Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier

AC to DC Converter

By: Eng. Mohamedein Maghraby

Electrical Engineering Department
Sohag University
Sohag, Egypt
 Content

Rectification •Full Wave Rectifier

•Half Wave Rectifier

Source •Single phase

•3 phase

Control •Controlled
•Uncontrolled

•Resistive

Load
•RL-Load (inductive)
•RL+DC source
•RL+Free Wheeling Diode
•R + Capacitance Filter

2 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 Text Books

Daniel W. Hart, “Power Electronics”, Chapter 3.

3 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 Introduction
 A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC).
 Application
 Power Suppliers
 Mobile Chargers
 Electronic devices
 DC machines, …

 DC Power Transmission

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 Resistive Load

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 Resistive Load
The output voltage across the resistor is :
𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
The average output voltage is :
1 1
𝑉 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
𝑇 2𝜋

1 𝑽𝒎
= 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 =
2𝜋 𝝅
𝑉 𝐕𝐦
The average current is : I = =
𝑅 𝛑𝐑

1 1 1 𝑽𝒎
𝑉, = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 =
𝑇 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝟐

𝑉, 𝐕𝐦
The rms current is : I , = =
𝑅 𝟐𝐑
𝑽𝟐𝐨,𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐬 ∶ P = = 𝑰𝟐𝐨,𝒓𝒎𝒔 R
𝑹
𝑃 P
PF = =
𝑆 V, I,

6 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 Resistive Load (example)
For the half-wave rectifier, the source is a sinusoid of 120 V rms at a frequency of 60 Hz. The load
resistor is 5 Ω. Determine (a) the average load current, (b) the average power absorbed by the load
and (c) the power factor of the circuit.

7 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 RL- Load

π 𝛽 2π

π 𝛽 2π

𝛽 2π

Apply Kirchhoff voltage Law :

𝒎 𝒕/𝝉
𝒇 𝒏

The constant A is evaluated by using the initial condition for current 𝑖 0 = 0.

𝑽𝒎
𝑨= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒁
8 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby
 RL- Load
𝑉 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑒
𝑍
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 =
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Where 𝑍 = R + jωL = R + (ω𝐿) , 𝜃 = tan and 𝜏 =
𝑉
𝑖 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 − 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑒 =0
𝑍
1 1 𝑽𝒎
𝑉 = 𝑣 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷)
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝟐𝝅
𝑉
1 𝑖
𝐼 , = 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡

𝑉
1
𝐼 , = 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
𝑉
𝑃 =𝐼 , 𝑅

𝑃 𝑃 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
pf = =
𝑆 𝑆
9 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby
 RL- Load (example)
For the half-wave rectifier with RL load, R = 100 Ω, L = 0.1 H, the source is a sinusoid of Vm=100 V
and ꞷ = 377 rad/s, and. Determine (a) an expression for the current in this circuit, (b) the average
current, (c) the rms current, (d) the power absorbed by the RL load, and (e) the power factor.

𝑉
𝑖
π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
𝑉

π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
𝑉

𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡

10 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 RL- Load (example)
For the half-wave rectifier with RL load, R = 100 Ω, L = 0.1 H, the source is a sinusoid of Vm=100 V
and ꞷ = 377 rad/s, and. Determine (a) an expression for the current in this circuit, (b) the average
current, (c) the rms current, (d) the power absorbed by the RL load, and (e) the power factor.

𝑉
𝑖
π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
𝑉

π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
𝑉

𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡

11 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 RL-DC Source Load

π 𝛽 2π
+

𝛽 2π 2𝜋 + 𝛼 −

𝛽 2π

Apply Kirchhoff voltage Law :

𝒎 𝒅𝒄 𝒕/𝝉
𝒇 𝒏

The constant A is evaluated by using the initial condition for current 𝑖 𝛼 = 0.

12 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 RL-DC Source Load
𝑉 𝑉 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝛼 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − + 𝐴𝑒
𝑍 𝑅
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 =
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑉 𝑉
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 − 𝜃 + 𝑒
𝑍 𝑅
𝑉 𝑉
𝑖 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 − 𝜃 +𝐴𝑒 =0 ,, 𝛼 = sin
𝑍 𝑉

𝑍 = R + jωL = R + (ω𝐿) , 𝜃 = tan and 𝜏 =

1
𝐼 , = 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑉
2𝜋 𝑖
𝛼 π 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
1 𝑉
𝐼 , = 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝑉

𝛼 𝛽 2π 2𝜋 𝜔𝑡
𝑃 =𝐼 , 𝑅 , 𝑃 =𝐼 , 𝑉 𝑉 +𝛼

𝑃 =𝑃 +𝑃 =𝐼 , 𝑉 +𝐼 , 𝑅
𝛼 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡
𝑃 𝑃
PF = =
𝑆 𝑆
13 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby
 RL-DC Source Load (example)
For the Half wave rectifier with RL-Source Load, R =2 Ω, L = 20 mH, and Vdc = 100 V. The ac source is
120 V rms at 60 Hz. Determine (a) an expression for the current in the circuit, (b) the power absorbed
by the resistor, (c) the power absorbed by the dc source, and (d) the power supplied by the ac source
and the power factor of the circuit.
𝑉
𝑖
𝛼 π 𝛽 2π
𝜔𝑡
𝑉
𝑉
2π 2𝜋 + 𝛼 𝜔𝑡
𝛼 𝛽
𝑉

𝛼 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡

14 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 RL-DC Source Load (example)
For the Half wave rectifier with RL-Source Load, R =2 Ω, L = 20 mH, and Vdc = 100 V. The ac source is
120 V rms at 60 Hz. Determine (a) an expression for the current in the circuit, (b) the power absorbed
by the resistor, (c) the power absorbed by the dc source, and (d) the power supplied by the ac source
and the power factor of the circuit.
𝑉
𝑖
𝛼 π 𝛽 2π
𝜔𝑡
𝑉
𝑉
2π 2𝜋 + 𝛼 𝜔𝑡
𝛼 𝛽
𝑉

𝛼 𝛽 2π 𝜔𝑡

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 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE

-The current reaches periodic steady state after a few periods, which means that the current at
the end of a period is the same as the current at the beginning of the period.
-The current in the load can be expressed as a Fourier series by using superposition, taking each
frequency separately.

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 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE
Fourier series representation of a periodic signal

, , ,..

~
+ ~
-
~
~

17 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier

 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE
𝑉 𝑉 2𝑉
𝑣 𝑡 = + sin 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜔 𝑡)
𝜋 2 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋
, , …
V
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 I = , Z = R + jn𝜔 L = R + (n𝜔 𝐿) , 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Z

I I
I , = I , = I + +
2 , , ,..
2

P =I , R

𝑃 P I , R
PF = = =
𝑆 V, I , V, I ,

If the inductor is infinitely large then (𝜏 = → ∞) the current

will be pure dc : 𝑖 𝑡 ≈ 𝐼 = = .
fluctuation in load current can be estimated as being equal to the amplitude of the first ac term
in the Fourier series. The peak-to-peak ripple is then ∆𝐼 ≈ 2𝐼

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 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE (example)
For half-wave rectifier with a freewheeling diode, determine the average load voltage and current,
and determine the power absorbed by the resistor, where R = 2 Ω and L = 25 mH, Vm is 100V, and the
frequency is 60 Hz.

Fourier series terms:

19 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE (example)
For half-wave rectifier with a freewheeling diode, determine the average load voltage and current,
and determine the power absorbed by the resistor, where R = 2 Ω and L = 25 mH, Vm is 100V, and the
frequency is 60 Hz.

20 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 CAPACITOR FILTER

The purpose of the capacitor is to reduce(filtering) the variation in the output voltage
(smoothing), making it more like dc .

