Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

1. For bulk amount of power transmission, we can use

(a) Single core cable

(b) 3-core cable
(c) Three and half core cable
(d) Either (a) or (c)

2. Which of the following insulator function is same as shackle insulator in transmission

lines?

(a) String Insulator (b) Strain Insulator

(c) Tension Insulator (d) Both (b) and (c)

3. The proximities effect of a 3- transmission line shown below

(a) More on the outer most conductors

(b) Same for all three conductors
(c) More in the middle conductor
(d) None of these

4. If for a 50Hz transmission line the sending end voltage is 440 V, then the receiving end
voltage under lagging load condition is

(a) More than 440V (b) Zero

(c) Equal to 440V (d) Less than 440V

5. The selection of size of feeder is based on

(a) Current carrying capacity

(b) Voltage drop
(c) Corona losses in the line
(d) Both current carrying capacity and voltage drop

6. The minimum voltage of the system shown below is ______________ V.

7. A cable of length 10km has an insulation resistance of 20M. If the cable length is
increased to 20 km, then the insulation resistance is __________ M.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

8. The purpose of metallic sheath is

(a) To suppress the external stresses

(b) To prevent the entry of moisture
(c) To prevent the cable against external damages
(d) All of these

9. If the diameter of each strand in a stranded conductor is 5 cm, then the total diameter of 4
layer stranded conductor is _____________ cm.

10. If for a 50 km transmission line, the sending end voltage is 440V and the receiving end
voltage is 400V, then the percentage voltage regulation is ______________ .

11. If the frequency of a transmission system is changed from 50 Hz to 100 Hz, then the
string efficiency of the insulator

(a) will increase

(b) will decrease
(c) remains unchanged
(d) may increase (or) decrease depending on line parameters

12. In capacitance grading method, three insulating materials A, B & C having permittivity’s
3, 4 & 5 and dielectric strengths of materials 40kV/cm, 15kV/cm, and 30kV/cm respectively.
Then with respect to the core of the cables the materials are arranged in the order.

(a) A, B, C (b) C, A, B
(c) B, C, A (d) C, B, A

13. The total load taken from a.c. supply consists of

(i) Heating load of 15KW
(ii) A motor load of 40KVA at p.f. 0.6 lagging
(iii) A load of 20KW at power factor 0.8 lagging
The overall power factor of the system is _______________ lag.
14. The reactive power required is more for the same voltage improvement in the system
with
(a) Shunt capacitor (b) Series capacitor
(c) Series inductor (d) Shunt inductor

15. A 3- 50 Hz transmission line has its conductors placed at the corners of equilateral
triangle of side 3m and the radius of each conductor is 1 cm. The capacitive reactance per
phase for 100 km transmission line is ___________ k.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

16. In a 3-disc string insulator, the peak voltage of the disk is 10kV and the self-capacitance
of the string is 10 times of shunt capacitance. The string efficiency is _________ %.

17. If Q is the reactive power of shunt inductor under normal voltage and frequency, when
the frequency and voltage increased by 10%, then the reactive power

(a) Increases by 10% (b) Decreases by 10%

(c) Increases by 33% (d) Decreases by 33%

18. The value of cosL for the following shunted capacitor is _____________ lag.

19. For LT and HT lines, which of the following insulators are used respectively?

(a) Strain insulators and shackle insulators

(b) Shackle insulators and strain insulators
(c) Shackle insulators consisting of an assembly of suspension type insulators and strain
insulators
(d) Shackle insulators and strain insulators consisting of an assembly of suspension type
insulators

20. In Grading of cables, the ratio of d to D such that grading will increase the safe working
voltage by 100% is ______________.

21. In a short transmission line, if resistance and reactance are found to be equal and
regulation appears to be zero, then the load will

(a) have ZPF (b) have UPF

(c) be 0.707 lagging (d) 0.707 leading

22. Which of the following statements are TRUE?

1. Span length between structures may not be equal

2. To dampen oscillations for stranded conductors PVC tape is wrapped to make the
conductor circular.
3. Lowest sag occurs when temperature is maximum and wind minimum
4. An overhead line must be designed from the view point of worst possible loads.

(a) 1 & 3 only (b) 1, 2, 4 only

(c) 2 & 4 only (d) 1 & 2 only
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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

23. Consider a distribution system having three loads at UPF and having feeding point at
one end. The length doubles and current halves successively for each load from the feeding
point. If the length of feeder to first load and current in the first load are 100m and 100A
respectively and resistance of the distributor is 20/m, then the total voltage drop
_____________ kV.

24. What will be area of cross section of distributor and the resistance, if the operating
voltage is increased by 2 times?

(a) Decreases by 4 times, decreases by 4 times

(b) Decreases by 4 times, increases by 4 times
(c) Increases by 4 times, increases by 4 times
(d) Increases by 4 times, decreases by 4 times

25. Four sub-conductors are arranged in such a manner that they form the corners of a
square. The radius of each sub conductor is 1cm and the adjacent distance between the two
sub conductors is 50 cm. The self GMD of the sub-conductor configuration is
________________ cm.

26. Which of the following statements are true?

X
1. ratio of distribution line must be greater than 1.0
R
2. Inductor per phase of unsymmetrical configuration is slightly greater than symmetric
configuration for same operating voltage.
3. Earth can be treated as one of the conductor in AC
4. Due to current flowing through earth only C will be influenced

(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 2 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

27. In underground cables, to prevent the entry of moisture into the outside surface of the
insulation ____________ is used.

(a) Bedding (b) Armouring

(c) Metallic sheath (d) Serving

28. From below statements which one is not possible by using bundled conductors?
(a) Interference with communication lines will be reduced.
(b) Corona is reduced
(c) Capacitance per phase in transmission line is reduced
(d) Inductance per phase in transmission line is reduced

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

29. For a short transmission line, the transfer matrix is given by:

1 Z  1 0 
(a)   (b)  
0 1  1 Z 

1 Z   1 1
(c)   (d)  
0 0   Z 1

30. The X/R ratio in distribution systems is

(a) > 1 (b) < 1

(c) = 1 (d)  1

31. For a given transmission line the expression for voltage regulation is given by
Vs  VR
 100% . Hence
VR

(a) this must be a ‘short’ line

(b) this may either be a ‘short’ line or ‘medium’ line
(c) this expression may be true for any line
(d) this may either be a ‘medium line’ or ‘long’ line

32. The shunt admittance of a transmission line is 3 micro mho. Its complex notation in mho
is

(a) 3  106 90o (b) 3  106 0o

(c) 3  106   90o (d) 3  106

33. The selection of size of conductors for a distribution in a distribution system is governed
by

(a) corona loss (b) temperature rise

(c) radio interference (d) voltage drop

34. The insulation level of a 400kV, EHV overhead transmission line is decided on the basis of
(a) Lightning over voltage
(b) Switching over voltage
(c) Corona inception voltage
(d) Radio & TV interference

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

35. By connecting the series capacitor in a transmission line, improves the

(a) stability of the line (b) voltage profile

(c) power factor (d) reactance of the line

36. A synchronous generator is connected to infinite bus through a transmission line. In

which type of Transmission line it will be more stable?

(a) Short (b) Long

(c) Medium (d) Any of the above

37. Power per conductor is more in which type of transmission system?

(a) A.C (b) D.C

(c) Both AC & DC has same (d) Neither AC nor DC

38. A 500kV, 50Hz, 200km long three phase transmission line supplies a load of 600MW at
0.85 power factor lagging. The per phase per km line inductance & capacitance are 0.87mH
and 0.012F respectively. Assuming the line is Lossless, the surge impedance (in k) of line
is ______________.

39. In a 400 kV network, 360 kV is recorded at 400 kV bus. The reactive power absorbed by
a shunt reactor is 50 MVA for 360 kv , for 400 kV connected bus, the reactive power is
____________ MVAR.

40. A cable has the following characteristics: L = 0.201 H/m and C = 196.2pF/m. The
velocity of wave propagation through the cable is ___________ m/s.

(a) 165.45 (b) 159.24

(c) 154.54 (d) 144.44

41. The corona loss on a particular system with 50 Hz is 1 kW/phase/km. The corona loss on
the same system with supply frequency 25 Hz will be ___________ kW/phase/km.

(a) 0.667 (b) 0.567

(c) 0.124 (d) 0.756

42. Which of the following transmission line model results in higher sending end voltage for
lagging load?

(a) Sending end ‘C’ model (b) Load end ‘C’ model
(c) Nominal  (d) Nominal T

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

43. Which of the following connection reduces Ferranti effect under no load condition?

(a) Series reactor at sending end (b) Series capacitor at sending end
(c) Series reactor at receiving end (d) None

44. For a lossless network more maximum power transfer capability is possible with

(a) Low GMR, high GMD

(b) Low GMR, low GMD
(c) High GMR, low GMD
(d) No relation between GMR, GMD and maximum power transfer

45. Which of the following expression gives per phase no load power loss in long
transmission line, where ‘IC’ is charging current carried by line and ‘R’ is per phase resistance
for total length.

I2cR
(a) I 2cR (b)
2
I2cR IR2
(c) (d) c
3 4

46. A transmission line with sending end and receiving end voltage |Vs| and | VR |0. If
line reactance is capacitive in nature then what are the limits on  to make system in stable
mode.
(a) 0 <  < 90 (b) 90 <  < 180
(c) 180 <  < 90 (d) 90 <  < 0

47. A two disc insulator string has each disc capacitance ‘C’ and shunt capacitance between
metal link and ground is 0.2C the top most unit voltage is 10kV. The line voltage of insulator
string is ____________ (in kV)

48. If frequency of operation increases, then which of the following statements are correct
with respect to ABCD parameters for a lossless long transmission line?

