Executive Branch - In the executive branch of a nation, the President is the head

of state and head of government. They are responsible for leading the country,
making major decisions, and representing the nation on the international stage. The
Vice President assists the President and takes over if the President is unable to
fulfill their duties.

Cabinet - is a group of high-ranking officials who advise the President and oversee
various departments of the federal government. Each member of the Cabinet is
responsible for a specific department, such as State, Defense, or Treasury. They
work with the President to develop policies and ensure the effective implementation
of laws.
Autonomous region
In an autonomous region, the Regional Governor is the head of the regional
government. They have similar responsibilities to a governor in a province, but their
authority is more limited as they are part of a larger autonomous region.
Province
In a province, the Governor is the head of the provincial government. They are
responsible for overseeing the administration of the province, implementing laws and
policies, and representing the province on the national level. The Vice Governor assists the
Governor in their duties.
Municipality/ City
In a municipality or city, the Mayor is the head of the local government unit. They
are responsible for managing the city’s resources, implementing national laws and
policies, and representing the city on the regional and national levels. The Vice Mayor
assists the Mayor in their duties.
Barangay

In a barangay, the Barangay Captain is the head of the barangay, which is the
smallest administrative unit in the Philippines. They are responsible for overseeing the
day-to-day operations of the barangay, implementing laws and policies, and representing
the barangay on the municipal level.

Legis – comes from the latin word lex meaning Law…

Legislative branch – ito po yoong tumatalakay sa paggawa ng deliberasyon,

amendent and repealing laws. At ito in po yoong makakagawa ng batas base on the
nature, needs and constitutionality with the existing Philippine Laws that tacter
cveryday life issues in the nation. They create laws for the benefit of the people.

- They are the ones who determine the far bracket that serves as the
government lifeline. They can impeach an executive and judiciary officials
that includes the president or chief Justice. They are also arranged to
different committees and they are the one who have the right to investigate
allegations within the government.

Legislative branch - this institutions are divided into two: the Senate and House
of Representatives.

Head Senate President: Senator Francis “Chis” G. Escudero

Head Speaker of the House: Martin Romualdez

316 seals (253 district representative)

(43 party list representative)

Regional Legislative Assembly (Pangrehiyong Kapulungang Pambatasan

ng ARMM)

Provincial - They are the legislatives in the Philippine provinces defined by Local
Government Code of 1991

Judiciary Branch– The judiciary of the Philippines consists of the Supreme

Court, which is established in the Constitution, and three levels of lower courts namely
Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, and Court of Tax Appeals which are established through
law by the Congress of the Philippines.

Supreme Court – The Supreme Court (SC) is the highest court of the land and is the
court of last resort. It is led by the Chief Justice, who is joined by 14 Associate
Justices who will serve in the Supreme Court until the age of 70. The sitting chief
justice is Alexander Gesmundo, the 27th to serve in that position. The justices are
appointed to the Judiciary by the President of the Philippines from a shortlist
submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. The Supreme Court has expansive
powers, able to overrule political and administrative decisions, and with the ability
to craft rules and law without precedent – precedent refers to a court decision
that is considered an authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or
similar facts, or similar legal issues/precedent are something that may serve as an
example or rule to be followed in the future.

Court of Appeals - The Court of Appeals was created on December 3, 1935 by

virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 3 and formally organized on February 1, 1936. Its
principal mandate is to exercise appellate jurisdiction on all cases not falling within
the original and exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court – court of appeals are
responsible for reviewing cases that do not fall under the original and exclusive
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. For example, if a regional trial court rules against
a defendant in a civil case involving a contract dispute, the defendant can appeal to
the Court of Appeals for a review of the decision. Decisions from this court can only
be appealed to the Supreme Court.
Below this level are Regional Trial Courts and Shari’a District Courts,

Regional Trial Court - are spread throughout the country among judicial regions
which some of these courts are specialized to deal with certain types of cases.
Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) in the Philippines serve as the highest level of trial
courts, handling serious criminal cases and civil matters, while also reviewing
decisions made by lower courts, thereby playing a crucial role in ensuring that
significant legal disputes are resolved fairly and justly within the judicial system.
Below this level are the following:
 Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTC) - these courts handle cases involving
violations of city or municipal ordinances and criminal offenses punishable by
imprisonment not exceeding six years within metropolitan areas.
 Municipal Trial Courts in Cities (MTCC) - MTCCs serve similar functions
as MeTC’s but are specifically designated for cities outside Metro Manila,
addressing local ordinance violations and less severe criminal cases.
 Municipal Trial Courts (MTC) - MTCs operate in individual municipalities,
dealing with minor civil and criminal cases, including violations of local
ordinances and offenses with penalties not exceeding six years.
 Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MCTC) - MCTCs cover multiple
municipalities, providing judicial services for both civil and criminal matters
that fall under their jurisdiction, facilitating access to justice in less populated
areas.
Shari’a District Courts – these courts have appellate jurisdiction over cases tried
in the Shari’a Circuit Courts and original jurisdiction over various personal and
family matters involving Muslims, such as estate settlements and marriage
disputes.
 Shari’a Circuit Courts - these courts possess exclusive original jurisdiction
over offenses defined under the Code of Muslim Personal Laws and civil
actions involving disputes between Muslims regarding marriage and family
relations.

Sandiganbayan - is a special court in the Philippines that has jurisdiction over

criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and other offenses
committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned
and controlled corporations. As restructured, the Sandiganbayan is presently
composed of a Presiding Justice and fourteen (14) Associate Justices who sit in five
(5) Divisions of three Justices each in the trial and determination of cases.

Court of Tax Appeals - Republic Act No. 1125 (June 16, 1954) created the Court of
Tax Appeals, a special Court mandated to address the adjudication of appeals
involving internal revenue tax and customs cases of the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue and the Commissioner of Customs, respectively. CTA is now composed of
one (1) Presiding Justice and eight (8) Associate Justices. The CTA may sit en banc
or in three (3) divisions with each division consisting of three (3) Justices.