Programming 1

Lecture 2
Chapter 2:
Introduction to Java Programming

Dr/ Mahmoud Gamal

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A Java Program:

Output:

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A Java Program:
• Package:
Group of classes.
• Class:
1. Data items
2. Methods ( or functions or operations)
• The main method is the entry point to the program.
• Java is case sensitive language.
• Console window:
Text box into which the program's output is printed.

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Structure of a Java program

class: a program
public class name {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Body of
statement;
statement;
main method: a named group
method ...
statement; of statements
}
}
statement: a command to be executed

• Every executable Java program consists of a class,

• that contains a method named main,
• that contains the statements (commands) to be
executed.
System.out.println Statement:

• A statement that prints a line of output on the console.

• Two ways to use System.out.println :

• System.out.println("text");
Prints the given message as output.

• System.out.println();
Prints a blank line of output.
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Example:
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("This program produces");
System.out.println("four lines of output");
}
}
Output:
Hello, world!
This program produces
four lines of output
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Compile/run a program
1. Write it.
• code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.
2. Compile it.
• javac: translates the program from Java to bytecode
• bytecode: runs on many computer types (any computer
with JVM)
3. Run (execute) it.
• output: whatever the programmer instructs the program
to do
source code byte code output
compile run Hello, World!
javac Hello.java java Hello
Identifier:
A name given to an item in your program.
• Must start with a letter or _ or $
• Do not use space or any special character.
• Do not use any reserved name like (void, class, int)
• Do not start with a number.

• legal:
_myName TheCure ANSWER_IS_42 $bling$
• illegal:
me+u 49ers side-swipe Ph.D’s

Example:
public class MyClass {
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Syntax:
• Syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can
be used in a particular language.
• Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ;
• The contents of a class or method occur between { and }

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Programming Errors:
1- Syntax Errors:
• Detected by the compiler.

2- Runtime Errors:
• Causes the program to abort.

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Programming Errors:
3- Logic Errors:
• Produces incorrect results.

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Strings:
• string: A sequence of characters to be printed.
• Starts and ends with a " quote " character.
• The quotes do not appear in the output.
• Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string. It's very long!"

Restrictions:
• May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."

• May not contain a " character.

"This is not a "legal" String either."12
Escape sequence:
• Escape Sequence: A special sequence of characters used
to represent certain special characters in a string.

\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character

• Example:
System.out.println("\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");

• Output:
\hello
how are "you"?\\
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Questions
• What is the output of the following println statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward
spiral");

Answer:
a b c
\\
'
"""
C:
in he downward spiral
Questions
• Write a println statement to produce this output:
/ \ // \\ /// \\\

Answer:

System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");

Questions
What println statements will generate this output?
This program prints a
quote from the Gettysburg Address.

"Four score and seven years ago,

our 'fore fathers' brought forth on
this continent a new nation."
Answer:

System.out.println("This program prints a");

System.out.println("quote from the Gettysburg Address.");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("\"Four score and seven years ago,");
System.out.println("our 'fore fathers' brought forth on");
System.out.println("this continent a new nation.\"");
Questions
• What println statements will generate this output?
A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn
the rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.
Don't forget: use \" instead of " !
'' is not the same as “

Answer:
System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");
System.out.println("'much' better if you
learn");
System.out.println("the rules of \"escape
sequences.\"");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an
empty String.");
System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\"
instead of \" !");
System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");
Comments:
• Comment: A note written in source code by the
programmer to describe or clarify the code.
• Comments are not executed when your program runs.

• Syntax:
// comment text, on one line
or,
/* comment text; may span multiple lines */
• Examples:
// This is a one-line comment.

/* This is a very long

multi-line comment. */
Using comments
• Where to place comments:
• at the top of each file (a "comment header")
• at the start of every method (seen later)
• to explain complex pieces of code

• Comments are useful for:

• Understanding larger, more complex programs.
• Multiple programmers working together, who
must understand each other's code.
Comments Example
/* Suzy Student, Fall 2022
This program prints lyrics about ... something.
*/

public class BaWitDaBa {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// first verse
System.out.println("Bawitdaba");
System.out.println("da bang a dang diggy
diggy");
System.out.println();

// second verse
System.out.println("diggy said the
boogy");
System.out.println("said up jump the
boogy");
}
}
print vs println:
println

print