(a) A , B , C , D 
(b) A , B , C , D 
(c) A , B , C , D 
(d) A , B , C , D 

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

49. A long transmission line operating under no load condition has leakage current
magnitude through shunt conductance in

(a) Minimum at the end of line

(b) Maximum at the end of line
(c) Same throughout the length of line
(d) Maximum at midpoint of line

50. A surge voltage of 100kV propagates on a transmission line -1 of surge impedance Z1

reaches to another transmission line -2 of surge impedance Z2. If Z1 < Z2 then surge
propagated into line -2

(a) Less than 100kV and negative

(b) Less than 100kV and positive
(c) More than 100kV but less than 200kV
(d) More than 200kV

51. A 1- composite conductor system shown in figure. r1 = 2 cm, r2 = 1.155 cm. Conductor
‘a’ forms forward path and b1, b2, b3 forms return path. Inductance of forward path will

(a) 1.972 mH/km

(b) 0.986 mH/km
(c) 0.493 mH/km
(d) None

52. An AC 2-wire distributor with concentrated loads and then section impedance are shown
in below figure.
Z1 = Z2 = 2 + j0.5 (both forward and return conductors)
If Vx = 4000o then the angle for Vs voltage will be
(a) – 1.09o
(b) + 1.09o
(c) – 5.18o
(d) +5.18o

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

53. A loss less short transmission line is shown. At the midpoint of the transmission, reactive
power compensator employed so that the midpoint voltage is maintained as 0.95 p.u. The
power delivered to the receiving end is ____pu.

(a) 2.12

(b) 2.46

(c) 2.49

(d) 2.10

54. A 3-, 400kV transmission line has a string insulator with 20 discs, maximum voltage
across any unit is 15kV. The string efficiency will be
(a) 92.8% (b) 84.6%
(c) 76.9% (d) 66.9%

55. Which of the following apparatus used to connect at receiving end side of transmission
line to maintain its voltage magnitude to be equal to sending end voltage magnitude under
loading less than ideal loading condition

(a) Shunt capacitor

(b) Shunt reactor
(c) Synchronous condenser
(d) Synchronous phase modifier

56. A 1-, 2-wire system has conductor radius of 2 cm, spacing between conductors of 2m.
What is loop reactance for 20km length, 50Hz operation?

(a) 3.05  (b) 61 

(c) 12.2  (d) None

57. A 60 Hz loss less overhead long line has inductance per phase per km as 1.0 mH/km.
The capacitance per phase per km will be approximately

(a) 0.22 F/km (b) 0.011 F/km

(c) 0.005 F/km (d) none

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

58. A cable ‘B’ of surge impedance 50  is used to connect two transmission Lines A and C
having surge impedances 200 and 500. A surge voltage of 10 kV injected on Line-A
travels towards cable – B and Line-C. What is the first refracted voltage at junction of cable B
and line-C.

(a) 4 kV
(b) 5.33 kV
(c) 7.27 kV
(d) 10 kV

59. A one km long 11kV, 3-core, 3- metal sheath cable, save the following test results;
(i) Capacitance between any two conductors when other conductor connected to sheath;
0.4F
(ii) Capacitance between all three cores bunched together and sheath 0.9F;

Capacitance existing between any two cores will be

(a) 0.3 F (b) 0.8 F

(c) 0.167 F (d) 0.03 F

60. A loss less transmission line has ABCD as A  A 0o , B= B 90o , C= C 90o ,
D  D 0o. To avoid Ferranti effect under No load a -connected shunt reactor connected
at receiving end, what will be each reactor reactance in 

B B
(a) (b)

3 1 A  1 A

3B
(c) (d) none
1 A

61. A single load draws a current of 1060o with voltage 100130o. A shunt reactor added
across the load then the source current (Is) and source power factor (coss) variations will be

(a) Is reduces, coss increases

(b) Is reduces, coss reduces
(c) Is increases, coss increases
(d) Is increases, coss reduces

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

62. A single phase AC distributor supply two single phase loads as shown in the figure.
Voltage at point ‘B’ is 200+j0 volts. What is source power factor?

(a) 0.813 lead

(b) 0.813 lag
(c) 0.7 lag
(d) 0.7 lead
63. A lossless transmission line with 30% series compensation will give a percentage
increment in ideal power transfer capability of

(a) 42.8 % (b) 30 %

(c) 19.52 % (d) 15 %

64. A single line diagram of a two bus power system network shown below. Voltage at buses
|V1| = |V2| = 1 p.u. If generator supplies a reactive power of 0.1 p.u then what is the reactive
power to be supplied by capacitor bank placed at bus (1)

(a) 0.1 p.u

(b) 0.168 p.u
(c) 0.268 p.u
(d) 0.368 p.u

65. Consider the following statement

1. String efficiency for suspension type string is always less as compared to strain type
string.
2. If ratio between self-capacitance to shunt capacitance reduces then string efficiency will
increase.
3. String efficiency of a 3-disc insulator string for 20 kV supply is 78%. String efficiency of
same string for 40 kV supply is more than 78%.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

66. A short length of cable connected between dead end tower and substation at the end of
transmission line. Which of the following statement is correct if surge wave enters from
overhead line to cable?

(a) Surge voltage magnitude increases

(b) Steepness of surge voltage increases
(c) Steepness of surge current decreases
(d) Velocity of current wave increases

67. The generalized circuit constants of a nominal  circuit representing a 3 phase

transmission line are A = D = 0.98 0.3o ; B = 82.5 76o  ; C = 0.0005 90o

For this transmission line steady state stability limit, if the shunt admittance is assume to be
zero and series resistance is neglected is ________ MW (consider two terminal voltages are
held constant at 110 kV)

(a) 151.25 (b) 150.45

(c) 156.24 (d) 165.48

68. For a single circuit transmission line delivering a 3-phase load of 50 MVA at 110 kV and
p.f 0.8 lagging. Find the sending end voltage and sending end current per phase.

Given A = D = 0.983o; B = 11075o ohm; C = 0.000580o siemen

(a) 87.42 kV, 246 A (b) 74.278 kV, 320 A

(c) 98.6 kV, 150 A (d) 30.8 kV, 90 A

69. In a transmission line both sending end and receiving end voltages are maintained at
same magnitude and there is a real power flow from sending end to receiving end. The
reactive power flow will be
(a) Delivered by both buses into the line
(b) Absorbed by both buses from the line
(c) Delivered by sending end bus
(d) No reactive power flow between buses

70. A 220 kV, 3- transmission line suspended by a string insulator has a string efficiency
80% with maximum voltage across any unit as 15kV. The number of units will be
(a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 12 (d) 13

71. A loss less short transmission line model has a voltage regulation of 10% with maximum
power transfer capability 2 p.u. If angular difference between sending end and receiving end
voltages is very low then reactive power delivered by side in per unit us _______

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

72. Three transmission lines connected in parallel where each line has a surge impedance of
400. At the sending end of this parallel line combination a cable of surge impedance 100
is connected. If a surge voltage of ‘V’ was placed on cable travels towards junction of cable
and parallel lines then what is transmitted voltage at junction
4 8
(a) V (b) V
7 7
7
(c) V (d) V
8
73. A flat spacing conductors single phase line operating at 50Hz with spacing between
conductors is 6m and external inductance of each conductor is 1.0 mH/km. The physical
diameter of each conductor is
(a) 4.04 cm (b) 8.08 cm
(c) 5.18 cm (d) 10.37 cm

74. A DC two wire distributor fed from both sides supplying two load as shown below. Each
wire in the distributor has a resistance of 0.2 for 100 m length. If VA = VD = 200V then the
minimum voltage at any point on the distributor is _________ V.

75. The line constants of a 200 km, 3 phase, 50 Hz transmission line are given as following

A = D = 0.9371.2o, B = 131.272.3o /phase, C = 0.00190o S/phase.

The sending end voltage is 230 kV. The value of line charging current when the load is
disconnected will

(a) 0 A (b) 132.8 kA

(c) 100.5 kA (d) 141.7 A

76. A loss less 200 km, 400 kV, 50 Hz, long transmission line has a natural impedance of
250. The generalized circuit constant ‘B’ will be ______________ s/ph.

(a) 0.9190o (b) 0.7145o

(c) 0.7190o (d) 0.9145o

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

77. A single core cable 5 km long has an insulation resistance of 0.4 MΩ. The core diameter
is 20 mm and the diameter of the cable over the insulation is 50 mm. The resistivity of the
insulating material is

(a) 0.45 G -m (b) 0.97 G -m

(c) 0.45 G -m (d) 13.7 G -m

78. The A surge of 15 kV magnitude travels along a cable towards its junction with an
overhead line. The inductance and capacitance of the cable and overhead line are
respectively 0.3 mH, 0.4 μF and 1.5 mH, 0.012 μF per km. The voltage rise at the junction due
to the surge is

(a) 24.22 kV (b) 31.26 kV

(c) 27.84 kV (d) 40.20 kV

79. A typical line has the following parameters; A = D = 0.961.0° and B = 10080° Ω
The maximum power that can be transmitted if the sending and receiving end line voltages
are 120 kV and 110 kV respectively is __________ MW.

(a) 109.83 (b) 105.21

(c) 106.64 (d) 101.45

80. The power factor of a 120 kW group load is 0.8 lagging. This p.f. is to be improved to 0.9
by means of shunt capacitors. The KVAR of capacitors required is _____ KVAR.

