1) Single User Operating System - These OS could support only
one user to do one thing at a time. The most popular single user operating
systems were: Microsoft Windows 3.1, Microsoft Windows 95, and Microsoft
DOS.
2) Graphical User Interface(GUI) – This OS is graphic based and interactive
in nature. In it, menus and icons are available to perform all operations, just by
clicking on them. Some examples of GUI are: Windows operating system,
Mac OS, Linux, etc.
3) Multi-User OS – Multi-user OS allow more than one user to use the same
computer at the same time. Some of the OS that fall in this category are:
Linux, Unix and Microsoft Windows.
4) Multitasking OS – An OS that is capable of doing multiple tasks or
executing processes while using common processing resources like CPU, is
called a Multitasking OS.
5) Multithreading OS – These are the OS that allow different parts of an
application or program to run simultaneously.
6) Real Time OS – RTO is designed to handle real life scenarios and
problems. Such OS have the capability to prioritise the processes, minimise
execution time, and work independently.
7) Distributed OS – It runs on computers that are located in different
geographical area, interconnected through a network. It controls these
interconnected systems and makes them appear to be a single computer.

4. What is an operating system? Mention the names of some of the

popular operating systems.
Answer: The first program that loads on a computer when you switch it on is
called its operating system. It is a program that acts as an interface between
the software and computer hardware. Some of the popular OS are Windows,
Macintosh(Mac), Linux, DOS, and UNIX.

5. What is GUI? How is it better than CUI?

Answer: GUI lets a user interact with the device/system with the help of
graphical elements, like menus, icons etc. The CUI or Character User
Interface, lets a user interact with their device/system with the help of various
commands. A user does not need to remember the lengthy commands or their
syntax as they had to do in Command-Line Interface(CLI), or CUI.

6. What is a hierarchical file system?

Answer: Most of the OS use hierarchical file systems, wherein the access to
the data starts at the top and proceeds downward throughout the levels of
hierarchy. The files are organised into folders(directories) and sub-folders in a
tree-like structure.

7. What are temporary files? How can you remove them from your
system?
Answer. Sometimes your computer may be very slow and you might be
getting disk errors. It can happen due to the temporary internet files that need
to be deleted from your computer regularly. Follow the given steps to delete
the temporary internet files:
✦ Double-click on the This PC icon on the desktop.
✦ The This PC window will open.
✦ You will get a list of drives installed on your computer.
✦ Right click on Local Disk (C:). A shortcut menu having various options
appears.
✦ Select the Properties option from the menu. The Properties window will
open.
✦ Click on the Disk Cleanup button. The Disk Cleanup for (C:) window opens.
✦ Click on the checkboxes corresponding to the files that you want to clear,
like Downloaded Program Files, Temporary Internet files, etc.
✦ Click on OK. You will get a message for confirmation for the deletion of
files. Click on the Delete Files button.
✦ All the temporary files from your computer will be deleted.

8. What precautions should be taken to keep your computer hardware

healthy?
Answer: (i) Keyboard: First we should not eat anything over a keyboard. You
can clean a keyboard with a soft brush to remove crumbs and dust particles.
(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger
marks.
(iii) Be careful with food and drinks: Avoid eating and keeping glasses of
water or cups of coffee near a computer.
(iv) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and
avoid dropping or banging it against a hard surface.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets
overheated, the internal parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan
to keep it cool. We should make sure the fan is functioning. You can also use
an external fan.
(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Always unplug the device once it is
charged 100%.
(vii) Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop
or computer such as a USB drive or headphones, should be done gently. It
should not be forced into the port.

9. List some of the signs of virus attacks on your computer.

Answer: A virus can cause problems in a computer in many ways. Some of
them are as follows:
✦ It reduces the speed of a computer by decreasing the memory.
✦ It causes strange movements or patterns on the screen.
✦ It displays unusual messages like "Your PC is stoned", etc.
✦ It increases the use of the disk space and growth in file size as the virus
attaches itself to many files.
✦ It leads to frequent hanging of the system.
✦ It shows abnormal 'write protect error'.
✦ It displays a change in data against the filename in the directory, when a
virus modifies the file.
✦ It reformats the hard disk.
✦ It deletes or damages the files.
10. Explain the various ways of protecting a computer against virus.
Also, name some of the popular antivirus software.
Answer: Security programs: Installing reliable antivirus software is a must.
The antivirus should be regularly updated. It should also be programmed to
regularly scan and quarantine the system.
Installation of firewalls: Restricting access to unwanted sites through
appropriate settings in the browsers should also be done as a mandatory act.
Secure internet access: Be vigilant when accessing or uploading information
on the internet. Only secure sites should be used for financial transactions
and no personal information should be shared or saved (even accidentally) on
any website. Installation and download from un-authorised sources should be
avoided.
Regular security updates: Keep your applications and operating system
updated at all times.
Avoid spams: Mails from un-wanted and un-warranted sources should be
deleted without reading or downloading. Any attachments in such mails
should never be downloaded or installed onto the system.
Backups: Taking backups regularly is a good practice. This not only protects
us against data loss but also helps to restore the integrity of the data. Make
sure that the data is encrypted by using encryption software to protect it from
any unauthorised access.
Scanning all portable devices: Scan all portable storage devices, such as
pen drive etc., before use as these are the most common sources of infection
in computers.
Disable cookies, if possible: For the safety of your personal information, you
must disable cookies in your browser.
Some of the popular antivirus programs are:
Norton Antivirus, McAfee Virus Scan, AVG Antivirus, Quick Heal Antivirus,
Avira Antivirus etc.

11. What is spam? How is it harmful?

Answer. Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a
product or trying to attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM.
In some spam, there may be some malicious links or files attached. When you
download the files or click on the links, hackers may steal your personal
information and use it for their benefit. You may even end up losing a huge
sum of money. An attacker can inject a virus into your computer by an
attachment sent to you by mail. If you download such attachments from
unknown senders (who may be attackers or hackers), your computer is prone
to such virus attacks. The attachment may contain viruses or spyware.

11. What is the use of the Optimize Drives utility?

Answer: If we have been using a computer for a long time we have a lot of
unnecessary files and data, such as temporary files and images. When they
use too much hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes down. It
is important that we keep cleaning by removing any extra files. We can use
some disk cleaner software or optimize drives utility, which help us clean up
the unnecessary files.