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18 views5 pages

Null 3

Uploaded by

silaspaul549
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.1.

Worms (Vermes)

They have three body layers (triploblastic); ectoderm, mesoderm,


endoderm.
a) Nematodes -Roundworms (class Nematoda)
Nematodes are saprophytic or parasitic cylindrical roundworms.

Their body is pointed at the ends.

➢ They have round, cylindrical body


➢ Their body is unsegmented
➢ They have 3 body layer (triploblastic) and pseudocoelomate.
➢ They lack blood circulatory system
➢ Gas exchange occurs the whole body
➢ Have a complete digestive system with both a mouth and anus.
➢ Some are free living while others are parasites e.g. Ascaris.

Examples include: Hookworms whose larvae enter the human body


through the skin and travel via bloodstream to intestine. They feed
on the walls of intestine causing bleeding. Ascaris lumbricoides
(pig worm) though harmless can also infect humans. Wuchereria
bancrofti which lives in humans causes elephantiasis by blocking
the lymph vessel.
mouth

anus

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b) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms).

➢ They have flattened non-segmented, bilateral symmetrical


(have sides which can be identified as left and right) body
➢ Have no cavity (acoelomate).
➢ Gas exchange occurs by diffusion throughout the body.
➢ Lack blood circulatory system.
➢ They are hermaphrodites (male and female reproductive organ
in the same animal) are reproduce both sexually and asexually.
➢ They are either parasitic or free living.
➢ Examples include: Flukes (Trematoda) which are parasites,
e.g. Schistoma a liver fluke. They cause diseases in humans,
fish and animals. Tapeworm (Cestoda) which are also
parasites and are often found in the gut of vertebrates.
Planaria (turbellaria) which are free living in sea and
freshwater.

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c) Annelida (Earthworms)

➢ These are earthworms and other such as Leeches, Ragworm


and some marine worms. They have a coelom (cavity) which
forms a hydroskeleton.
➢ Have a closed blood circulatory system.
➢ Excretory structure called nephridia (anus)
➢ They have bristle-like structures made of chitin called
chaetae used for movement.
➢ Gas exchange occurs over the whole body through cuticles.
➢ They hermaphrodite and reproduce sexually.
➢ They a ring or saddle-shaped region of glandular tissue in the
body wall called Clitellum in certain annelids-which forms a
cocoon (protective case) in which the eggs and sperm are
deposited for fertilization and development.
➢ They have a complete digestive system.

Chaetae

(Nephridia
)

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1.2. Molluscs - Mollusks (Mollusca)

Three types of molluscs include: 1. slow moving slugs and snails


(class Gastropoda), 2. The sedentary bivalve mussels and
oysters (class polycopoda) and 3. The fast swimming and more
sedentary octopus and squid (class Cephalopoda).

➢ They have soft body divided into the head, foot and visceral
mass (contains the heart, intestine, excretory and
reproductive organs).
➢ Unsegmented body with reduced coelom (cavity).
➢ Visceral mass is surrounded by a mantle (thin membrane)
which releases a calcium carbonate shell. (In slugs and
octopuses this may be internal).
➢ Open blood circulatory system except for octopus.
➢ Snails and slugs are found in moist places on land. (snails
are hermaphrodites- their eggs are fertilized by sperms from
other snails).
➢ Octopuses are found in oceans.
• Octopuses have tentacles for movement and
suckers for catching food.
• They produce sexually; the male tentacle transfers
sperms into the female tentacle. The fertilized egg
is laid outside the body.

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