Precast and Cast-in-Place Wall Panel

System

WALL PANEL SYSTEM

1. FLAT TYPE

- Typically considered part of a

building’s enclosure or “envelope”
4. TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM
- Can be designed to also serve as
part of the building’s structural - are poured on the job site using a
system. casting bed and then lifted into place
using cranes.

- forming the panels on site eliminates

the need for transportation.

2. RIBBED TYPE

- Wall panels can be ribbed, to 5. DOUBLE-TEE TYPE

increase their vertical span capacity
while minimizing weight, or formed
into other special shapes.

6. TEXTURED TYPE

3. WINDOW & DOOR TYPE

 7. SCULPTURED TYPE Composite construction refers to any
members composed of more than one
material. The parts of these composite
members are rigidly connected such that no
relative movement can occur.

The composite construction is a modern

building method that is based on the
combination of steel cross sections and
reinforced concrete elements and is aimed
at the maximum possible utilization of their
properties to the benefit of the structure.

● a generic term to describe any

building construction involving
___________________________________ multiple dissimilar materials
● often used in building aircraft,
A cast-in-place concrete wall system is watercraft, and building
an exposed structural system that also construction
serves as the façade. Precast concrete
walls are constructed by casting concrete in MAIN COMPOSITE ELEMENTS
a reusable wall mold or form which is then
cured in a controlled environment, 1. Composite Beam - a structural
transported to the construction site and beam composed of different
lifted into place. The main function of the materials so interconnected that the
precast walls is to speed up the construction beam responds to loads as a unit.
process.

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Steel and Concrete

These two materials complete one another:

● Concrete is efficient in compression

and steel in tension
● Concrete encasement restrain steel
against buckling
● Concrete provides Protection
against corrosion and fire
● Steel bring ductility into the structure
2. Composite Slab - comprise of Concrete is good in compression and
reinforced concrete cast on top of steel is good in tension.
profiled steel decking, which acts as
formwork during construction and BENEFITS OF COMPOSITE
external reinforcement at the final CONSTRUCTION
stage.
➢ speed of construction, performance,
and value.
➢ Concrete encasement protects steel
from buckling, corrosion and fire.
➢ Building quality standards can be
adhered easily by the use of
prefabricated decks.

ADVANTAGES

● The concrete acts together with

the steel to create a stiffer,
lighter, less expensive structure.

● Speed and simplicity of

construction- faster to erect,
nearly 25% faster than traditional
construction.

● Lighter construction than a

traditional concrete building.

● Less material handling at site.

3. Composite Column - are a ● Has better ductility and hence

combination of two traditional superior lateral load behavior;
structural forms: better earthquake resistor.
➔ structural steel
➔ structural concrete ● Ability to cover large column free
areas in buildings and longer
span for bridges/flyovers.

DISADVANTAGES

● Provide misleading messages

about quality if poorly
constructed or misinterpreted.

● Lead to simplistic policy

conclusions.
 ● Can be misused, if the LINEAR STRUCTURES
construction process is not
transparent and lacks sound
statistical or conceptual
principles.

● Selection of metrics and weights

can be challenged by other
stakeholders. Linear tensile structures are the structure in
which all the members are in linear tensile
forces. These linear members are
CABLE AND TENSILE STRUCTURES supported by the compression members,
but the major loads are carried out by
Cable structure is a form of long-span tensile members.
structure that is subject to tension and uses
suspension cables for support.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES
Catenary - graceful curve of the huge main
cables of a suspension bridge.

A tensile structure is a construction of

elements carrying only tension and no
compression or bending.

Tensile structures are also called membrane

structures, fabric structure, tensioned
structures, tensile membrane structures or
Three-dimensional tensile structures is a
tensile fabric structure. It most often used as
compilation of elements that are primarily in
a roof, as they can economically and
tension, with the compression being
attractively span large distances. Tensile
transferred to a central mast and down into
membrane structures may also be used as
the ground. The most common occurrence
complete buildings, with a few common
of three-dimensional tension can be seen at
applications being sports facilities,
sports arenas and usually serve as roofs for
warehousing and storage buildings, and
these structures.
exhibition venues.

Types of Structure with Significant

Tension Members

SURFACE-STRESSED STRUCTURES
Surface-stressed tensile structures are the same as other 2 tensile structures, but the surface
members are tension bearing members. Fabric tensile structures are the great examples of
Surface-stressed tensile structures, where the vertical pillars hold the specially designed fabric
which is in tension.

STAYED STRUCTURES

Tensile - tension, the state of being stretched or pulled apart by such a force
Resistant - resist, a force that tends to oppose or retard motion

Stayed structures consist of beams or trusses that are intermittently supported by strands or
rods (strands and rods have greater stiffness than wire ropes and hence reduce deflection).
Although stays usually support structures, pulling from above, they may also push from below
by means of compression struts. The latter is also referred to as cable propped or just propped.
Given the slope of stays, they generate not only a vertical uplift but also a horizontal reaction in
the supported members and masts. In beams the horizontal reactions yield compression; in
masts they introduce bending and overturn moments, unless stays on both sides balance the
horizontal reactions.

EXAMPLES OF STAYED STRUCTURES:

SUSPENDED STRUCTURES
are used for long-span roofs. They are most
effective if the curvature is compatible with
spatial design objectives, and the horizontal
thrust is resisted by a compression ring or
by infrastructures, such as grandstands.

Suspended cables effectively resist gravity

load in tension, but are unstable under wind
uplift and uneven loads.

