BDwbU 8: wm×všÍg~jK cwimsL¨vb

cwigvYMZ ev ¸YMZ †h †Kvb ai‡bi DcvË we‡køl‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ nj cÖ‡qvRbxq I e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx wm×všÍ
MÖnY Kiv| †Kvb mgm¨vi DËi AbymÜvb, †Kvb PjK ev †fwiq¨ve‡ji cÖfve ch©‡eÿY, `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
`‡ji g‡a¨ A_©en cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY A_ev †Kvb AbywgZ wm×všÍ hvPvB K‡i Zv MÖnY ev eR©b BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ wm×všÍg~jK cwimsL¨vb Acwinvh©| GB BDwb‡U M‡elKMY KZ©„K eûj e¨eüZ wm×všÍg~jK
cwimsL¨v‡bi Dci 4wU cvV Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv nj:

cvV 8.1: civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK cwimsL¨vb: aviYv

cvV 8.2: KvBeM© †U÷ (  2 -†U÷ )
cvV 8.3: t-†U÷
cvV 8.4: F-†U÷
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 8.1: civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK cwimsL¨vb: aviYv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 civgvwÎK †U÷ msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AcivgvwÎK †U÷ msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK †U‡÷i g‡a¨ cv_K©¨ wb‡`k© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

M‡elKMY Z_¨wek¦ ev mgMÖK n‡Z †hme bgybv msMÖn K‡ib †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v ev wm×všÍ cÖ`v‡bi
†ejvq mvaviYZ wKQz cwimsL¨vwbK †U÷ e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| GB †U÷¸‡jv‡K civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK
GB `yB †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| civgvwÎK †U‡÷i †ejvq †h Z_¨wek¦ ev mgMÖK n‡Z bgybv Pqb Kiv nq
Zvi gvb ev gvÎv (parameter) m¤ú‡K© wKQy mywbw`©ó kZ© _v‡K| civgvwÎK †U‡÷i D`vniY nj t-test,
z-test Ges F test ।

Acic‡¶, AcivgvwÎK †U÷i †¶‡Î M‡elK †h Z_¨wek¦ev mgMÖK n‡Z bgybv Pqb K‡ib Zvi gvÎv ev
c¨vivwgUvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb mywbw`©ó kZ© _v‡K bv| G ai‡bi †U÷ eÈbgy³ ev distribution free| KvBeM©© ev
(  2 ) †U÷ nj GKwU eûj e¨eüZ AcivgvwÎK †U÷| wb‡P GB `yB cÖKv‡ii †U‡÷i g~j cv_K©¨ †`Lv‡bv
nj|
civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK †U‡÷i cv_K©¨
civgvwÎK AcivgvwÎK
1| †h mgMÖK n‡Z bgybv msMnÖ Kiv nq Zvi 1| †h Z_¨wek¦ ev mgMÖK n‡Z bgybv msMnÖ Kiv nq
m¤ú‡K© c~e© aviYv _v‡K| Zvi m¤ú‡K© c~e© aviYv _vKvi eva¨evaKZv †bB|
2| ¯^vfvweK m¤¢vebv eÈb Z‡Ë¡i Dci wbf©i 2| †Kvb eÈb Z‡Ë¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
K‡i|
3| †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZvi cwigvc wn‡m‡e Mo ev wgb 3| †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZvi cwigvc wn‡m‡e wgwWqvb ev ga¨K
e¨envi K‡i| e¨envi K‡i|
4| mgMÖ‡Ki gvÎv m¤^‡Ü KZ¸‡jv we‡kl 4| wKQz AbywgwZi Dci wbfi©kxj n‡jI G¸‡jv
AbywgwZ ev assumption _v‡K| civgvwÎK †U‡÷i gZ RwUj AbywgwZ bq| e¨envi
Kiv myweavRbK|
5| AcivgvwÎK †U‡÷i Zzjbvq kw³kvjx| 5| MvwYwZK wnmve civgvwÎK †U‡÷i †P‡q mij|