(a) 36.45 (b) 31.88

(c) 38.74 (d) 35.25

81. The overhead lines are connected in parallel to supply a load of 10 MW at 0.8 pf
(lagging) and 30 kV. The resistance and reactance of one line (A) are 5.5 Ω and 13.5 Ω,
respectively; those of the other line (B) are 6 Ω and 11 Ω respectively. The KVA supplied by
line B is
(a) 6,730 KVA a. at pf 0.83 lagging
(b) 7,120 KVA at pf 0.77 lagging
(c) 7,860 KVA at pf 0.77 lagging
(d) 6,020 KVA at pf 0.83 lagging

82. The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arrange at the corners of a triangle of sides
2m, 2.5m and 4.5m. The inductance per phase per meter, if the diameter of each conductor is
1.24 cm and conductors are regularly transposed is
(a) 1.04 H (b) 2.1 H
(c) 1.27 H (d) 2.8 H

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

83. A single phase ring distributor ABC is fed at A. The loads at B and C are 20A at 0.8 pf
lagging and 15 A at 0.6 pf lagging respectively, both expressed with reference to voltage at
A. The total impedance of the section AB, BC and CA are (1+j1), (1+j2) and (1+j3) ohm’s
respectively. The current in section BC is
(a) (2.6 + j1.5) A (b) (2.4 + j3.2) A
(c) (2.6  j1.5) A (d) (2.4  j3.2) A

84. The voltage at the receiving end of a 3-phase feeder delivering 100 KVA varies between
475 V and 525 V. For what KVA capacity must an induction regulator be designed to
maintain the voltage M constant at 500 V?
(a) 4 KVA (b) 5 KVA
(c) 6 KVA (d) 7 KVA

85. In a transmission line each conductor is at 20 kV and is supported by a string of 3

suspension insulators. The air capacitance between each cap pin junction and tower is one
fifth of the capacitance of each insulator unit. A guard ring, effective only over the line end
insulator unit is fitted so that the voltages on the two units nearest the line end are equal.
The voltage on the line end unit is __________ kV.

86. An interconnector cable having a reactance of j0.05 pu links two generating stations G1
and G2 as shown below, where |V1| = |V2| = 1 pu. The load demand at two buses are
SD1=15+j5 pu and SD2=25+j15 pu. The total reactive power at the generating station G1 when
generator G2 is working on unity power factor and δ=15° is ____________ p.u.
(a) 25.36
(b) 24.58
(c) 12.56
(d) 21.36

87. In a two bus AC system, the sending end voltage |Vs| and the receiving end voltage |Vr|
for the line is 1 pu. The line reactance is j 0.05 pu and resistance is neglected. If the real
power flow through the line is 10 pu then the reactive power absorbed by the line is
_______________ p.u.

88. A conductor consists of seven identical strands each having a radius of r as shown below.
Determine the factor by which r should be multiplied to obtain the self GMD of strand one
for calculation of capacitance?

(a) 2.34
(b) 2.67
(c) 3.12
(d) 3.46

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

89. The corona loss on a particular system at 50Hz is 2KW/km/ph. The corona loss at 60 Hz
would be ________ KW/km/ph.

90. A uniformly distributed load on a distributor of length 500 m is rated at 1A per metre
length. The distributor is fed from one end at 220V. The voltage drop at a distance of 400
metres from the feeding point is ________ V.

(Assume a loop resistance of 2  10–5 Ω/m)

(a) 2.6 (b) 2.4

(c) 2.8 (d) 2.0

91. In a string of three identical suspension insulator units supporting a transmission line
conductor, if the self-capacitance of each unit is denoted as C farads, the capacitance of each
connector pin to ground can be taken as 0.1 C farads. If the maximum permissible voltage
per unit is given as 20 KV then the string efficiency is

(a) 80.12 % (b) 86.67 %

(c) 91.01 % (d) 89.12 %

92. A 3-phase, 4 wire distributor supplies a balanced voltage of 400/230 V to a load

consisting of 30 A at p.f. 0.866 lagging for R phase, 30 A at p.f. 0.866 leading for Y phase and
30 A at unity p.f. for B phase. The resistance of each line conductor is 0.2 Ω. The area of cross
section of neutral is half of any line conductor. The supply end voltage for R phase is?
(phase sequence is RYB)
(a) 21042.25o (b) 245.12.1o V
(c) 226.6–2.1 o V (d) 239.8–2.53° V

93. For a two machine system with losses, the transfer impedance being not purely resistive,
the maximum value of the sending end power P1 max and the maximum receiving end
power P2 max will occur at power angles (δ) in such a manner that

(a) Both P1max and P2max occur at  < 90o

(b) Both P1max and P2max occur at  > 90o
(c) P1max occur at  > 90o and P2max at  < 90o
(d) P1max occur at  < 90o and P2max at  > 90o

94. The KVA taken by a 10km long, 3-phase, 3-core, cable, if the capacitance measured
between any two cores is 0.3μF/Km when it is connected to 10 KV, 50 Hz bus-bar is

(a) 142.6 KVAR (b) 188.5 KVAR

(c) 194.2 KVAR (d) 201.6 KVAR

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

95. A 3-phase line operating at 50 Hz has the conductors arrangement as shown below, The
conductor diameter is 0.8 cm. The capacitance per phase per kilometer when the
transmission line is operating at 132 kV is

(a) 6.1217  1012 F/km

(b) 8.9  109 F/km
(c) 7.141  109 F/km
(d) 9.124  106 F/km

96. A single phase motor connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply takes 31.7 A at a power factor of
0.7 lagging. The capacitance required in parallel with the motor to raise the power factor to
0.9 lagging is _______ μF.

97. The insulation resistance of a single core cable is 495 MΩ per km. If the core diameter is
2.5 cm and resistivity of insulation is 4.5 × 1014 Ω-cm, the insulation thickness is __________
cm.

98. For a single circuit transmission line delivering a load of 50 MVA at 110 KV and pf 0.8
lagging. Given A = D = 0.983°; B = 11075° Ω; and C = 0.000580o ℧ ; The sending end
line voltage is ________ kV.

(a) 147.31 (b) 158.65

(c) 165.45 (d) 169.65

99. Consider two parallel short transmission lines of impedances ZA and ZB respectively.
Currents IA and IB are both lagging and the sending end voltage is VS. If the reactance to
resistance ratio of both the impedances ZA and ZB are equal, then the total current I will

(a) Lag both IA and IB

(b) lead both IA and IB
(c) lag one of IA and IB but lead other
(d) be in phase with both IA and IB

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

100. Consider the following statement:

Addition of lumped capacitance in parallel to a loss-less transmission line, increases

(1) Characteristic impedance

(2) Propagation constant
(3) System stability
(4) Charging current
Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 4

101. Match List-1 with List-2

List -1 List-2
(Type of element) (Application)
1. Series Reactor A. to improve power factor
2. Shunt Reactor B. to improve steady state stability
3. Series Capacitor C. to avoid ferranti effect
4. Shunt Capacitor D. to limit short circuit current

(a) 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D

(b) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
(c) 1D, 2C, 3A, 4B
(d) 1D, 2B, 3C, 4A

102. The A, B, C, D parameters of a 3-phase, 80 km, 50 Hz transmission line with series

impedance of 0.15 + j0.78 /km and shunt admittance of j5  10-6 /km is

0.980.14o 63.1479.18o  1.00.12o 63.1460.18o 

(a)   (b)  
 0.0004 S 0.980.14o   0.002 S 1.00.12o 

0.990.02o 63.1479.18o  1.110.14o 63.14  26.18o 

(c)   (d)  
 0.0006 S 0.990.02o   0.0004 S 1.110.14o 

103. The receiving end power factor of a 3- short line under the condition of maximum
power transferred, having per phase impedance of (0.3+j0.4), receiving end voltage is 6.3
kV/ph and voltage regulation not be exceed 5% is.

(a) 0.75 lagging (b) 0.5 leading

(c) 0.49 leading (d) 0.8 leading

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

104. Calculate string efficiency for a string of 3 insulator units, if the capacitance of each unit
to earth and line be 20% and 5% of the self-capacitance of the unit.
(a) 74.5% (b) 82.1%
(c) 86.2% (d) 91.4%

105. An installation consists of an induction motor and a heater load. The induction motor
takes 25 kVA at 0.8 lagging p.f. The rating of the heater operating at unity p.f., so that the
overall p.f. becomes 0.9 lagging is
(a) 18.21 kW (b) 14.12 kW
(c) 12.16 kW (d) 10.97 kW

106. There are 6 conductors in a double circuit line. Each conductor has a radius of 12 mm.
The six conductors are arranged horizontally. The center to center distance between the two
consecutive conductors is 2m. The sequence of conductors are from left to right as follows:
a, b, c, a’, b’, c’ . The inductance per km per phase of the system us ________ mH.

107. The GMR of the unconventional conductors shown in figure in terms of the radius ‘r’ of
an individual strand.
(a) 1.101 r
(b) 1.512 r
(c) 1.002 r
(d) 1.704 r

108. Two ideal voltage sources designated as 1 and 2 are connected as shown in figure. If E1
= 1000o V, E2 =10030o V, and z = 0 + j5. The total reactive power supplied to the
impedance is

(a) 268 VAR

(b) 1000 VAR
(c) 536 VAR
(d)  268 VAR

109. An extra high voltage transmission line of length 400 km can be approximate by a
lossless line having propagation constant  = 0.00112 radians/km. Then the percentage
ratio of line length to wavelength will

(a) 7.00 % (b) 7.13 %

(c) 7.45 % (d) 7.9 %

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

110. A 2-wire d.c. ring distributor is 300 m long and is fed at 240 V at point A. At point B,
150 m from A, a load of 120 A is taken and at C, 100 m in the opposite direction, a load of 80
A is taken. If the resistance per 100 m of single conductor is 0.03 ohm, the voltage at point B
is

(a) 220.2 V (b) 232.2 V

(c) 190.5 V (d) 233.2 V

111. A thermal power station of 1000 MW capacity is located at 400 km away from a load
centre. Select the most suitable power evacuation transmission configuration among the
following options.

112. A 3-phase overhead transmission line has its conductors horizontally spaced between
adjacent conductors equal to ‘d’. If now the conductors of the line are rearranged to form an
equilateral triangle of sides equal to ‘d’
(a) Average capacitance and inductance will increase
(b) Average capacitance will decrease and inductance will increase
(c) Average capacitance will increase and inductance will decrease
(d) Surge impedance loading of the line increase.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

113. A 50 Hz, three-phase transposed line has the following parameters per phase

R = 0.314 , L = 1 mH, C = 5 nF . The surge impedance is

(a) 529.1522.5o  (b) 690.845o 

(c) 356.8122.5o  (d) 393.6811.01o 

114. A three-phase motor is drawing 20 kVA at 0.707 power-factor lagging from a 220 V
source. A capacitor bank is added with the motor to raise the power factor to 0.90 leading.
The kVAR rating of the capacitor bank is _________ kVAR.

