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Atomic Structure Notes

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15 views5 pages

Atomic Structure Notes

Uploaded by

Nicholas Romero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

6C

1s^2 2s^2 2p^2 2n^2

1s s ^2 2(1)^2= 2e’

2s 2p s^2 p^6 2(2)^2= 8e’

3s 3p 3d s^2 p^6 d^10 2(3)^2= 18e’

4s 4p 4d 4f s^2 p^6 d^10 f^14 2(4)^2= 32 e’

5s 5p 5d 5f 5g

6s 6p 6d

s - 1 orbital (2 e’/ orbital) = 2e’

p- 3 orbitals (2 e’/ orbital) = 6e’

d - 5 orbitals (2 e’/ orbital) = 10 e’

f - 7 orbitals ( 2 e’ / orbital) = 14 e’
The three (3) subatomic particles:
Subatomic Charge Mass (g) Mass (amu) Location in Discoverer
particle an atom
protons +1 1.6726 x 10-24 1.0073 in the nucleus Ernest
Rutherford

electrons -1 9.1094 x 10-28 5.4858 x 10-4 outside the Joseph John


nucleus, in Thomson
shells
neutrons 0 1.6740 x 10-24 1.0078 in the nucleus James
Chadwick

German physicist Eugen Goldstein discovered in 1886 the presence of new


radiations in a gas discharge and called them anode rays or canal rays. These
rays were positively charged radiations which ultimately led to the discovery of
another sub-atomic particle known as protons.

Goldstein provoked scientists to believe the presence of some positively charged


particle in an atom via his anode ray experiment. Still, it was Rutherford who
gave a thorough description of the presence of positive particles inside the
nucleus of an atom, which he called a proton (via his gold foil experiment).

Hence, E. Goldstein was the one who originated the idea of the proton while
Rutherford justified his thoughts about this, thus getting the credit for discovering
it.

1. The atom of any element contains exactly the same number of


protons and electrons, therefore the atom is electrically neutral.

NO. OF PROTONS = NO. OF ELECTRONS

2. The MASS NUMBER of an atom is equal to the number of protons


plus the number of neutrons.

MASS NUMBER = NO. OF PROTONS + NO. OF NEUTRONS


3. The ATOMIC NUMBER of an atom is equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus. Therefore,

NO. OF NEUTRONS = MASS NUMBER - ATOMIC NUMBER

The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the


nucleus of each atom of that element. This means that the number of
protons is the characteristic which makes each element unique
compared to all other elements. Elements are different because of
their atomic number.

Mass Charge Symbol


Proton 1 amu +1 p- nucleons

Neutron 1 amu 0 n0 nucleons


-4
Electron 5x10 amu -1 e-

Quarks - smaller particles of the protons and the neutrons

IONS
Cations - positively charged ions; lost electrons
Anions - negatively charged ions; gained additional electrons

ISOTOPES

Isotopes are atoms having different atomic masses but the same
atomic number. They have the same number of protons and electrons
but different number of neutrons. Isotopes of the same element have
the same chemical properties but slightly different in physical
properties.
ATOMIC WEIGHT

The atomic weight of an element in the Periodic Table of Elements is a


weighted average of the masses of the naturally occuring isotopes of
an element expressed in amu. Most elements are mixtures of isotopes.
To calculate the atomic weight:

The masses of isotopes x % distribution of the isotope of element in nature

Example:
The atomic weight of carbon is a weighted average of the masses of
the two most abundant naturally occuring isotopes of carbon: Carbon
12 (98.90%, 12.000 amu) and Carbon 13 (1.10%, 13.003 amu).
Calculate the atomic weight of Carbon.

Solution:
To calculate the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes,
multiply each atomic mass by its abundance and then add.

(98.90/100 x 12.000 amu) + (1.10/100 x 13.003 amu) = 12.011 amu

C-12 C-13

Atomic mass is the total mass of particles of matter in an atom, i.e., the
masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom added together.
However, electrons are so small that they are negligible when finding
the mass of an atom.

ATOMIC MASS UNIT (AMU)

An atomic mass unit (AMU) is a unit of mass used to describe matter


at the atomic scale. One atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 the mass of
an individual carbon-12 atom at rest and in a grounded state. Prior to
carbon-12 being used as the standard, hydrogen and oxygen were
used to define an AMU.
Atomic mass unit (AMU), in physics and chemistry, a unit for
expressing masses of atoms, molecules, or subatomic particles. An
atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 the mass of a single atom of carbon-
12, the most abundant isotope of carbon, or 1.660538921 ×
10 −24 gram.

How do you convert AMU to grams?

One AMU has a mass of 1.66 x 10^-24 g. This can be used to convert
from AMU to grams by setting up a conversion where the AMU cancels
out. To do this, multiply the number of AMU given by 1.66 x 10^-24 g /
1 AMU.

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