BDwbU- 8 wk¶v M‡elYv- 150

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civgvwÎK †U÷ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, hLbÑ

 †Rviv‡jv cwimsL¨vwbK hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g cÖvß dj h‡_ó Zvrch©c~Y© †`Lv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq;
 †h me Z_¨ wek¦ n‡Z bgybv msMÖn Kiv n‡e Zv‡`i †f`v¼ GKB nq;
 PjK¸‡jv AbycvZ wfwËK †¯‹‡j cÖKvk Kiv _v‡K|

AcivgvwÎK †U÷ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq, hLbÑ

 M‡elYvi Dcv˸‡jvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ ga¨K (wgwWqvb) e¨envi Kiv nq,
 Dcv˸‡jv µgwfwËK ev mvwie× msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ nq,
 bgybvi AvKvi Lye †QvU nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1

msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1| civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK †U‡÷i g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_K¨ wK?
2| civgvwÎK I AcivgvwÎK Dfq cÖKvi †U‡÷i D`vniY w`b|
3| civgvwÎK †U÷ †Kvb ai‡bi eÈb Z‡Ë¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î AcivgvwÎK †U÷ e¨envi Kiv nq?

GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 151

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 8.2: KvBeM© †U÷ (  -†U÷) 2

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ

 KvBeM© †U÷ msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 KvBeM© †U‡÷i m~Î wjL‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 KvBeM© ©†U÷ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶Î D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¸iæZ¡c~Y© AcivgvwÎK ev bb-c¨viv‡gwUªK cixÿv¸‡jvi GKwU nj KvBeM©© †U÷ (Chi-square test)|

GwU ˆ`ePwqZ Dcv‡Ëi `yBwUi AwaK PjK (†fwi‡qej) Zzjbv Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| bvw¯Í cÖKí ev
Null hypothesis-Gi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖZ¨vwkZ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ MYbv Kiv nq| cÖK…Z gvb Ges cÖZ¨vwkZ
gv‡bi cv_©‡K¨i Dci wfwË K‡i bvw¯Í cÖKí (Null Abygvb) MÖnY ev cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv nq|
`yB ai‡bi KvB eM© †U÷ Av‡Q| Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB wfbœ wfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ KvB eM© cwimsL¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq|
GKwU nj ÒLvc LvIqv‡bvi DrKl©Zv hvPvB ev test for goodness of fit| G‡ÿ‡Î bgybv ev DcvË
mgMÖ‡Ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv nq|
AciwU nj Pj‡Ki Ab‡cÿZv hvPvB ev test for independence.
hLb †Kvb GKwU Pj ev PjK Aci †Kvb PjK Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv ZLb Zv‡K Ab‡c¶ PjK e‡j|
G†¶‡Î KvB eM© †U÷ `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡Ki© gvÎv cwigvc K‡i bv; eis †Kvb ˆ`e wbqvgK ev
bgybvRwbZ ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ †h AvcvZ m¤úK© cÖZxqgvb nq Zvi GKwU Abygvb cÖ`vb K‡i|
KvBeM© †U‡÷i cwimsL¨vbwU Lye †QvU n‡j †evSvq †h ch©‡eÿYK…Z †WUv Ges cÖZ¨vwkZ †WUv AZ¨šÍ
fvjfv‡e mvgÄm¨c~Y©| Ab¨ K_vq, G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© m¤úK© Av‡Q| KvBeM© †U‡÷i gvb ev
cwimsL¨vbwU Lye eo n‡j †evSvq †h ch©‡eÿYK…Z †WUv Ges cÖZ¨vwkZ †WUv Lye fvjfv‡e mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq
ev Ab¨ K_vq, G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb Zvrch©c~Y© m¤úK© †bB|
KvBeM© †U‡÷i m~ÎwU wbgœiƒc-
2 ( fo  f e ) 2
 =∑
fe