(a) 21.56 (b) 20.99

(c) 23.54 (d) 27.59

115. A single core, 1-phase cable, consisting conductor of 1 cm diameter inside a sheath of
2.8 cm diameter, is 20 km long and operates at 13 kV and 50 Hz. The relative permittivity of
the dielectric is 5. The charging current of the cable is ____________ A.

116. One circuit of a single phase transmission line is composed of three solid wires of 0.25
cm radius. The return circuit is composed of two wires of 0.5 cm radius as shown in figure.
The inductance due to the current in side ‘y’ of the line is

(a) 0.75 H/m

(b) 0.52 H/m

(c) 0.85 H/m

(d) 0.9 H/m

117. Two regional systems, each having several synchronous generators and locals are inter
connected by an ac line and a HVDC kink as shown in figure. Which of the following
statement is true in the steady state:

(a) Both regions need not to have the same frequency

(b) The total power flow between the regions (Pac + Pdc) can be changed by controlling the
HDVC converters alone
(c) The power sharing between the AC line and the HVDC link can be changed by controlling
the HDVC converters alone
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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

(d) The directions of power flow in the HVDC link (Pdc) cannot be reserved

118. Determine the voltage across the bottom unit of a string of suspension insulators
consisting of 3 similar units. The voltage between line and earth is 60 kV and the ratio of the
capacitance of each unit and the capacitance between pin to earth is 10 : 1.

(a) 19.4 kV (b) 21.3 kV

(c) 22.2 kV (d) 23.1 kV

119. The terminal voltage of a Y-connected load consisting of three equal impedances of
2030o is 4.4 kV line to line. The impedance in each of the three lines connecting the load
to a bus at a substation is ZL = 1.475o. The line to line voltage at the substation bus is
___________ kV.

(a) 4.6 (b) 4.2

(c) 3.6 (d) 3.2

120. A single phase transmission line and a telephone line are both symmetrically strung one
below the other, in horizontal configurations, on a common tower. The shortest and longest
distances between the phase and telephone conductors are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively. The
voltage (V/km) induced in the telephone circuit, due to 50 Hz current 80 A in the power
circuit is _____________ V/km.

121. A typical line has the following parameters; A = D = 0.961.0o and B = 10080o . If
the line supplies a load of 30 MW at 0.8 pf lag, 110 kV, the voltage regulation of the line is

(a) 15.5% (b) 18.24%

(c) 19.61% (d) 20.70%

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

Solutions
1. Ans: (a)
Solution: Three and half core cable is used for distribution system
3-core cable is used for small voltage transmission system
For bulk amount of power transmission single core cable used

2. Ans: (d)
Solution: Shackle Insulator used in distribution system for the crossing of lines and dead
end lines. The same thing is done in transmission system by using strain Insulator (or)
tension Insulator.

3. Ans: (c)
Solution: The proximity effect is nothing but when current carrying conductor creates a flux
and links the adjacent conductors then the current distribution in that conductor is non-
uniform.

4. Ans: (d)
Solution: In case of lagging pf load the voltage regulation and voltage drop is positive from
sending to the receiving end and hence the voltage at receiving end will be less than 440V.

5. Ans: (a)
Solution: In the feeder, the current is same throughout the length so the size of the feeder is
based on current carrying capacity.

6. Ans: 203 to 204

Solution: The currents in different parts of the distributor has been shown below,
Since it is fed from one end the minimum voltage will
Occur at receiving end.
Vmin  Vdc  I1R1  I2R 2  I3R3
 220   80  0.1   70  0.08   50  0.06   203.4V

7. Ans: 10
1 20 M 20 km
Solution: R     R 2  10 M
length R2 10 km

8. Ans: (b)

9. Ans: 45
Solution: Total diameter of standard conductor is (2n + 1)d  (2  4 + 1)5  45 cm

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

10. Ans: 10
VS  VR 40
Solution: Voltage regulation for short transmission line   100   100  10%
VR 400
11. Ans: (c)
Solution: String efficiency is independent of frequency
voltage across the string
String efficiency =
n  voltage of disc near to power conductor

12. Ans: (b)

Solution: The insulating material having different dielectric stresses. The product of (  g)
having the highest one placed near the core next highest placed next.

13. Ans: 0.7 to 0.8

Solution: PT  15  40  0.6  20  59 kW
 20 
Q T  Q1  Q2  Q3  0  0.8  40     0.6  47 kVAR
 0.8 
ST  592  472  75.45 kVA
P 59
p.f.  T   0.782 lag
S T 75.43

14. Ans: (a)

Solution: For same voltage improvement the ratio of reactive powers required for Shunt and
Series compensation is
Q sh sin r
 1
Q se pu voltage regulation
So, more power is required with Shunt Capacitor. For more details refer Theory Study
Material in the topic Voltage Control.

15. Ans: 3.0 to 3.3

2 2  3.14  8.85  1012
Solution: C / Phase / m    9.75pF
d  3 
ln   ln  2 
r  1  10 
1 1
XC    3264.7
C 2  50  9.75  10 12  100  103

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

16. Ans: 86 to 87
mutual capacitance 1
Solution: Solution: m  
self capacitance 10
 
V3  m2  3m  1 V1  1.31V1
V2  m  1 V1  1.1V1
Total Voltage= V1  V2  V3  V1  1.1V1  1.31V1  3.41V1
Voltage across string
String efficiency =
Number of discs  voltage across the disc near to the power conductor
3.41v1
  100  86.76%
3  1.31v1

17. Ans: (a)

V2
Solution: Re active power 
f
1.1V1 
2
V2
Q1  1 and Q 2 
f 1.1f
Q 2 1.1
  Q 2  1.1Q1
Q1 1.21
Hence reactive power increased by 10%

18. Ans: 0.68 to 0.71

Solution: Qsh.cap  P1Tan2  P2Tan1  P1 Tan2  Tan1 
 
3  5  Tan2  Tan cos 1  0.93    2  44.862o
 
 cos 2  0.7 lag

19. Ans: (d)

Solution: Generally, at the dead end or at a corner or on sharp turns to with stand great
strain, for LT (low tension) lines shackle insulators are used but for HT (high tension) lines
insulators consisting of an assembly of suspension type insulators are used.

20. Ans: 0.3 to 0.4

D 
Solution: For safe working loge    1  0
d
D  D
loge    1   e1  2.718
d d
d 1
  0.368
D 2.718

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

21. Ans: (d)

X
Solution: V.R becomes zero for a leading pf. Load where p.f angle,   tan1   ;
R 
Where X – reactance of short line and R – Resistance of short line
Taking reactance and resistance to be equal,  = 45o
 p.f. of the load = cos45o = 0.707 (leading)

22. Ans: (d)

Solution:
1. Towers depends upon the profile of the land along which transmission lines is to be run,
so span lengths between structures may not be equal.
2. In dancing of conductors, to dampen the oscillation’s for stranded conductors, PVC tape
is wrapped to make conductor circular
3. Lowest sag occurs when temperature is minimum and wind maximum while maximum
sag occurs when temperature is maximum and no wind pressure
4. An overhead line must be designed for worst probable loads because cost of overhead
lines will become very large if designed on that basis

23. Ans: 850

Solution: As length doubles and current halves successively from feeding point
l2  2l1 ;
l3  2l2  4l1
 l1  100m ; l2  200m ; l3  400m
100 50
I1  100A; I2   50A; I3   25A
2 2

By KCL, current in various sections are

Section  1: I1  I2  I3
Section  2 : I2  I3
Section  3 : I3
Total voltage drop  I1  I2  I3  l1r  I2  I3  l2r  I3l3r 
Where r is resistance per unit length
 100  50  25  100  20  50  25  200  20   25  400   20  850kV

24. Ans: (b)

I1R1 IR
Solution: In a distributor,  100  2 2  100
V1 V2

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

I1
Let, V2  nV1 : I2 
n
I1R1 I / nR 2
 100  1  100  R1  n2R 2
V1 nV1

a1 V22 n  V1 
2 2
1 1
a 2   2   n2  a2  2 a1
V a2 V1 V12
n
 R 2  22 R1  4R1 ;
1 1
a2  a  a1
2 1
2 4

25. Ans: 19 to 20
Solution: Self GMD  self GMD1  4  0.778  r   d  d  2d

Self GMD  self GMD1  4

0.778  1   50  50  2  50  19.25 cm

26. Ans: (b)

Solution:
X X
1. for transmission line > 1.0 and for distribution line < 1.0
R R
2. Inductance per phase of unsymmetrical configuration is lightly greater than symmetrical
configuration for same operating voltage.
3. Earth can be treated as one of the conductor in ac because there will be no induced emf
in any grounding system where as in a.c. it is a desirable to use both the conductors of
metallic.
4. R and L are not influenced by the current flowing through earth whereas C will be
influenced by another parallel plant i.e., Earth

27. Ans: (c)

28. Ans: (c)

29. Ans: (a)

30. Ans: (b)

The cross-sectional area of distributors is less due to which resistance is high and hence X/R
ratio is less than 1.

31. Ans: (a)

Solution: For nay transmission line

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

Vs
 VR
Voltage regulation= A  100%
VR
For short line A=1
Hence option (a) is correct

32. Ans: (a)

Solution: admittance  j3  106  3  106 90o

33. Ans: (d)

34. Ans: (b)

35. Ans: (a)

Solution: Series capacitor improves the stability of the line rather than voltage profile but it
uses for both conditions.

36. Ans: (a)

Solution: As the length of the line increases the reactance increases and hence the
maximum power transfer capability reduces.

Vs Vr
Pmax  . Maximum Power is also called as Steady State Stability limit so as maximum
X
power reduces stability reduces.

37. Ans: (b)

Solution: For the same power transfer DC system requires either one or two conductors
whereas three phase AC requires either 3 or 4 conductors. So, power per conductor is higher
in DC.

