STRENGTH OF MATERIAL LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO.1

AIM: Study of Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.)

OBJECT: To Study the various component parts of the Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.) &
test procedures of various practical’s to be performed.
APPARATUS: Universal Testing Machine with all attachment i.e. shears test attachment,
bending attachment, tension grips, compression test attachment etc.
DIAGRAM:
THEORY : - The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units. 1) Loading unit, 2) Control
panel.
LOADING UNIT:-
It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside. The piston which moves up and
down. The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side. The screw column
maintained in the base can be rotated using above arrangement of chain. Each column passes
through the main nut which is fitted in the lower cross head. The lower table connected to main
piston through a ball & the ball seat is joined to ensure axial loading. There is a connection
between lower table and upper head assembly that moves up and down with main piston. The
measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of bearings which slides over the
columns. The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as ‘Jack Job’. To fix up the specimen
tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically by handle.
CONTROL PANEL:-
It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the oil level. The pump
is displacement type piston pump having free plungers those ensure for continuation of high
pressure. The pump is fixed to the tank from bottom. The suction & delivery valve are fitted to
the pump near tank Electric motor driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on
the right side of the tank. There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve. The four
valves on control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system. The loading system works
as described below. The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control
valves to the cylinder & the piston goes up. Pressure starts developing & either the specimen
breaks or the load having maximum value is controlled with the base dynameters consisting in a
cylinder in which the piston reciprocates. The switches have upper and lower push at the control
panel for the downward & upward movement of the movable head. The on & off switch
provided on the control panel & the pilot lamp shows the transmission of main capacity
METHOD OF TESTING:-
Initial Adjustment: - before testing adjust the pendulum with respect to capacity of the test i.e. 8
Tones; 10 Tones; 20 Tones; 40 Tones etc. For ex: - A specimen of 6 tones capacity gives more
accurate result of 10 Tones capacity range instead of 20 Tones capacity range. These ranges of
capacity are adjusted on the dial with the help of range selector knob. The Strength Of Materials
control weights of the pendulum are adjusted correctly. The ink should be inserted in pen holder
of recording paper around the drum & the testing process is started depending upon the types of
test as mentioned below. TENSION TEST:- Select the proper job and complete upper and lower
check adjustment. Apply some Greece to the tapered surface of specimen or groove. Then
operate the upper cross head grip operation handle & grip the upper end of test specimen fully in
to the groove. Keep the lower left valve in fully close position. Open the right valve & close it
after lower table is slightly lifted. Adjust the lower points to zero with the help of adjusting knob.
This is necessary to remove the dead weight of the lower table. Then lock the jobs in this
position by operating job working handle. Then open the left control valve. The printer on dial
gauge at which the specimen breaks slightly return back & corresponding load is known as
breaking load & maximum load is known as the ultimate load.

COMPRESSION TEST:-
Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table respectively.
Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip. Then adjust zero by lifting the lower table.
Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.
FLEXURAL OR BENDING TEST:-
Keep the bending table on the lower table in such a way that the central position of the bending
table is fixed in the central location value of the lower table. The bending supports are adjusted
to required distance. Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions. Then place
the specimen on bending table & apply the load by bending attachment at the upper stationary
head. Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST:-
Place the specimen on the lower table & lift it up slightly. Adjust the zero fixed value at the
bottom side of the lower cross head. Increase the load slowly ultimate load value is obtained.
Then release the load slowly with left control valve. Get the impression of a suitable value of
five to ten millimeter on the specimen & measure the diameter of the impression correctly by
microscope & calculate Brinell hardness.
SHEAR TEST:- Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of
cutter. The specimen is inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the Strength Of Materials
lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two
or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in angle shear, & if it breaks
in three pieces then it will be in double shear.
STUDY OF EXTENSOMETER:-
This instrument is an attachment to Universal / Tensile Testing Machines. This measures the
elongation of a test place on load for the set gauge length. The least count of measurement being
0.01 mm, and maximum elongation measurement up to 3 mm. This elongation measurement
helps in finding out the proof stress at the required percentage elongation.
WORKING OF THE INSTRUMENT:-
The required gauge length(between 30to 120 ) is set by adjusting the upper knife edges ( 3 ) A
scale ( 2 ) is provided for this purpose . Hold the specimen in the upper and lower jaws of Tensile
/ Universal Testing Machine. Position the extensometer on the specimen. Position upper clamp
(4) To press upper knife edges on the specimen. The extensometer will be now fixed to the
specimen by spring pressure. Set zero on both the dial gauges by zero adjust screws (7 ). Start
loading the specimen and take the reading of load on the machine at required elongation or the
elongation at required load. Force setter accuracies mean of both the dial gauge ( 8) readings
should be taken as elongation. It is very important to note & follow the practice of removing the
extensometer from the specimen before the specimen breaks otherwise the instrument will be
totally damaged. As a safety, while testing the instrument may be kept hanging from a fixed
support by a slightly loose thread.