Under its own weight a cable assumes the

funicular shape of a catenary (Latin for
chain line).

● a structure such as a suspension

bridge, which relies solely on the
force of tension to support loads
● used for long-span roofs
 ___________________________________

Cable trusses evolved from needs to

stabilize suspension structures against wind
uplift and unbalanced gravity loads, using a
second set of cables with opposing
curvature.

Cable-truss structures can be described as

a system of straight bars and cables joined
at their ends from a rigid framework.

The objective is to transfer applied loads to

the supports in the form of axial forces.
Although cable-trusses are actually
three-dimensional structures, most can be
reduced to planar cases. This
approximation is adopted in this work as it
reduces computational cost, and also
delivers a deeper insight of the structure
dependencies.

Suspended Structures are those with

horizontal planes i.e. floors are supported
by cables (hangers) hung from the parabolic
sag of large, high-strength steel cables. The
strength of a suspended structure is derived
from the parabolic form of the sagging high
strength cable.

To make this structure more efficient, the

parabolic form is so designed that its shape
closely follows the exact form of the
moment diagrams.

The sagging cable is more stable under

symmetrical loading conditions as the cable
may deform as it attempts to adjust to an
eccentric loading. As the cable adjusts to
this load its shifts the rest of the structure.
___________________________________

Anticlastic tensile structures are flexible

membranes or cable nets of saddle-shaped
curvature. The term membrane is used here
to imply membranes and cable nets. Given
the nature of flexible membranes, double
curvature and prestress are essential for
stability. This can be observed with simple
string models. Two strings pulled in opposite
directions stabilize a point at their
intersection.

The surface may be a membrane of fabric

or other material or a cable net. Although
anticlastic curvature provides stability, some
elastic deformation is possible due to
material elasticity. Thus, steel cable nets
with high elastic modulus deform less than
fabric membranes with lower stiffness.

● Having a curvature, at a given

point and in a particular
direction, that is of the opposite
sign to the curvature at that point
in a perpendicular direction.

Curved in Opposite Ways, in 2 Directions

● Are flexible membranes or cable

nets of saddle-shaped curvature.
Tend to be formed by steel cables and
masts or arches pulling them into tension.
Whilst the fabric itself may be very thin, the
tensile force imposed on it to ensure it
remains stable under load can be high, and
so the supporting structure required to
transfer loads to the foundations can be
significant.

Are typically created by inflation (sometimes

referred to as air-supported structures). Air
pressure within the enclosure maintains the
form of the surface when it is tensioned.
This is similar to blowing up a balloon, but
the pressure is very low so that it is
generally not noticeable to occupants.
______________________________________

Tensioned Fabric Structure vs Tensile

Structure

- A structure where the exterior shell

is a fabric material spread over a
framework. The fabric is maintained
in tension in all directions to provide
stability.
- Tension roofs or canopies are those
in which every part of the structure is
loaded only in tension, with no
requirement to resist compression or
bending forces.
Pleated Structures

Pleats – parallel strips

● practice of folding a fabric into

parallel strips
● common type of architectural
construction in Japan
● tensile version of corrugation

There may be a case to be made that the

membrane surface has a slight curvature in
one direction - but the tension in the cables
seems to do a pretty good job of eliminating
any doubly-curved surfaces. Use of an
anticlastic surface is an effective way of
stabilising a membrane in space.
Pleating takes another approach to
stabilization - it ensures that the membrane
is always close to a steel cable. By regularly
supporting the fabric, the importance of
ensuring that the fabric itself forms
anticlastic surfaces declines.

___________________________________

Pneumatic structures are flexible

membranes that derive their stability from
air pressure. They usually have synclastic
curvature like domes, but anticlastic
curvatures are possible as well.
- are membrane structures that are
stabilized by the pressure of
compressed air
- is usually round because it creates
the greatest volume for the least
amount of material
- whole envelope surface has to be
evenly pressurized for its best
stability
- very lightweight and flexible
enclosed structure
- usually fabricated of a membrane of
an impervious material

Two generic types of pneumatic structure

are air supported (low pressure) and air
inflated (high pressure) systems. The air
pressure in inflated high pressure structures
is 100 to 1000 times greater than in air
supported low pressure structures. Air supported structures typically have a
single fabric layer enclosing a space in form
of domes or similar shapes. The fabric is
supported by inside air pressure. However,
considering human comfort, air pressure
can be only slightly higher than outside
atmospheric pressure. The low air pressure
makes air supported structures more
vulnerable to flutter under wind load.
Air inflated structures are hermetically Disadvantages of Pneumatic Structures
enclosed volumes that are inflated under
high pressure much like a football to provide - There is the need for continuous
stability. They can have various tubular or maintenance of excess pressure in
cushion forms with high air pressure the envelope or enclosed
between two layers of fabric that provide membrane.
usable space under normal air pressure. - It has a relatively short service life.
- It has poor fire resistance and
acoustic insulation.

Uses of Pneumatic Structures

- It can be used for permanent and

temporary buildings for a variety of
purposes such as production and
storage areas, halls for performance,
sports stadium like tennis, swimming
pool, trade or exhibitions.
- It can also be used for mobile
buildings such as maintenance
stations, medical aid stations,
clubhouses, libraries.

Advantages of Pneumatic Structures

- It is a lightweight structure.
- There is a possibility to cover large
spans without internal support.
- There is a rapid assembly of
structure.
- This is complete predetermination
for light and radio waves, portability,
transparency.
- It is a low cost structure.