38. Ans: 0.26 to 0.30

L
Solution: Zc   269.26 
C

39. Ans: 40.5

Solution: Q  V 2
2
Q V 
 2   2 
Q1  V1 
2 2
V   360 
 Q2  Q1  2   50     40.5 MVAR
 V1   400 

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

40. Ans: (b)

1 1
Solution: Velocity of propagation    159.24 m/s
LC 0.20  10  196.2  1012
6

41. Ans: (a)

Solution: Corona loss (f+25)
For 50 Hz, corona loss = 1 kW/phase/km
For 25 Hz
1 50
Corona loss    25  25    1 kW/phase/km=0.667 kW/phase/km
50  25 75

42. Ans: (a)

Solution: In sending end C-model, line charging current does not affect the current passing
through the series impedance of the circuit as IR flows through Z. But in other models due to
line charging current the current flowing through series impedance reduces and thus voltage
drop from sending to receiving end reduces. So, sending end has lower voltage i.e. closer to
receiving end voltage. In other words, we can say in other model shunt capacitor provides
shunt compensation and reduces the voltage drop in the line.

43. Ans: (b)

Solution: Series capacitor would reduce the effective reactance of the line and hence the rise
in voltage from sending to the receiving end.

44. Ans: (c)

Solution: For a lossless line maximum power is given as,
VS VR
Pmax 
X
To increase maximum power we need to reduce reactance or inductance. Inductance per
phase is given by,
  GMD 
Lph  0 ln  
2  GMR 
Thus, with low GMD and high GMR we can reduce inductance to increase maximum power.

45. Ans: (a)

Solution: Power Loss per phase is given by, P  Ic2R where Ic flows in each conductor.

46. Ans: (c)

Solution: Since, line is capacitive in nature the area of operation will fall from -1800 to 00 but
S
for stable mode synchronizing from coefficient should be positive i.e.  0 , hence only C

is correct.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

47. Ans: 22
 0.2C 
Solution: V2  V1 1  m  V1  1    1.2V1  12kV
 C 
Total voltage= V1  V2 =22kV
Total line voltage

48. Ans: (b)

Solution: For, long lossless line,

A  D  cos x  ,    LC
sin x
C  and B  Z c sin x
Zc

49. Ans: (b)

Solution: Due to Ferranti effect maximum voltage occurs at the end of the line. So, the
leakage current through the conductance I  GV is maximum at the end of line.

50. Ans: (c)

Solution: Since, the surge is travelling from a medium having low surge impedance to a
medium with high surge impedance so the amplitude of the surge will be increased. But it
will be less than 200kV as magnitude is doubled only when load impedance is infinite that is
line is open circuited.

51. Ans: (b)

 
1
3
Solution: GMD= 2  5  5


Self GMD= .7788  2  102 

 
3 
1

 2 5  5 
L  2  10 7 ln  2 
 106  .9859 mH / km
 .7788  2  10 
 

52. Ans: (c)

 
Solution: V'  400  10  36.8 2  j0.5  419.07  1.090 V
Pf angle of first load = 1  V  i  cos 0.6  53.1301

i  1.09  53.13  54.220

Current in section 1 is given by,

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

Ia  20  54.22   10  36.8  29.69  48.43A

Vs  419.07  1.09  29.69  48.43   2  j0.5  471.43  5.1780 V

53. Ans: (b)

Vs Vm V V
Solution: Pe  sin  s  m   m r sin  m  0 
x x
2 2
s  m  m
s 30
m    15o
2 2
VV 1.0  0.95
Pe  s m sin  s  m   sin15o  2.46 p. u
x12 0.1

54. Ans: (c)

400

Solution: string 
3  76.98%
20  15

55. Ans: (b)

56. Ans: (c)

 2 
Solution: L  0.4ln  2 
mH/km  1.942 mH / km
 0.7788  2  10 
X total  2  50  1.942  10 3  20 =12.20 

57. Ans: (b)

1
Solution: v   3  108 m / s
LC
2
 1 
LC   8 
 3  10 
2
1  1 
C  8 
 1.11 108 F / km  0.011 F / km
1  106  3  10 

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

58. Ans: (c)

ZB
Solution: V3  2V1  4kV
ZB  Z A
ZC 500
Vr  2V3  2 4  7.27 kV
ZC  ZB 500  50
59. Ans: (c)
Solution: CS  3CC  0.4  2  0.8F
3CS  0.9  Cs  0.3
0.5
3CS  0.8  0.3  CC   0.1667F
3

60. Ans: (c)

Solution: Due to delta connected reactor a single reactor
will be connected between two lines.
The ABCD parameters of a reactor connected between two
Lines can be determined as,

V1  V2
V2
I1  I
jXr 2
 V1   1 0
  
 I1  1 / jxr 1
The entire network can be assumed to be cascading of two
Networks so equivalent parameters are,
 Aeq Beq   A B   1 0
   
 Ceq Deq   C D  1/ jxr 1
B B
Aeq  A   1  xr 
xr 1 A
B
For3 phase delta reactor  xr     3 
1 A
61. Ans: (d)
Solution: Since i  V the load is lagging pf and addition of a reactor in parallel increases
the total current and reduces the power factor as it also consumes lagging current.
But if a shunt capacitor is added the current is leading in capacitor and thus total current
decreases and power factor also increases.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

62. Ans: (b)

Solution: VB  2000o and IB  300o


VA  VB  IAB Z2  200  300o   j1.5  20512.68 V
o

Pf angle of first load = 1  V  i  cos1 0.6  53.130

i  12.68  53.13  40.450
ISA  IA  IAB  10  40.45  300  38.165  9.787o
Vs  VA  ISA Z1  20512.68o  38.165  9.787 j1.5  232.925.8o V
pf 
s
 cos 25.8  9.787   0.813lag

63. Ans: (c)

Solution: SIL is the ideal power transfer capability of the line.
Surge impedance is given by,
L
Zc 
C
For 30% compensation the series reactance of line becomes 70% and thus surge impedance
becomes,

Z c2  0.7 Z c1
V2
SIL1 
Z C1
V2 V2 SIL1
SIL2   
ZC2 0.7ZC1 0.7
SIL2  SIL1 1
% increment in SIL =   1  19.52%
SIL1 0.7

64. Ans: (b)

Solution:
 
 
1 
Load angle  = sin1   30o
  1 1  
   
  0.5  
Qg  Qc  Q1  Qc  Q1  Qg
V1 1
Q1   V1  V2 cos   1  cos30o   0.268 p.u
X   0.5  
Capacitor, Q C  0.268  0.1  0.168 p.u

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

65. Ans: (a)

Solution: The distance of strain insulator discs from the tower is more as compared to
suspension type insulators so capacitance to tower is reduced and thus uniformity in voltage
increases so string efficiency increases.
If ratio of self to shunt capacitance increases then non-uniformity in voltage reduces and
string efficiency increases.
String efficiency does not depend on voltage applied across the string.

66. Ans: (c)

Solution: Due to higher capacitance of UG cables as compared to overhead lines the velocity
of surge is less in UG cables. Thus, the surge waveform gets distorted and wavefront gets
pushed back due to which the steepness of surge reduces.

67. Ans: (a)

Solution: If shunt admittance is assumed to be zero as well as series resistance is neglected
then
A  10o
B  Z sin   82.5sin76o  80 
lossless  90o
110  110 110 
2 2
Vs VB VR
Pmax   cos     cos 90o  151.25 MW
B B 80 80

68. Ans: (a)

110
Solution: Receiving end voltage/phase VR   63.5 kV
3
50  106
Receiving end current, IR   262.4 A
3  110  103
Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor , we have
VR   63500  j0 
IR  262.4  cos1 0.8  262.4 0.8  j0.6   210  j157.5  A

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

(i) Now sending-end voltage per phase is

Vs  A VR  B IR
A VR  0.983o  635000o  622303o  62145  j3257  V
B IR  11075o  262.4  36.86o  2886438.14o  22702  j17826  V
Vs   62145  j3257    22702  j17826   84847  j21083  8742714o V
 Magnitude of sending-end voltage/phase=87427 V
(ii) sending end current is given by
IS  C VR  D IR
IS  5.6  j32    213.5  j143.3  219  j112  246  27o A
 Magnitude of sending end current = 246 A

69. Ans: (a)

Solution: The reactive power output of bus 1 is given by,
V1
Q1   V  V2 cos 
X  1 
Since, there is a real power flow between the buses that means there is some phase
difference in the voltages at the two buses so   0 but V1  V2 . So, Q1 > 0. Hence, bus 1
injects reactive power into transmission line.
The reactive power input of bus 2 is given by,

V2
Q2   V cos   V2  . Since cos   1. So, Q2<0 and thus bus 2 delivers reactive power to
X  1 
transmission line.