TECHNICAL DATA:-
Measuring Range: 0 – 3 mm. Least Count: 0. 01 mm. Gauge Length adjustable from: 30 – 120
mm Specimen Size: 1 to 20mm Round or Flats up to 20 x 20 mm.

A) Stress-strain graph of Mild Steel

B) Stress-strain graphs of different materials.
Curve A shows a brittle material. This material is also strong because there is little strain for a
high stress. The fracture of a brittle material is sudden and catastrophic, with little or no plastic
deformation. Brittle materials crack under tension and the stress increases around the cracks.
Cracks propagate less under compression.
• Curve B is a strong material which is not ductile. Steel wires stretch very little, and break
suddenly. There can be a lot of elastic strain energy in a steel wire under tension and it will
“whiplash” if it breaks. The ends are razor sharp and such a failure Is very dangerous indeed.
• Curve C is a ductile material
• Curve D is a plastic material. Notice a very large strain for a small stress. The material will not
go back to its original length.

EXPERIMENT NO:2
AIM: -To determine tensile test on a metal. (UTM)
OBJECT: - To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:
1)Limit of proportionality 5) Young’s modulus of elasticity
2) Elastic limit 6) Percentage elongation
3)Yield strength. 7) Percentage reduction in area
4)Ultimate strength
APPARATUS: -
1)Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2 Mild steel specimens
3)Graph paper
 4) Scale
5) Vernier Caliper

DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:-
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are
fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied
load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically
deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is
too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which
is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which
represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress
below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of
material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load
indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp
yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate
for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to
decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”’ which is defined as the ratio of the load on the
specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will
eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture.
PROCEDURE:-
 1) Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of
gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.

OBESERVATION:-
A) Material:
A) Original dimensions
Length = ------------
Diameter = ---------
Area = --------------
B) Final Dimensions: Length = -------------------
Diameter = -----------------
Area = ------------------------
OBESERVATION TABLE:-

S.No Load(N) Original Extension Stress= Increase in

Gauge (mm) load/Area length
Length Strain=-------
 Original
length
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION:
To plot the stress strain curve and determine the following
. (i) Limit pf proportion = Load at limit of proportionality/Original area at Cross section
=
(ii) Elastic limit = load at elastic limit / Original area of c/s
=
(iii) Yield strength = Yield load/ Original area of cross-section
=
(iv) Ultimate strength = Maximum tensile load / Original area of cross-section
=
(v) Young’s modulus, E -= stress below propornality limit /Corresponding strain
=
(vi) Percentage elongation = Final length (at fracture) – original length/ Original length
(vii) Percentage reduction in area = Original area- area at fracture /Original area
=

RESULT:-
i) Average Breaking Stress =
ii) Ultimate Stress =
iii) Average % Elongation =
PRECAUTION:-
1. If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins.
2. Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully

EXPERIMENT NO-3

AIM: - Hardness Test of Mild Steel.

OBJECT: - To conduct hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.
APPARATUS:- Hardness tester, soft and hard mild steel specimens, brass, aluminum etc.
DIAGRAM:-
THEORY: -
The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized pressure or resistance to
abrasion. Hardness tests provide an accurate, rapid and economical way of determining the
resistance of materials to deformation. There are three general types of hardness measurements
depending upon the manner in which the test is conducted: a. Scratch hardness measurement, b.
Rebound hardness measurement c. Indention hardness measurement. In scratch hardness method
the material are rated on their ability to scratch one another and it is usually used by
mineralogists only. In rebound hardness measurement, a standard body is usually dropped on to
the material surface and the hardness is measured in terms of the height of its rebound .The
general means of judging the hardness is measuring the resistance of a material to Indentation.
The indenters usually a ball cone or pyramid of a material much harder than that being used.
Hardened steel, sintered tungsten carbide or diamond indenters are generally used in indentation
tests; a load is applied by Pressing the indenter at right angles to the surface being tested. The
hardness of the material depends on the resistance which it exerts during a small amount of
yielding or plastic. The resistance depends on friction, elasticity, viscosity and the intensity and
distribution of plastic strain produced by a given tool during indentation
PROCEDURE:-
1. Place the specimen securely upon the anvil.
2. Elevate the specimen so that it come into contact with the penetrate and put the specimen
under a preliminary or minor load of 100+2N without shock
3. Apply the major load 900N by loading lever.
4. Watch the pointer until it comes to rest.
5. Remove the major load.
6. Read the Rockwell hardness number or hardness scale.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr.No

RESULT: -
The hardness of the metal is found to be
i) Hard steel = ii) Unhardened Steel =
PRECAUTION:-
1. Brielle test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt and scale have
been cleaned.
2. The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows through the metal,
nor should impression be made too close to the edge of a specimen.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM: -To determined impact strength of steel. (Izod impact test )

OBJECT: -To Determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test
APPARATUS:1.Impact testing machine
2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
DIAGRAM:-
THEORY:-
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during
plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always reveal the
susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test.
Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering
materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths
are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of
impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures
the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load. The test
measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests
are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to
note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the
same material under different condition. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle
transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.

PROCEDURE:-
(a) Izod test

1) the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen in
impact testing machine’s vice in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is half
inside and half above the top surface of the vice.
2) Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and
lock it at that position.
3) Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.
4) Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing.
At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5) Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back

OBESERVATION:-
Izod Test. Impact value of – Mild Steel ------------N-m

RESULT:-
The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be______Joules. \

PRECAUTION:-
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
2. Hold the specimen (lzod test) firmly.
3. Note down readings carefully.
 EXPERIMENT NO.5

AIM: To determined impact strength of steel.

OBJECT: To determine the impact strength of steel by (Charpy test)
APPARATUS:
1. Impact testing machine
2. A steel specimen 10 mm x 10 mm X 55mm
DIAGRAM:

THEORY:-
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during
plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always reveal the
susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test.
Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering
materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths
are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of
impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures
the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load. The test
measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests
are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to
note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the
same material under different condition. This test can also be used to assess the the material
occurring due to lowering of temperature.

PROCEDURE:-

(a) Charpy Test

1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel
specimen in impact testing machines vice in such a way that the notch faces s the
hammer and is half inside and half above the top surface of the vice.
2. 2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already
there, and lock it at that position.
3. 3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.
4. 4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to
swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving,
while the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. 5. The specimen is placed on supports or anvil so that the blow of hammer is
opposite to the notch.

OBESERVATION:- Charpy test Impact value of – Mild Steel ------------N-m

RESULT:-The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be ______Joules.

PRECAUTION:-
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
 2 Locate the specimen (Charpy test) in such a way that the hammer, strikes
it at the middle.
3 Note down readings carefully.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM: To determined Shear Test of Steel.

OBJECT: To conduct shear test on specimens under double shear:

APPARATUS: i) Universal testing machine.
Ii) Shear test attachment.
Iii) Specimens.

DIAGRAM:

THEORY: -

Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter.
The specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the
zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three
pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces then It will be in single shear & if it
breaks in three pieces then it will be in double shear.

PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper
portion and one end in the lower portion.
2. Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine machine.
3. The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
4. Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the
pendulum and balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights.
5. Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.
6. Gradually move the head control level in left-hand direction till the specimen
shears.
7. Down the load at which the specimen shears.
8. Stop the machine and remove the specimen Repeat the experiment with other
specimens.

OBESERVATION:-

Diameter of the Rod, D = ….. mm

Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2x π/4x d2 =.. mm2

Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure , W = N

Strength of rod against Shearing = ƒx2x π/4x d2 ƒ = W / 2x π/4x d2 N/mm2

RESULT:
The Shear strength of mild steel specimen is found to be = ……………… N/mm2

PRECAUTION :-
1 The measuring range should not be changed at any stage during the test.
2. The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment should be
slightly greater than that of the specimen.
3. Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately.

EXPERIMENT NO.7
AIM: - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICK (CTM)

OBJECT: - The specimen brick is immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of the
Compressive Strength

APPARATUS: Bricks, Oven Venire Caliper,

FORMULA:

Compressive Strength = