GS PAPER - I, 2022

Section -A 4. Mauryans introduced stone masonry on large

scale.
Q.1. Describe Salient features of Mauryan
A carved elephant at Dhauli & engraved
Art and Architecture?
elephant at Kalsi.
Ans. The Mauryan Empire, formed around 321 BCE
Rampurva bull is a masterpiece of them.
& ended in 185 BCE, was the first Pan-Indian
5. Stupas were built to protect Relics of Lord
Empire. It was known for its majestic art and
Buddha at a no. of places
beautiful architecture.
Stupa at Sanchi (M.P.) in UNESCO sites.
Palaces Stupas at Bharhut Sarnath are part of
Court Arts Pillars
Mauryan Arts.
Stupas
Mauryan 5. Well - polished caves are made to religious
Art
Caves monks. Ex. Barabar hills, Buddhist caves at
Popular Arts Pottery Sanchi (for Ajivika Sect).
Sculptures 7. Figure sculpture of Yaksha - Yakshini
Yaksha in Mathura Yakshini of Besnagar
Features of Mauryan Arts :
(M.P.)
1. The architecture was mostly made up
of Wood. For Ex. The Royal Court of 8. Terracotta Objects : Along with Buddhist
Chandragupta Maurya has wooden floor & influence on Mauryan Art fragments of stone
ceilings. pillars & wooden floor & ceiling indicating
2. Pillars erected by Ashoka with inscription in the existence of 80 pillared hall have been
them (popularisation of the ethos of Dharma) discovered at Kumhrar (Near Patna) - Seeing
Ex. Rummindei (Terai) Delhi, Nigaliva
this Fa-Hien remarks - These places are so
(Nepal).
beautiful & excellent that they appear to be
3. Motifs like elephants, bulls & lion are made
the creation of god rather than men.
to crown the pillars. Sarnath was Lion Capital
of Ashok, The National Emblem of India Q.2. T h ro w l i g h t o n t h e N a t u re o f
was taken from here. Renaissance in U.P. in the 19th Century.

Chatri Ans. Renaissance refers to age of revival or rebirth

Harmika of rational thinking, Socio-Cultural reforms

the 19th Century in India witnessed the period
Anda
of Renaissance with its Chief protagonist Raja
Pradakshina Ram Mohan Roy.
Path
State of U.P. (erstwhile United Province) has
also witnessed age of Renaissance brought by
different leaders & outfits.
 Nature of Ren. in U.P. Q.3. Illustrate the Contributions of
nationalist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Revival of ancient teachings & new way of in the struggle for the freedom of press.
studying Indian past was brought in.
Ans. Freedom of press is core to freedom of thought
Reinterpretation of religious text
and it is directly linked with fundamental rights.
Influence from Western thinkers
During British Colonial period, the press &
2 Faction developed journalism was an important tool in awakening
Revivalist Wanted to maintain Status Indian people. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Quo or original thoughts, through his literary arsenals & staunch writings
Ex- Deoband movement
advocated freedom of press and awaken Indian
Reformist Wanted to introduce masses for Indian freedom struggle.
reforms through concepts
like liberty, equality and British very much feared about these writings
social changes. and were totally against freedom of press, as
Gave political movement for Emancipation of a result, they introduced various censorship
vulnerable (Ex-Women, Minorities) Acts like Vernacular Press Act, 1878
Spread of Education and political awakening Newspaper (Incitement to offence) Act,
1908 to subvert activities of Indians.
Various Movements in U.P. (19th CE) B.G. Tilak and Press
1. Deoband Movement (Darul Uloom) The tough and fearless journalism of Lokmanya
By orthodox Muslim, Revivalist in nature Tilak was instrumental in initiating the movement
Their main objective; Propagating pure during pre-independence period for bringing
teaching of the Quran & Hadis among about change in mental setup of the Indian people.
Muslims & keeping alive the Spirit of Islam Newspaper 'Kesari' in Marathi and 'Maratha'
Active in Saharanpur (UP) by leaders - Mohd In English. Views of Tilak published in 'Kesari'
Qasim Nanotavi & Rashid Ahmed Gangohi advocating that the strength of people's opinion
in their resolve.
2. Aligarh Movement
According to him, to ably point out shortenings
Reformists in Nature to bring social &
in administration, (as done for Famine relief
educational reform among Muslims.
code in 'Kesari), to put forth rationale thoughts and
Leader - Syed Ahmad Khan
exposing suppression by British govt. can truly
Proposed Western Education for Muslims
be done through freedom of press and fearless
in India journalism.
Struggle to improve position of Women, Section 124A of IPC (Seditious activity) was
Saving her from social evils like Polygamy charged on Lokmanya Tilak for publishing
and Purdah. poems during murder of Rand like Shivajis
Establishment of Muhammadan Anglo- utterances in Kesari and a speech delivered
Oriental College (1875). by him in Shivaji festival. Justifying Afzal
Advocated freedom of thought Khan's Murder by Shivaji (here incitement
Various local leaders of Hindu faction advocated to kill British officials), led to his 18 Months
teachings of R.M. Roy, I.C. Vidysagar, D.N. rigorous imprisonment & overnight due to
Saraswati etc for bringing socio-religious popular support he became a National hero
& was given title of 'Lokmanya'.
reforms in Hindu thinking, customs, tradition in
Thus, he was true supporter of freedom of press.
our state.