70. Ans: (b)

Voltage across string
Solution %   100
n  voltage across disc nearer to conductor
220 220

0.8  3 => n  15  3  158.77

n  15 0.8
158.77
n  11
15

71. Ans: 0.2

Vs
Solution: Q s 
x  s  
 V  VR   Pmax   V   2  0.1  0.2 p.u
regn

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

72. Ans: (b)

400
3 8
Solution: V2  2V   V
400 7
100 
3

73. Ans: (d)

d  d
Solution: L= 0.2ln    1  ln    5
r' r'
d
 148.41
r'
6
r  5.18 cm
148.41  .7788
diameter = 2  5.18= 10.37 cm

74. Ans: 196.8

       
Solution: I 0.2  I  20 0.1  I  30 0.2  0
8
I  16A
0.5
I-20= - 4A < 0
So,at 'B' minimum voltage occurs
VB  VA  I(0.2)  200  3.2  196.8V

75. Ans: (d)

Solution: Sending-end phase voltage
230
V  132.79 kV
3
Receiving end current will be zero, when load is disconnected IR = 0
Sending-end phase voltage is given as
VS = AVR + B IR = AVR + B  0
(or)
Receiving-end voltage,
v 132.790o
VR  S   141.7  1.2o kV
A 0.9371.2o
Line charging current
IC = CVR = 0.00190o  141.5  103-1.2o= 141.7288.8o A

76. Ans: (a)

Solution: As the line is lossless,
   LC

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

1
=3  108 (approx.)
LC
2  50
  1.047  106
3  10 8

 
B  jZ C sin l  j250  sin 1.047  106  200000  0.9190o

77. Ans: (d)

Solution: Length of cable = 5 km = 5000 m
Cable insulation resistance, R = 0.4 M = 0.4  106 
20
Conductor radius r1   10 mm
2
50
Internal sheath radius, r2   25mm
2
 Insulation resistance of the cables is
 r
R loge 2
2l r1
 25
0.4  106   loge
2  5000 10
 the resistivity of the insulating material is,
=1.37  1010  13.7  109   m

78. Ans: (c)

Solution In this question the surge travels from the cable towards the overhead line and
hence there will be positive voltage reflection at the junction.
0.3  10 3
The natural impedance of the cable =  27.38 
0.4  10 6
1.5  10 3
The natural impedance of the line =  353.55 
0.012  10 6
The voltage rise at the junction is the voltage transmitted into the overhead line as the
voltage is zero before the surge reaches the junction
 353.55 
E"   2  15     27.84 kV
 353.55  27.38 

79. Ans: (a)

Solution: For the given values of sending end and receiving end voltages, the power transfer
will be maximum  = .
Where  is the phase angle between sending end and receiving end voltage

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

A  A  0.961.0o
B  B  10080o
The maximum power transmitted is given by
120  110 0.96 110 
2 2
VS VR A VR
PRmax 
B

B
cos      
100

100
 
cos 79o

PRmax  109.83 MW

80. Ans: 31 to 32
Solution: For shunt capacitors
Qshunt (3  phase)  P1 tan 1  tan 2 

  
Qshunt (3  phase)  120K tan cos1 0.8  tan cos1 0.9 
  
Qshunt (3  phase)  31.88KW

81. Ans: (a)

 
Solution: Impedance of line A, ZA  5.5  j13.5   14.5767.83o 
Impedance of line B, ZB   6  j11   12.5361.29o 
Z A  ZB  14.5767.83o  12.5361.39o  27.0664.85o 
Total load supplied in KVA,
10000
S   36.86o  12500  36.86o KVA
0.8
Load supplied by line B,
ZA 14.5767.83o
SB  S  12500  36.86 
Z A  ZB 27.0664.85o
KVA supplied by line B is = 6730-33.88o KVA  6,730 KVA at pf 0.83 lagging

82. Ans: (c)

Solution: The figure shows three conductors of a 3-phase line placed at the corners of a
triangle of sides D12= 2m, D23 = 2.5 m and D31 = 4.5 m.
1.24
The conductor radius, r   0.62 cm
2

Equivalent equilateral spacing,

Dm  3 D12  D23  D31  3 2  2.5  4.5  2.82 m = 282 cm

DS  GMR  0.7788  r  0.7788  0.62  0.4828

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

D 
Inductance / phase / meter L=2  107 loge  m 
 Ds 
 282 
L  2  107 loge    1.27 H/phase/m
 0.4828 

83. Ans: (c)

Solution: To obtain the current in section BC, assume that feeder BC is removed and make
thevenin equivalent across BC
Current in section AB is,

AB = 20(0.8 – j0.6)= (16 – j12)

Current in AC section,
AC= 15(0.6-0.8j)=9-12j
VBC  VAC  VAB  (1  3j)  (9  12 j)  (16  j12)  (1  j1)  17  11j
Equivalent Thevenin resistance =2+4j
17  11 j
IBC  =2.6-1.53j
36j

84. Ans: (b)

Solution: Total voltage variation = 525 – 500 = 25V
475 – 500 = -25 V
i.e. 25V
So, maximum voltage variation is 25V.
100  1000 200
Line current with line voltage of 500 V   A
3  500 3
Rating of induction voltage regulator
= 3  line current in amperes  maximum line voltage variation  10 3  5 KVA

85. Ans: 6.9 to 7.1

Solution: Mutual Capacitance = C
Shunt capacitance = C/5 = 0.2 C
By KCL at node A,
CV2  CV1    0.2CV1
V2  1.2V1
Due to guard ring
V3  V2
V=V1  V2  V3  V1  1.2V1  1.2V1

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

20
V1   5.882 kV
1  1.2  1.2
Voltage on the line end unit is V1  1.2V1  7.06 kV

86. Ans: 21 to 22
Solution: Q at G1  Total Reactive Power at Load Ends + Reactive Power By Line
Total Reactive Power at Load Ends = 15 + 5= 20 p.u.
115  1
I  5.227.5
.05 j
Reactive Power by line=(5.22)2  .05  1.36 p.u.
Total  20  1.36  21.36 p.u.

87. Ans: 5 to 6

Vs Vr
Solution: P  sin 
X

 10  0.05 
  sin1    30
o

 1 

Reactive power flow at sending end through the line is given by

Vs2 Vs Vr 1 1
Qs   cos    cos30o
x x 0.05 0.05
Q s  2.68 p.u.

Reactive power flow at receiving end through the line is given by

2
Vs Vr Vs
Qr  cos  
x x
Q r  2.68 p.u..

So, reactive power absorbed by line is

Q s  Qr  2.68  ( 2.68)  5.36 p.u.

88. Ans: (a)

Solution: D11  r ; D12  D16  D17  2r ; D14  4r
D13  D15  D14
2
 D245  16r 2  4r 2  2 3 . r

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

 The self GMD of stand one is,

DS1  7 r. 2r. 2 3r . 4r . 2 3r . 2r . 2r  7 384.r  2.34 r

89. Ans: 2.1 to 2.3

244 r
 f  25   
2
Solution: Pcorona  V  Vdo  105 KW/km/ph
 d ph
P2 f2  25

P1 f1  25
 60  25 
 P2     2  2.26 KW/km/ph
 50  25 

90. Ans: (b)

Solution: Current loading I = 1 A/m
Resistance per meter, r = 2  10-5 /m
Length of the distributor, l = 500 metres

Distance of the point, at which voltage drop is to be determined, from the feeding point x =
400 metres
Total current in conductor = il
This current will be input from the feeding point
Current at a distance x = il-ix=i(l-x)
Resistance of ‘dx’ length = i(l-x)rdx
Total voltage drop upto distance ‘y’
y y
 y2 
V= i(l  x)rdx=ir  (l  x)dx  ir  ly  
0 0  2 
Voltage drop at a distance of 400 metres from the feeding point

 400  
2
 y2  5    2.4 V
 ir  ly    1 2  10 500  400 
 2   2 
 

91. Ans: (b)

Solution: Number of units, n = 3
Ratio of shunt capacitance to mutual capacitance
0.1C
K  0.1
C
Voltage across bottom most unit, V3 = Safe working voltage of the unit = 20 KV
So voltage across top most unit
V3 20
V1    15.267 KV
1  3K  K 2
1  0.3  0.01

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

Voltage across middle unit

 
V2  V 1  K  15.267  1.1  16.794 kV
Maximum safe working voltage of the string
V  V1  V2  V3  15.267  16.794  20  52 KV
V 52
String efficiency   100   100  86.67 %
nVn 3  20

92. Ans: (d)

Solution: Since the neutral is half the cross-section. its resistance is 0.4 .
Considering the load end and taking VR as the reference vector, the phase voltages can be
written as:
VR  2300o V;
VY  230  120o V;
VB  230120o V;

The line current IR lags behind VR by an angle cos-10.866 = 30o.

The current IY leads VY by 30o and current IB is in phase with VB.
IR  30  30o A;
IY  30  90o A;
IB  30120o V;
Current in neutral wire IN  IR  IY  IB  10.98  j19.02  A
Let the supply voltage of phase R to neutral be ER .Then,
ER  VR +Drop in R phase + Drop in neutral
 
ER =  230  j0   0.2  30  30o  10.98  j19.02   0.4  239.588  j10.608

ER  239.8  2.53 V o

93. Ans: (a)

*
 E   E 0o 
Solution: P2  E2I2*  E2  1 2

 R 1  j  X1  X 2  
 
Let R1  j  X1  X2   Z  Z 

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

 E1 cos     E
*
 E   E   EE E
P2  E2  1 2
  E2   2 cos   2 1 cos      2 cos 
 Z    Z Z  Z Z
To obtain the maximum value of P2* differentiate it with respect to  and equate it to zero.
 dP2  E2E1
   0 => sin      sin      0
 d  Z
   i.e.  < 90o
*
 E   E 
Similarly P1  E I  E1  1
* 2

1 1
 Z  
 
 Both P1max and P2max occur at <90o

94. Ans: (b)

Solution: Assuming capacitance to neutral is CN
The capacitance between any two cores will be two such capacitances in series
Therefore,
1
C2  CN  0.3  10  3F
2
CN  2  3  106  6  106 F
2
 10000 
3  2  50     6  10
6

 
2
3CN Vp  3 
KVA taken by the cable = 
1000 1000
 188.5 KVAR

95. Ans: (b)

Solution: The mutual GMD of the conductor,  3 1.6  3.2  1.6
Dm  2.015m  201.5cm
2 0 2 0
 Capacitance per phase per metre C  F / metre  F / m  8.9 PF/m
GMD 201.5
ln ln
r 0.4
C  8.9  1012  103 F / km  8.9  109 F / km

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

96. Ans: 94 to 95
Solution: C = 94.3 F
Here motor M is taking a current IM of 31.7 A.
Real Power consumed by motor = VIcos   400  31.7  0.7  8876W
Initial power factor = 0.7
Final Power factor = 0.9
Reactive Power supplied by capacitor =
 
Q  P(tan 1  tan 2 )  8876  tan(cos1 0.7)  tan(cos1 0.9)  4756.48 VAR
Q  CV 2
Q 4756.48
C   94.6 F
V 2    50   400 
2 2