GLv‡b,
fo = ch‡©ew¶Z ev cÖvß NUbmsL¨v ev observed frequency
fe = cÖZ¨vwkZ NUbmsL¨v ev expected frequency|

BDwbU- 8 wk¶v M‡elYv- 152

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

Gevi Avgiv `yB GKwU mnR †¶‡Î KvBeM©© †U÷ e¨envi Kie|
GmGmwm cvk 150 Rb wk¶v_x©‡K ÔÔweÁvbÕÕ, ÔÔevwYR¨ÕÕ Ges ÔÔKjvÕÕ wZbwU kvLvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡Z Zviv
co‡Z B”QyK cÖkœ Kiv n‡j Zviv wbgœiƒc DËi Kij|
weÁvb evwYR¨ Kjv GLv‡b, fo n‡”Q ch‡©ew¶Z wd«‡Kv‡qÝx|
fo
35 55 60
g‡b Kiæb, wk¶v_x©‡`i ÔÔwk¶v MÖæcÕÕ cQ‡›`i e¨vcv‡i A_©en cv_K©¨ Av‡Q wKbv Zv GKRb M‡elK hvPvB
2
Ki‡Z Pvb| G‡¶‡Î  -†U÷ e¨envi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i MÖæc cQ‡›`i g‡a¨ A_©en cv_K©¨ Av‡Q wKsev †bB
Zv hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e|
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q, fo ev ch‡©ew¶Z wd‡«Kv‡qÝx †`Iqv Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i fe ev cÖZ¨vwkZ wd«‡«Kv‡qÝx †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv GKwU bvw¯Í cÖKí a‡i wbw”Q †h, MÖæc cQ›` Kivi wel‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ wQj bv A_©vr
cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©i †h †Kvb MÖæc cQ›` Kivi mgvb m¤v¢ebv wQj| myZivs cÖZ¨vwkZ wd«‡Kv‡qÝx njÑ
35  55  60
fe = = 50
3

fo fe fo - fe (fo - fe)2 (fo - fe)2 / fe

weÁvb 35 50 --15 225 4.5
evwYR¨ 55 50 5 25 0.5
Kjv 60 50 10 100 2.0
†gvU= 7.0
2 ( fo  f e ) 2
myZivs m~‡Î ewm‡q cvBÑ  = ∑ = 7.0
fe

GLb bvw¯Í cÖKí MÖnY ev eR©b Kivi Rb¨ Gevi GB hvPvB cwimsL¨v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv ev degrees of
freedom (df) †ei Ki‡Z n‡e:
¯^vaxbZv gvÎv ev df = (r - 1) (c - 1);
GLv‡b, r = row ev mvwi msL¨v Ges c = column ev ¯Í¤¢ msL¨v

myZivs df = (2 - 1) (3 - 1) = 12 = 2
2
†h †Kvb cwimsL¨v‡bi cvV¨eB G  Gi µvwšÍgvb †`Iqv _v‡K| †h mg¯Í A_e©nZvq GB gvb †`Iqv
_v‡K Zv n‡”Q 1% ev 0.01 gvÎv Ges 5% ev 0.05 gvÎv| bvw¯Í cÖKí hvPvB Kv‡R 0.05 gvÎv Ges 0.01
gvÎv GB `yBwUi †h †Kvb GKwU e¨eüZ nq|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 153
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Avgiv eZ©gvb cix¶‡Yi †¶‡Î 0.05 A_©enZvi gvÎv e¨envi Kie| cwimsL¨v‡bi eB‡q A_©enZvi gvÎv
2 2
0.05 Ges ¯^vaxbZvi gvÎv 2 Gi Rb¨  Gi µvwšÍ gvb nj 5.99| Avgv‡`i D`vniY n‡Z  Gi
wbwY©Z gvb nj 7.00|

myZivs cÖvß gvb (7.০০) > µvwšÍ gvb (5.99)

†h‡nZz µvwšÍgv‡bi †P‡q cÖvß gvb eo, ZvB Avgiv eje MÖæc cQ‡›`i e¨vcv‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i †h gZvgZ
Avgiv †`Ljvg Zvi g‡a¨ A_©en cv_K©¨ i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.2

msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. KvBeM© †U‡÷i gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡bi Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e?

2. ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
3. µvwšÍ gvb ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
4. KvBeM© †U‡÷i gvb hw` A_©en nq Z‡e m¤¢vebv cÖKí m¤ú‡K© †Kvb ai‡bi wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡e?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

১. KvBeM© †U÷ KZ ai‡bi nq? G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?

BDwbU- 8 wk¶v M‡elYv- 154

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cvV 8.3: t-†U÷

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l Avcwb-
 t-†U‡÷i Dc‡hvwMZv eYb©v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 t-†U÷ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶Î D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Ab‡cÿ `j, mgKÿ `j I mn-m¤úK©hy³ `j Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mn-m¤úKh©y³ `‡ji †¶‡Î t-†U‡÷i cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kvb Z_¨wek¦ ev mgMÖK (population) n‡Z msM„nxZ `yBwU c„_K bgybvi Mo gv‡bi g‡a¨ A_©en cv_©K¨
Av‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z t-†U÷ e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov G †U÷ Øviv bgybvi Mo gv‡bi mv‡_ mgMÖ‡Ki
AbywgZ (nvB‡cv‡_wUKvj) Mo gv‡bi †Kvb A_©en cv_©K¨ Av‡Q wKbv ZvI hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e nq| mvaviYZ
†QvU AvKv‡ii bgybv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v I wm×všÍ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z t-†U÷ e¨envi Kiv nq| bgybvi AvKvi 30 Gi
†P‡q eo n‡j z-†U÷ e¨envi Kiv nq|

t- †U‡÷i m~ÎwU wbgœiƒc:

M1  M 2
t=
SE D
GLv‡b,
M1 =1g bgybv `‡ji Mo
M2 =2q bgybv `‡ji Mo
SED=`yBwU bgybv M‡oi cv_©‡K¨i cÖvgvY¨ ÎæwU (standard error)

†h `yBwU `‡ji M‡oi ga¨Kvi cv_K©¨ A_©en wKbv cix¶v K‡i †`Lv n‡e Zv‡`i AvšÍtm¤úK© wZb cÖKv‡ii
n‡Z cv‡i:

 mn-m¤úK©hy³: mn-m¤úK©hy³ `j ej‡Z †m ai‡bi `j †evSvq hv‡`i g‡a¨ †h welq ev w`‡Ki

Kvi‡Y t-‡U÷ cwigvc Kiv n‡e †m wel‡q cÖwZ †Rvovi g‡a¨ wKQy cwigvY mn-m¤úK©© _v‡K|
 Ab‡c¶: `yBwU `j‡K ZLbB Ab‡c¶ ejv nq hLb G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb mn-m¤úK©© _v‡K bv|

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 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

 mgK¶: mgK¶ `j nj †mB `yBwU `j hv‡`i †gŠj msL¨v mgvb n‡e| A_v©r we`¨vj‡q †Kvb
wel‡qi cix¶vq cÖvß b¤^‡ii wfwˇZ mgK¶ `j MVb n‡j GK `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i mgK¶ e¨w³
Ab¨ `‡j _vK‡Z n‡e|

AvšÍm¤úK© Abymv‡i cÖwZwU `‡ji Rb¨ SED Gi MVb wfbœ n‡e|

Avgiv GB cv‡V ïaygvÎ mn-m¤úK©hy³ `‡ji Rb¨ t-‡U‡÷i cÖ‡qvM †`Le|
wb‡Pi mviYx‡Z wKQy MvwYwZK Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Avgv‡`i wPwýZ wk¶v_x© `‡ji cÖviw¤¢K
cix¶v I P‚ovšÍ cix¶vq cÖvß b¤^‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ †Kvb A_©en cv_K©¨ Av‡Q wKbv Zv Luy‡R †`L‡Z n‡e|

cix¶v
cÖviw¤¢K P‚ovšÍ
wk¶v_©xi msL¨v 20 20
Mo †¯‹vi M1 = 36.30 M2 = 40.60
Av`k© wePz¨wZ s1 = 4.50 s2 = 2.30
ms‡kølv¼ r = 0.80

M1  M 2
Avgiv Rvwb, t =
SE D

mn-m¤úK©hy³ `‡ji †ÿ‡Î SED Gi gvb:

1/ 2
S 2 S 2  S S 
SED =  1  2  2r  1  2  
 nt n2  n n2  
 1
1/ 2
 ( 4.50) 2 ( 2.30) 2  4.50 2.30 
=   2  0.80  
 20 20  20 20 
1/ 2
20.25 5.29
=  

 1.601.01  0.51
 20 20 

= (2.10)1/2=1.42
M1− M2 = 36.30−40.60 = −4.30, GLv‡b FYvZ¥K wPý AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq|
M1  M 2 4.30
t= = =3.02
SE D 1.42

BDwbU- 8 wk¶v M‡elYv- 156

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

µvwšÍgv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kivi Av‡M ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv ev degrees of freedom †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
df = n2 −1 = n1−1=19

mviYx n‡Z †`Lv hvq, 19 ¯^vaxbZv gvÎvq 0.05 ¯Í‡i t-Gi µvwšÍ gvb nj 2.093|

myZivs t -Gi wnmveK…Z µvwšÍ gvb 3.02, mviYx‡Z cÖ`Ë µvwšÍgvb 2.093 Gi †P‡q eo| ZvB Avgiv
wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvwi †h, GB 20 Rb wk¶v_x©i D‡jøwLZ wel‡qi cÖviw¤¢K I P‚ovšÍ cix¶vi cÖvß b¤^‡ii M‡oi
g‡a¨ A_©en cv_K©¨ i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.3

msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1| mn-m¤úK©hy³ `‡ji †ÿ‡Î wnmve Kivi mgq ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv wKfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡eb|
2| mn-m¤úK©hy³ `j ej‡Z wK eySvq?
3| `yBwU `‡ji Mo †¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ A_©en cv_©K¨ _vK‡j wK eyS‡Z n‡e?

MvwYwZK mgm¨v
wb‡Pi mviYxi Z_¨ Aej¤^‡b t-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
`j 1 `j 2
n1 = 16 m1 = 26 n2 = 16 m2 = 29
s1 = 2.31 s2 = 2.50

r = 64

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 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MvwYwZK mgvavb
cÖ_‡g mviwYi Z_¨ h_vh_ e¨envi K‡i SED–Gi gvb †ei Ki‡Z n‡e
1/ 2
S 2 S 2  S S 
SED =  1  2  2r  1  2  
 nt n2  n n2  
 1

1/ 2
 ( 2.31) 2 ( 2.50) 2  2.31 2.50  
   2  0.64   
 16 16  16 16  

= 1.09

Av`k© mviYx n‡Z µvwšÍ gvb Luy‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv ev degrees of freedom †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e|
df = (n1−1) = (n2−1) =16− 1 = 15

15 ¯^vaxbZv gvÎvq 0.05 A_e©nZvi gvÎv Abyhvqx t-Gi µvwšÍ gvb 2.95|
wnmveK…Z t-Gi gvb 1.09|

†`Lv hv‡”Q, µvwšÍ gvb 2.95 Gi †P‡q wnmveK…Z gvb 1.09 †QvU| myZivs, ejv P‡j †h, `yB `‡ji cix¶vi
b¤^‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv A_©en bq|

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cvV 8.4: F-†U÷

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l Avcwb-

 F-†U÷ Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 F-†U‡÷i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk¶v M‡elYvi †¶‡Î F-‡U‡÷i cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