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 Q.4. Discuss the causes of population Solutions to Combat the Problem :-

explosion in India, and give suggestion 1. Social and welfare schemes need to rolled

to combat this problem. out properly to reduce poverty & increase

literacy to counter the vicious cycle of
Ans. As per recent reports of UN, India's population
population explosion.
crossed the mark of 1.4 billion and soon it will
2. Population policy targets needs afreshed
become the most populated country of the world
initiatives and incentives.
by Surpassing China (by 2027).
3. Focus should be on Social-behavioural
Recent remark of our PM (those who opt
change to bring population literacy rate of
for smaller families are termed 'patriot'
NGOs CSO can be taken to work on IEC
reflecting the problem of population explosion.
component.
The period between 1951 to 1981 in India was
4. Sex Education & healthy reproductive
age of population explosion, with decadal
Education along with knowledge of
growth reaching approx 24.80% (in 1971).
Contraceptives should be disseminated via
Reason for population Explosion :
awareness drive.
1. High Birth rate & low death rate resulting in
5. State can roll out population control policies
net increase in population.
Ex :- UP population control policy 2021
2. Poverty : The Desire to have more children
6. Skilling population to make them virtuous
to support the family income creates a vicious
asset for the Nation.
cycle of poverty and population growth.
Govt. along with all stakeholders must address
24.8%(Peak)
the issue of ground level as the population growth
% Decadal Pl growth

25 21.54%
rate differs at various part of the country.
20

15
Q.5. Evaluate the role of IT and Internet in
77.64%
Social Empowerment.
10
Ans. Social Empowerment means all sections of the
5
society having equal control over their lives &
1951-16 61-71 71-81 81-91 91-2001 2001-11
the opportunity to take important decisions.
Years
Decadal growth in India Without equally empowering all elements of
society, a country's growth trajectory will never
3. Illiteracy : Results in overpopulation due to be positive.
unawareness Earlier Indian society was marred by social
Ex : - Population divide between North & discrimination, gender inequality and
South due to literacy factor. atrocities against vulnerable leading to their
4. Social pressure and wrong religious teachings poor progress & rich and poor divide.
lead to early marriages & more Children. Our Constitution calls for social justice &
5. Poor Sex Education & reproductive reducing inequality in all terms, social
health awareness lead to poor adoption of empowerment can play important and vital
contraceptives. role in Individual and collective freedom.
6. Improved management of Epidemics & The IT and Internet can play transformative
Disease due to advanced Medical sciences. role to bring Social Empowerment.

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 1. Age of Internet is the best utilisation to bring Anthropologist Osca Lewis, popularised the
e-governance and help in reaching authorities theory of culture of poverty in 1950s as per
to the doors of citizen. this notion, people in poverty tends to focus on
Ex :- Dastak Campaign for preserving health
their current troubles, which causes attitude of
of children.
dependency and powerlessness these attitude
2. Right to Service Act and RTI Act empowered
lead people in poverty to make choices that
citizen to get services & complaints redressed
eventually leads to their continuation in
respectively by Digital Means.
3. It has made governance more inclusive & poverty system rather than making choices