97. Ans: 1.2 to 1.3

Solution: Length of cable, I = 1 km = 1000 m
Cable insulation resistance, R = 495 M = 495  106 
2.5
Conductor radius, r1   1.25 cm
2
Resistivity of insulation,  = 4.5  1014 -cm= 4.5  1012  m
Let r2 cm be the internal sheath radius
 r
Now, R  loge 2
2l r1
r2 2lR 2  1000  495  106
loge  
r1  4.5  1012
r2
loge  0.69
r1
r2
(or) 2.3log10  0.69
r1
r2 0.69
 Antilog 2
r1 2.3
r2  2r1  2  1.25  2.5 cm
 Insulation thinkness = r2  r1  2.5  1.25  1.25 cm

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

98. Ans: (a)

110  1000
Solution: Receiving end phase voltage VR   63508 V
3
50  106
Receiving end current, IR   262.43 A
3  110  1000
cos   0.8 and sin   0.6
Taking receiving end phase voltage as reference phasor. we have
VR  63508 1  j0   635080o V
IR  262.43  0.8  j0.6   262.43  36.87o A
Second end phase voltage,
  
VS  AVR  BIR  0.983o  635080o  10075o  262.43  36.87o 
VS  85051.9813.227o V
 Sending end phase voltage,
Vsl  3  85051.98  147.31 KV

99. Ans: (d)

X A XB
Solution: given 
R A RB
  
Transmission lines are parallel i.e. RA  jXA IA  RB  jXB IB 
 X   X 
R A  1  j A  I A  RB  1  j B  IB
 RA   RB 
R A I A  RB IB i.e. both the currents are in same phase
I  I A  IB
I  KIB  K ' I A
Hence Total current I be in phase with both IA and IB

100. Ans: (b)

L 1
Solution: Characteristic impedance Z C   ZC 
C C
So, addition of lumped capacitance in parallel does not increase the characteristic impedance
Propagation constant =j LC    C
Increase in capacitance also increase propagation constant
Changing current IC  jCV  IC  C
Therefore addition of lumped capacitance increases charging current.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

101. Ans: (b)

102. Ans: (a)

Solution: Total series impedance of the line

Z=(0.15+j0.78)×80= 12+j62.4 Ω 
Total shunt capacitance of the line
Y  j5  106  80  j4  104
In nominal-T configuration
1 1
A  D  1  YZ  1  12  j62.4   j4  104   0.98752  j0.0024 
2 2
 YZ   1 
B  Z  1    12  j62.4  1   j4  10  12  j62.4    63.1479.18 
4

 4   4 
C  Y  j4  104  0.004 S
0.980.14o 63.1479.18o 
 The ABCD parameters are  
 0.0004 S 0.980.14o 

103. Ans: (c)

Solution: Receiving-end voltage per phase, VR = 6.3 kV
Voltage regulation = 5% = 0.05
Sending-end voltage per phase,
VS = VR (1 + voltage regulation)
VS = 6.3(1+0.05) =6.615 V
Z per phase = (0.3 + j0.4) = 0.553.13o 
Maximum power per phase,
VV V2 VV V 2 R V 2  ZV 
Pmax  S R  R cos   S R  R   R2  S  R 
Z Z Z Z Z Z  VR 
 6.3
2
 0.5  6.615 
   0.3  35.721 MW
0.5 2
6.3 
Maximum power transferred (total) = 3Pmax  3  35.721  107.163 MW
3VR2 3VR2 X 3VR2 X
Reactive power transferred (total)= sin    2
Z Z2 R  X2
3  6.3  0.4
2 2
 VR 
 3   X   190.512 MVAR
 2
0.3  0.4 
2 2
 R X
2

Receiving-end power factor,
 Q  190.512 
cosR  cos  tan1   cos  tan1 
 P   107.163 
cosR  0.49 leading

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

104. Ans: (b)

Solution: Equivalent circuit of a string of insulators is shown.
Using KCL,
I1  i1  I2  ix
and I2  i2  I3  iy
or Cv1  0.2Cv1  Cv2  0.05C  v2  v3 
and Cv2  0.2C  v1  v2   Cv3  0.05Cv3 .................(i)
or 1.2v1  1.05v 2  0.05v 3 .................(ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii) in terms of v1 , we have
25 1.65
v2  v1 and v 3  v
23.25 1.1625 1
Finally voltage between line conductor and earth
25 1.65
V=v1  v 2  v 3  v1  v1  v  3.49462v1
23.25 1.1625 1
V
So v1   0.286V
3.49462
25
v2   0.286  0.308V
23.25
1.65
and v 3   0.286  0.406V
1.1625
V V
String efficiency =  100   100  82.1%
3V3 3  0.406V

105. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Apparent power of motor, P1 = 25 kVA
Power factor of motor, cos1 = 0.8 (lag)
Active factor drawn by motor Pa1 = P1 cos1 = 20 kW
Reactive power, Pr1 = P1sin1 = 15 kVAR
Let active power of heater be Pa2 kW
Total active power P = Pa1 + Pa2 = 20 + Pa2
Overall power factor, cos = 0.9 (lag)
 tan = (20 + Pa2)  0.4843 = (9.686 + 0.4843 Pa2) kVAR
Since heater operates at u.p.f, reactive power remains same as shown in figure
 Pr1 = Pr
(9.686 + 0.4843 Pa2) = 15
15  9.686
Pa2   10.97kW
0.4843

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

106. Ans: 0.5 to 0.6

Solution: GMR of each conductor, r'=0.7788  12  103m  0.0093456 m
GMR of phase a, Dsa  r'  daa  0.0093456  6  0.2368 m
Similarly, Dsb  0.0093456  6  0.2368 m
Dsc  0.0093456  6  0.2368 m
Self GMD
Ds  3 Dsa  Dsb  Dsc  3 0.2368  0.2368  0.2368  0.2368 m
G.M.D between phases 'a' and 'b'
Dab  4 dab dab'da'b da'b'  4 2  8  4  2  3.364 m
Similarly Dbc  4 dbcdbc'db'cdb'c'  4 2  8  4  2  3.364 m
and Dca  4 dcadca'dc'adc'a'  4 4  2  10  4  4.229 m

overall G.M.D Deq or Dm  3 DabDbsDca  3.364  3.364  4.229 

1/3
 3.63 m
Inductance per km per phase
D
L=0.2ln m mH / km
Ds

3.63
L  0.2ln  0.546 mH / km
0.2358

107. Ans: (d)

Solution: GMR   0.7788r  2r  4r    0.7788r  2r  2r    0.7788r  2r  4r  
1/9

GMR  9  0.7788r   8r2  8r 2  4r 2  1.704 r

3

108. Ans: (c)

E1  E2 100  j0   86.6  j50  13.4  j50
Solution: I      10  j2.68  A
z j5 j5
Now source #1 is driving the current into the circuit.
Apparent power supplied by source #1,
E1 I* = 100(10 + j2.68) = -1000 + j268
Apparent power supplied by source #2,
E2 I* = (86.6 + j50) (10 + j268) = 1000 – j268
 total reactive power (supplied to the impedance by both sources) = 268 + 268 = 536 VAR

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

109. Ans: (b)

Solution: wavelength = , propogation constant = 
2 2
   5609.986 km
 0.00112

line length 400 km

 Required Ratio =   0.0713
wavelength 5609.986 km
% ratio = 7.13%

110. Ans: (b)

Solution: Resistance per 100 m of 2 wire distributor = 2  0.03 = 0.06 ohm
Resistance of section AB, RAB = 0.06  150/100 = 0.09 ohm
Resistance of section BC, RBC = 0.06  50/100 = 0.03 ohm
Resistance of section CA, RCA = 0.06  100/100 = 0.06 ohm

Let us suppose that a current IA flows in section AB of the distributor. The currents in
sections BC and CA will be (IA – 120) and (IA – 200) respectively as shown in the figure.
According to Kirchoff’s voltage law, the voltage drop in the closed ABCA is zero i.e.
IAB RAB + IBC RCB + ICA RCA = 0
or 0.09 IA + 0.03 (IA – 120) + 0.06 (IA – 200) = 0
or 0.18 IA = 15.6
15.6
IA   86.67A
0.18
Current in section AB, = I AB  I A  86.67A (from A to B)
Voltage at point B, VB  VA  I AB R AB  240  88.67  0.09
 232.2 V

111. Ans: (d)

Solution: For transmission of bulk power of very long distance high voltage (400 kV) is used.
To increase reliability double circuit is used.

112. Ans: (c)

Solution: General expression for inductance of a 3-phase transmission
3 d1d2d3
L  2  107 ln H/m
r

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

Consider the two cases when conductors are arranged horizontally and then rearranged at
the corner of an equilateral triangle as shown in the figure.
In horizontal arrangement

d1  d2 and d3 = 2d
d  d  2d
3
L=2  107 ln H/m
r
In equilateral triangle
d1  d2  d3
d d d
L  2  10 7 ln H/m
r
So, the inductance decreases.
While the general expression for capacitance of a 3-phase transmission line is given as
20
C H/m
3 d1d2d3
ln
r
So, the capacitance increases when the conductors are arranged to form an equilateral
triangle.

113. Ans: (a)

Solution: Series impedance
 
Z  R  jL  0.314  j314  1  103   0.4445o 
Shunt admittance

Y  jC  j 314  5  109   1.57  106 90o
Surge impedance
Z 0.4445o
ZC    529.15  22.5o 
Y 1.57  10 90
6 o

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

114. Ans: (b)

Solution: For both conditions (before and after the capacitor bank is added)
Power triangle is shown below
Power angle after the bank is conected
2  cos1 0.9  25.84 o
Reactive power required by motor (before the capacitor bank)
Q1  20  sin 45o  14.142 kVAR (lagging)
Reactive power required by motor (after the capacitor bank)
Q 2  14.14 tan25.84 o  6.848 kVAR (leading)
 Required rating of capacitor bank
Q C  Q1  Q 2  14.4  6.85  20.990 kVAR (leading)

115. Ans: 22 to 23
2  2    8.854  1012  5
Solution: Capacitance per km, C=   0.270F / km
ln R / r  ln  2.8 / 1 
Cable capacitance C  0.27  20  5.4F
Magnitude of charging current, Ic  CV  2    50  5.4  106  13  103  22.054A

116. Ans: (c)

Solution: The GMD between sides x and y:
Dm  6 Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce
Dad  Dbe  9 m


Dae  Dbd  Dce  92  62  62  117 
Dcd  92  122  15
GMD between slides x and y
3
Dm  6 92  117  2  15  10.743 m
GMR of side y

0.5  0.7788  10 
2
Ds  4 Ddd Dde Dee Ded  4 2
 62  0.153 m
The inductance due to current inside y of the line
D 10.743
L y  2  107 ln m  2  107 ln  0.85 H / m
Ds 0.153

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

117. Ans: (c)

Solution: Here power sharing between the AC line and HVDC link can be changed by
controlling the HVDC converter alone because before changing only grid angle we can
change the power sharing between the AC line and HVDC link.

118. Ans: (d)

C1
Solution: The ratio of shunt capacitance of neutral capacitance, k   0.1
C
Voltage across the string V  60 kV
Number of units n  3
 
Voltage across the string V=V1  V2  V3  V1  1  k  V1  1  3k  k 2 V1

 
V  V1  (1  0.1  V1  1  3  0.1  0.12 V1  3.41V1
V 60
or Voltage across the top unit V1    17.6 kV
3.41 3.41
 
Voltage across the second unit V2  1 k V1  1.1 17.6  19.35 kV
 
Voltage across the bottom unit V3  1  3k  k2 V1  1.31 17.6  23.1 kV

119. Ans: (a)

Solution: The magnitude of the voltage w.r.t. neutral at the load is
4400
Van   2540.34 V
3
If Van , the voltage across the load is reference,
Van  2540.340o V
2540.340o
Ian 
2030o
Ian  127.0  30o A
Van  Ian ZL  the line to neutral voltage at the substation.

 
=2540.340o  127  30o  1.475o  2669.022.699o V
The line to line voltage at the substation bus is
3  2669.02  4622.87  4.612kV

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

120. Ans: 6.3 to 6.5

Solution: Where P1 and P2 are power lines and T1 & T2 are telephone lines.
Current in power circuit, I = 80 A
Flux induced in T1
  1 1 
 T1  0 I  ln  I  ln 
2  DP1T1 DP2T1 
Flux induced in T2
  1 1 
T2  0 I  ln  I  ln 
2  DP1T2 DP2T2 
Total flux linkage,
  D D 
   T1   T2  0 I  ln P1T2  I  ln P2T2 
2  DP1T1 DP2T1 
   4   2.1   0  4 
  0 I ln    ln     I  ln  
2   2.1   4    2.1 
Voltage induced in the telephone line
 4 
IVTI    2  50  0.4  ln    80  6.477 V / km
 2.1 
IVTI  6.477 V / km

121. Ans: (d)

Solution: Reeving-end phase voltage,
110  1000
VR   63508 V
3
Magnitude of receiving-end current,
30  106
IR   196.82 A
3  110  103  0.8
Taking receiving-end phase voltage as reference phasor, we have
VR  635080o V
Receiving-end current IR  196.82  36.87o A
Sending-end phase voltage Vs  AVR  BIR
Vs  0.961.0o  635080o  10080o  196.82  36.87o  76656.6710.88o V

Magnitude of sending-end line volatge VSL  3  76656.67  132773.2 V or 132.77 kV

VSL  VRL 132.77  110
Voltage Regulation=  100   100  20.70%
VRL 110

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then check
the Solutions.

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: 2

6kW 50  25 25
Solution: Ploss   f  25     P2  6   2kW
P2 0  25 75

2. Ans: 218 to 219

Solution: Assuming current I1 from the source, the current in various parts of the line is
shown in figure below,

Applying KVL

220  220  I1  0.06  I1  10  0.08  I1  30  0.05  I1  60  0.01

0  (10  0.08)  (30  0.05)  (60  0.01)

I1   14.5
0.06  0.08  0.05  0.01

I1  30  15.5A  0

So, current reverses its direction at B. So, minimum potential occurs at B.

Vmin  220  14.5  0.06   4.5  0.08  218.77V

3. Ans: 9.5 to 10.0

2 2  3.14  8.85  1012

Solution: C / Phase / m    9.75pF
d  3 
ln   ln  2 
r  1  10 

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

4. Ans: 18 to 19

mutual capacitance 1
Solution: m  
self capacitance 10

10
v3 
2

 
V3  m2  3m  1 V1  1.31V1

10
V1   5.3977kV
1.31 2

V2  m  1 V1  1.1V1

Total Voltage= V1  V2  V3  V1  1.1V1  1.31V1  3.41V1  18.406kV

5. Ans: (a)

Solution: The phase angle of voltage and magnitude of voltage is more for source so both
active and reactive power are transformed from source to load

6. Ans: (b)
1
Solution: V  where L-Inductance/km; C  capacitance/km
LC
0.065
For L, Z = X=2fL  l  0.065=2  50  L  l  L=
100  l

1.4
For C, B  C  l  1.4  2  50  C  l  C 
100  l

1
 V
0.065 1.4
.
100  l 100  l

0.9049  108
0.065  1.4  3  108  100 l =>l  288km
100

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

7. Ans: 22 to 23
Solution: Since, surge travels from Overhead line to cable, we consider characteristic
impedance of cable as load impedance. Applying expression for transmitted voltage,
 2Z cable 
Vtransmitted  Vsurge  
 Z OH  Z cable 
2  50
 V1  100   22.22 kV
400  50

8. Ans: 2000

Solution:

 1 0
 A1 B1   1  XZ Z   
Equivalent T-matrix will be    1
 C1 D1   Y 1   1 
 Xr 
For, VS  VR  Al  1
Z
Xr 
YZ
1
Xr   2000
Y

9. Ans: 5.5 to 5.7

Solution: Since p.f of generator G is unity,

Q1  0 p.u
1
QLine  cos  30   1  0.67 p.u
0.2  
Net  supplied by capacitor= QLine  SD2  5  .67  5.67p.u

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

10. Ans: (a)

2r 0l
Solution: Capacitance of single core cable is, C 
R 
ln  
r

R  R
For most economic radius of the core, ln    1 i.e.  e
r r

C  2r 0l  1.668F

11. Ans: (d)

66
Solution: VR,ph  0o kV
3
15M
IR ,ph   131.2A
3  66K
IR ,ph  131.20o [unity pf]
VS,ph  A VR ,ph  B IR ,ph
 66K 

VS,ph  0.950.5o    
  8570 131.20   41.4415.1 kV
o o

 3 
VSL  L   3  41.44 kV  71.78 kV

12. Ans: 23 to 25

110kV
Solution: Vrph  0o
3

Under no load condition

Vsph  AVrph

110k
Vrph  0.95  2o
3

110k
Isph  C. Vrph  0.6  104  90o
3

110 110
NL Ploss  3 . Vsph Isph . coss  3  0.95   0.6  104   cos88o MW=0.024 MW
3 3

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

13. Ans: (b)

Solution: Total wire dc system, referring to figure 'a'
Power supplied, P1  VI1
Power supplied, W1=2I12R
2I12R
Percentage power loss   100 ............(1)
VI1
3 phase, 3 wire ac system, referring to figure 'b'
Power supplied, P2  3VI2

Power loss, W2  3I22R

3I22R
Percentage power loss =  100 ..............(2)
3VI2
As the percentage power loss in the two cases is the same,
2I12R 3I2R
 100  2  100
VI1 3VI2
2
I2  I1
3
2
3V  I1
P 3VI2 3
Now, 2   2
P1 VI1 VI1
 P2  2P1
i.e additional power which can be supplied at unity power factor by 3-phase. 3-wire a.c.
system = 100 %.

14. Ans: 27 to 29
Solution: Power delivered, P = 10 MW = 10,000 kW
Phase voltage at receiving end,
V 30,000
VR  RL   17,320 V
3 3
P  1000 10,000  1000
Line current, I=   240.56 A
3VRL cos R 3  30,000  0.8
power delivered
T 
power delivered  line losses
3I2R  1 
 line losses =  Power delivered    1 
1000  T 

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 Power Systems (Transmission and Distribution)

3I2R  1 
 10,000   1   416.67 kW
1000  0.96 
416.67  1000
or R=  2.4  / phase
3   240.56 
2

Phase voltage at sending end,

V 33000
VS  SL   19.052 kV
3 3
Since VS  VR  IR cos R  IX sin R
 19052=17320+240.56  2.4  0.8+240.56  X  0.6
19052  17320  240.56  2.4  0.8
or X   8.8  /phase
240.56  0.6
X 8.8
Inductance per phase,L=   28 mH / phase
2f 2  50

15. Ans: (b)

VSL VRL A
Solution: Receiving-end true power, PR  cos       VRL2 cos     
B B

where A=0.96, B=100, =1o and   80o and  is the phase angle between
sending and receiving end voltages.

Thus, we have
120  110 0.96
cos      
 110  cos 80o  1o 
2
50 
100 100

50  22.164
or cos        0.5467       cos1 0.5467  56.86o
132

Reactive power supplied by the line at the receiving end,

VSL V Rl A 120  110 0.96

sin       VRL2 sin        
 110  sin 80 o  1o 
2
QR  sin 56.86 o 
B B 100 100

QR  110.53  114  3.49 MVAR

i.e. line is supplying a leading reactive power of 3.47 MVAR or line is demanding 3.47 a
lagging reactive power of 3.47 MVAR.

Since the load required lagging reactive power of 50tan cos1 0.8   i.e., 37.5 MVAR, the
synchronous capacitor must deliver 37.5 + 3.49 i.e., 40.99 MVAR (lagging)

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