GKB Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z msM„nxZ `yBwU bgybv `‡ji Mo `yBwUi g‡a¨ A_©c~Y© ev Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ Av‡Q wKbv Zv
wbiƒcY Ki‡Z t-†U÷ e¨envi Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K F-†U÷ e¨envi Kiv nq `yBwU bgybv `‡ji welgZv ev
†f`v¼ (variance) GKB iKg wKbv Zv wbiƒcY Kivi Kv‡R| F-†U÷ nj †f`v¼ we‡køl‡Yi (Analysis of
Variance ev ANOVA) GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ch©vq|

Avgiv cÖ_‡g †R‡b †bB F AbycvZ Kv‡K e‡j| GKB Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z msM„nxZ `yBwU bgybv `‡ji †f`v‡¼i
AbycvZ‡K F ejv nq|
hw` bgybv msMÖ‡n †Kvb ÎæwU bv _v‡K Z‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvie †h bgybv `yBwU ci¯ú‡ii Ab‡c¶,
A_©vr S12 =  2 = S22 , A_©vr S12 = S22
2
S1
Gevi, F = 2
S2

†`Lv hv‡”Q, hw` S12 = S22 nq, Zvn‡j F = 1 n‡e| Z‡e ev¯Íe Ae¯’vq S12  S22 , AZGe †f`v‡¼i
gvb 0 (k~b¨) n‡Z  (Amxg) ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
¯^vaxbZv gvÎv:
cÖ_g bgybv `‡j DcvË msL¨v N1 Ges wØZxq bgybv `‡j DcvË msL¨v N2 n‡j ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv n‡e:
(N1 − 1) Ges (N2 − 1) Gi AbycvZ| A_©vr hw` N1= 10 Ges N2 = 10 nq Z‡e F Abycv‡Zi 9
¯^vaxbZv gvÎvi GKwU je †f`v¼ _vK‡e Ges 9 ¯^vaxbZv gvÎvi GKwU ni †f`v¼ _vK‡e|
N1  1 9
F Gi ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv = =
N2 1 9

GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 159

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MvwYwZKfv‡e cÖ_‡g F Abycv‡Zi gvb wn‡m‡e Ki‡Z nq| Zvici mviYx ev †Uej (table) n‡Z je I
¯^vaxbZv gvÎv Abymv‡i 0.05 A_ev 0.01 A_©enZvi gvÎv Abymv‡i F Gi Av`k© gvb Luy‡R `yBwU gv‡bi
Zzjbv Ki‡Z nq|

D`vniY:
g‡b Kwi †Kvb GKwU Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z Avgiv 5 AvKv‡ii (N1= N2 = 5) `yBwU bgybv wbe©vPb Kijvg| GB
`yBwU `‡ji †f`v¼ †cjvg h_vµ‡g S12 = 1.95 Ges S22 = 3.00|
2
S1 1.95
F= 2
= = .65
S2 3.00

N1  1 5  1 4
¯^vaxbZv gvÎvi AbycvZ nj = = =
N2 1 5 1 4

GB Abycv‡Z Ges 0.01 A_©enZvi gvÎvq F mviYx (Table) Abymv‡i F Abycv‡Zi Av`k© gvb nj 16.0|

†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, 0.65 <16.0, myZivs ejv hvq F Gi wnmveK…Z gvb A_©en bq, A_v©r S12 Ges S22 Gi
ga¨Kvi cv_K©¨ A_©en bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.4

msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1| F AbycvZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| F Abycv‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv gvÎv wKfv‡e †ei Kiv nq?
3| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, wb‡Pi bgybv `ywUi Av`k© wePz¨wZi g‡a¨ †Kvb Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB Ges bgybv `ywU
GKB mgMÖK n‡Z †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
bgybv-1 bgybv-2
DcvË msL¨v 12 10
Av`k© wePz¨wZ 5.34 3.64

BDwbU- 8 wk¶v M‡elYv- 160