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 CAPACITOR FILTER
The capacitor (output) voltage can be expressed as :
𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒏 (𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)
𝒗𝒐 𝝎𝒕 = (𝝎𝒕 𝜽)
𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒆 𝝎𝑹𝑪 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇𝒇 (𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)

@ 𝝎𝒕 = 𝜽 (the point when the diodes turns off ) the slope of the voltage functions are equal:
𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (−𝝎𝑹𝑪) = − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝝎𝑹𝑪 + 𝝅

To find 𝛼 we equate the two equations @ 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 + 𝛼

𝟐𝝅 𝜶 𝜽
solve for 𝛼 ⇒ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)𝒆 𝝎𝑹𝑪 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 = 𝟎

The current in the capacitor is determined from :

𝑑𝑣 (𝑡)
𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡

𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝝎𝒕 𝜽
− 𝒆 𝝎𝑹𝑪 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝜽 ≤ 𝝎𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜶
𝝎𝑹𝑪
𝒊𝒄 𝝎𝒕 =
−𝜔𝐶𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜶 ≤ 𝝎𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜽

22 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 CAPACITOR FILTER
𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒏 (𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)
𝒗𝒐 𝝎𝒕 = (𝝎𝒕 𝜽)
𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒆 𝝎𝑹𝑪 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇𝒇 (𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)

𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝝎𝒕 𝜽
− 𝒆 𝝎𝑹𝑪 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝜽 ≤ 𝝎𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜶
𝝎𝑹𝑪
𝒊𝒄 𝝎𝒕 =
−𝜔𝐶𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜶 ≤ 𝝎𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜽

𝑖 =𝑖 =𝑖 +𝑖 , 𝑖 , =0
Diode pairs is on for short time  diode peak current much larger than average.

Peak capacitor current occurs when diode turn on @𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜶.

𝐼 , = 𝜔𝐶𝑉 cos 2𝜋 + 𝛼 = 𝝎𝑪𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶

𝑉 sin 2𝜋 + 𝛼 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶
𝑖 2𝜋 + 𝛼 = =
𝑅 𝑹
𝑉 sin 𝛼 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶
𝑰𝑫,𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 = 𝜔𝐶𝑉 cos 𝛼 + = 𝑽𝒎 𝝎𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 +
𝑅 𝑹

23 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 CAPACITOR FILTER
𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒏 (𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)
𝒗𝒐 𝝎𝒕 = (𝝎𝒕 𝜽)
𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒆 𝝎𝑹𝑪 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇𝒇 (𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈)
The max output is 𝑉 . the minimum output voltage is @ the angle at which the diode turns on
@ 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 + 𝛼
The peak-to-peak variation (ripple) is the difference Between max and min output value
∆𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒎 − 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅 + 𝜶 = 𝑽𝒎 (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶)
In practical circuits where time constant RC is large or 𝜔𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝜋 , 𝜃 ≈ and 𝛼 ≈
The minimum output voltage is then approximated in 𝑑𝑖o𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑓(discharge) equation:
( )
/
𝑣 2𝜋 + 𝛼 = 𝑉 𝑒 =𝑉 𝑒

Then the Ripple can be approximated by

/ /
∆𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 𝑒 = 𝑉 (1 − 𝑒 )

Using series expansion :

/
2𝜋
𝑒 =1−
𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝟐𝝅 𝑽𝒎
∆𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒎 =
𝝎𝑹𝑪 𝒇𝑹𝑪

24 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 CAPACITOR FILTER (example)
The half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-11a has a 120 V rms source at 60 Hz, R = 500 Ω, and C = 100µF.
Determine (a) an expression for output voltage, (b) the peak-to-peak voltage variation on the
output, (c) an expression for capacitor current, (d) the peak diode current, and (e) the value of C
such that ∆Vo is 1 percent of Vm.

25 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby

 CAPACITOR FILTER (example)
The half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-11a has a 120 V rms source at 60 Hz, R = 500 Ω, and C = 100µF.
Determine (a) an expression for output voltage, (b) the peak-to-peak voltage variation on the
output, (c) an expression for capacitor current, (d) the peak diode current, and (e) the value of C
such that ∆Vo is 1 percent of Vm.

26 Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Mohamedein Maghraby