participatory thus disadvantageous sections that could lead their families out of the poverty
can participate in policy formulation. system.
4. Sometime a section of women is preferred People born into those conditions internalize
in IT related jobs thereby their social cultural values that cause them to continue
Empowerment. and pass them down to new generations.
Education (e-learning, e-pathshala), digital Poor people also lacks basic awareness, poor
health (Telemedicine) have transformed the access to opportunities at education that
basis of poor like SC/ST, women & vulnerable
hamper their growth, thereby genesis of poor
section & foster their growth in social terms.
attitude in upcoming generation.
With impetus to digital India, initiatives like
Ex : - Slum dwellers remained poor, Tailor's
UMANG strongly focuses technology centre
son become Tailor due to cultural poverty.
Services for faster & better deliveries to end
beneficiaries (i.e. Antyodya). Govt. is providing various facilities to poor

but still India doesn't overcome with extreme

Digital illiteracy is very high in India poverty. Many poor accepted poverty
approx 65.70% as their way of life in compulsion/lack of
Internet divide is also a leading problem. opportunities thereby generating Culture of
Internet based fraud has created distrust in poverty.
the technology in a large section of society. but
Social empowerment can only be brought If proper management & strategy to alleviate
with focusing on behavioural change
poverty is done, then attitude of people could be
rolling out constitutional values (social
changed, and Intergeneration poverty cycle can
justice) in true sense
be broken thereby providing relief to many poor.
Apart from few negatives, we must focus on
Ex :- Rikshawala's son becoming IAS.
IT-based services & Internet as a tool of social
transformation. Q.7. What is 'Heritage Arch'? Underline its
importance in Uttar Pradesh in terms
Q.6. When poverty is transmitted over
of tourism potential.
generations it becomes a culture.
Elucidate. Ans. U.P. is land of cultural and religious heritage.
Ans. Poverty is a state of varied degree of deprivation, Theme based tourism strategy proved to very
sometimes poverty is so deepen that it becomes 'a successful in the state. Heritage arc. is an
way of life' and culture of poverty get developed important steps towards promoting tourism in
across intergeneration. the state.

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 The decision to develop the 'heritage arc' 1. Air/Road connectivity
by incorporating 'city of Manners and 2. Interconnection among 3 places.
Etiquette' Lucknow, the city of Taj and 3. Cleanliness & ancillary industries (banking,
religious and cultural centre, Varanasi food, lodging, tourist,guide) etc.
opened a new chapter in tourism promotion. The heritage arch will reflect the Mixed culture of
U.P. along with generation of employment thereby
give complete experience to tourists as well as
making U.P. as the best destination for Tourism

Q.8. What is 'Smart City Mission'? Discuss

the main characteristics of cities of
Eastern Uttar Pradesh selected under
this scheme.

Ans. Smart city Mission was launched in 2015 to

transform the Urban milieu of India. Its main
objective is to promote cities that provide
core infrastructure, clean and sustainable
environment and give a decent quality of life to
Heritage Arc of U.P. their citizens through the application of 'smart
solution'.
Lucknow Division
100 cities of India, including 11 from U.P.
Famously known for beautiful Nawabi
were selected from it, they will be developed
Culture architectural grandeur like -
on Singapore and Malaysian cities model.
Bada Imambada, Riverfront, Science
The mission aims to meet the aspirations of
city, Natural zoos, Planetarium along India's population living in cities through
with nearby places in Lucknow division various Urban development projects.
like Nawabganj birds Sanctuary, It includes basic infrastructure like adequate
Katarniaghat, Dudhwa National Park etc. water supply, electricity supply, sustainable
Agra Division sanitation and solid waste management,
M u g h a l M o n u m e n t s ' G r e a t - Ta j ' , Efficient Urban Mobility. Affordable housing
Fathepursikri (Known for Red stone and ensure robust IT connectivity and
Masonry), Barsana (Mathura) Chambal e-governance.
Sanctuary (Gadhials), Mathura, Vrindavan Main traits of cities of East U.P. in this scheme
Prayagraj
etc.
City at Triveni Sangam.
Varanasi Division
Most populous city of U.P.
Buddhist & Hindu cultural heritage.
Judicial & Spiritual importance
Kashi Vishwanath temple, Rudraksh
Need is to cater for the rising demand of
Convention Centre. Sarnath (Lion capital Urban people in Prayagraj
of Ashoka), Kuslnagar Kapilvastu, Chunar To provide affordable housing to Urban poor.
& Sonbhadra. D e c r e a s i n g c r i m e f r o m c i t y, s m a r t
The three divisions will cover aroud 25 places, infrastructure and quality services to cities
these places will have; inhabitors.

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 Provide smart governance and a sustainable 3. Ken-Betwa link Project
environment. Most awaited project about 221 km canal
2. Varanasi : - Network will provide, irrigation benefits to
about 9 lakhs hectare formland drinking water
Oldest and spiritual city of India.
to approx 62 lakhs people.
Fast and dynamic changes in city require
4. Rihand Sagar Project
smart solutions.
Provides water to farmers of Mirzapur,
Waste to Wealth Model.
Sonbhadra
Mega convention centers like - Rudraksha Various canal projects like :
Providing good governance to its people. 1. Yamuna - Hindan canal irrigation project
Till date (March 2023) only 40-45% of works provides water in Northern U.P.
completed under this mission, Need is to 2. Ghaggar canal irrigation is one of the largest
accelerate its growth along with inception of more project of U.P. state covering Middle Gangetic
cities in this model to cater future need of India. region of U.P.
Benefitting Millions of the people.
Q.9. Give an account of Irrigation projects
3. Sharda Canal irrigation projects provides
of U.P. in detail with suitable examples. water to farmers of Pilibhit, Lucknow,
Ans. Irrigation refers to watering of land by artificial Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Jaunpur etc.
means to faster growth of plant. Assured Matatila Dam irrigation along with Pariksha
irrigation increases agricultural productivity. project will bring greenery to Bundelkhand
region.
Irrigation projects are combination of
These projects are founding pillars in making
Dams, Barrages and canals to provide water
agriculture status of our state more robust one.
availability to formers of U.P.
Around 70-75% of area of U.P. is irrigated Q.10. Mention various festivals which are
by various ways leading to cropping celebrated in Uttar Pradesh.
intensity around 153% and top most leading Ans. State of U.P. is known for its culture, social ethos
state in grain production. and festivals. Various festivals binds the people
Various irrigation Projects of different culture without disintegrating their
1. Saryu Canal Project : - identity.
Provides water to nine districts of Trans-Ghaghara Festivals of U.P.
Rapti-Rohini region of Purvanchal.
Hindu festivals
Increases the productivity of agriculture in
1. Kumbha Mela :- Popular festival since
the region.
antiquity
14.6 lakh hectare irrigation benefitting 30
Fair took place at Triveni Sangam.
lakh farmers.
Started during Era of Harsha, forms
2. Arjun Sahayak Irrigation Project UNESCO intangible heritage.
To alleviate water crisis in Mahoba, 2. Deepotsava (Diwali)
Hamirpur & Banda district Celebrated in whole state
Dhasan Mega project proved to be On the occassion of returning of Lord Rama
instrumental in changing picture of to Ayodhya
Bundelkhand. Deepotsava at Ayodhya, celebrated by all
Benefit - approximately 1.5 lakh farmers. community with great zeal & Josh/Joy.

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 3. Holi, Janmasntami time increased significantly, thereby making
Famous celebration at Vrindavan, Barsana it as increased significantly, thereby making
(Mathura) Lathmaar Holikotsava it as 'Golden age, of ancient India'.
4. Sulahkul Mahotsava Elements of Golden age in Gupta period :-
At Agra, first proposed by Akbar. 1. Polity :-
For Hindu - Muslim Unity After the Mauryans, the political Unification
Muslim festivals like Moharram, Eid-ul-Fitr, of India with central authority was done by
Eid are celebrated with utmost happiness. able ruler of Gupta Dynasty
New year festival, Christmasm and Good Military achievements of Samudragupta
Friday is also celebrated in our state. are mentioned in Prayag Prasasti
Various Mahotsava on certain themes (Napoleon of India).
like Kabir Mahotsava, Lucknow Policy of Bherighosha along with
Mahotsava, Prayag Mahotsava, Bithur Matrimonial alliance strengthen their
Ganga Mahotsava and Kazali Mahotsava empire.
(Mirzapur) forms basic stuff of social fabric 2. Economy :-
among people of the state. During Gupta period, trade was done with
Chaiti, Hori, Isurifag, Sohar, Birha, West Asian Nations (Byzantian Empire),
Nautanki forms the local and tribal culture.
Monetisation of Economy (Dinars & Rupak
Buddha Purnima :- to celebrate and adopt
were Currency) trade surplus.
the teachings of Buddhist cult.
Ports like :- Tamralipti, Broach, Kalyan,
Ganga Dussehra, Durgotsava (Navratri) and
Bombay and proximity to west coast leads
Makar Sankranti are also celebrated in our
to economic prosperity of Guptas.
state.
3. Achievements in Science & Technology :-
These festivals are necessary to integrate diverse
Astrology & astronomy got new direction
people and to foster constitutional and societal
during Guptas Aryabhatta :- books -
values like brotherhood, freedom of religion &
Aryabhatiya, Surya Siddhanta etc -
thoughts all the festivals in our state are celebrated
Discovered zero, Decimal System, Eclipse,
with full zeal & Joy with all communities.
Measures Earth Imension etc.
Section -B Brahmagupta through his knowledge
discovered & told about Astrology
Q.11. Why Gupta period is considered as the
(Brahmasiddhanta)
'Golden age' of Ancient Indian history.
Distinguished Craftsmanship of Gupta age
Ans. Gupta Empire was formed by Srigupta & later
works of Iron & bronze. Ex - Iron pillar
led by Kings like Samudragupta, Chandragupta
at Mehrauli, Gupta aged coins (Veena type,
II, Kumargupta etc.
Kumar Laxmi type Coins). Copper based
The empire witnessed political unification and
Buddha figure in British Museum.
culmination of prosperity in the state along
4. Religious tolerence policies of Gupta rulers -
with Multifaceted achievements in the fields
Vishnu & Bhagwat Cult propa, gated
of Arts. Science & technology and literature
Polity, culture, society & economy of that time For Ex :- Kumargupta patronized Buddhism

policy, culture, society & economy of that (Revival of Nalanda University).

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 5. Art & Architecture :- Along with Batukeswar Dutta, he throw
Nagara style of temple started (Panchaytan a Non-harmful bomb at central legislative
Style) assembly against Public safety Bill and to
Ex. Shiv Bhumra (Satna), Deogarh temple Expose true Nature of Britishers.
(Jhansi) 'Why I am Atheist' book written by him.
Cave paintings Bagh (M.P.) & Ajanta Hunger strike in jail to protest against govt.
and jail authorities.
(Maharashtra)
Philosophies of Bhagat Singh
Cave temples at Udaigiri
He brought ideas from Bolshevism &
6. Literature :-
Anarchism during 1930s & motivated youths
18 Puranas written, Mahabharata, Ramayana of India.
were completed. His deep commitment to 'Inquilab' was not
Kalidas (Meghdutam, Vikramorvasiyam), merely political but also social as he wanted a
Dhanavantri Amarsinha, Aryabhatta lived in revolution not only to free 'India from bandage,
this Era but also from age old discriminatory practices
Various Smritis (Narad Smriti, Katyayana of caste, creed, religion & superstition.
Smriti) were written. He accepted Marxism & Socialism as his
The Gupta Period was truly golden age, the empire political ideology.
In his article 'Universal brotherhood', he
ended with invasion of Hun as, ruler, feudalism &
says, if you are really interested in preaching
later they got weak in all aspect, but achievements
peace, happiness, Universal brotherhood, then
of Guptas are immortal in Indian history.
learn to react against insult & indignity. Be
Q.12. Throw light on the 'Revolutionary prepared to die to undo the damage of your
Philosophy' formulated by Bhagat motherhood, be ready to Die so that mother
Singh. India may alive, then alone our country
be free & will be able to preach Universal
Ans. Bhagat Singh was one of the most iconic figures
brotherhood to the World.
of Indian freedom struggle. He is one of the most He wishes to separate religion from policies.
admired youth during freedom struggle of India. On the Canvas of Modern Indian history,
Born in 1907, Punjab was charismatic Indian political & social thought, Bhagat Singh shines as
revolutionary, who got Martyr for India's one of the most illustrious & glorious revolutionary
cause. He was popular figure among youth stars. He was first & finest Indian revolutionary
& was a 'National Youth Hero'. & modern political thinkers who adopted
Works of Bhagat Singh revolutionary progressivism in his thought &
adhered to it uncompromising in his political
Active Member of Naujawan Bharat Sabha,
actions.
Bharat Mata Society (Started by his uncle
Ajit Singh) and youth Brigade of HSRA Q.13. Explain the points of Ancient Indian
(Hindustan Socialist Republic Association). Knowledge on the basis of which India
Influenced by Lala Lajpat Rai & his Uncle was designated as 'Vishwaguru.'
& actively engaged in revolutionary wing of Ans. India is a country known for its Culture of
Indian freedom struggle. learning and innovation, history of innovation
Targeted John Saunders (after Lathi Charge and all round multifaceted development had made
over Lala Lajpat Rai). India to be called as 'Vishwaguru'.

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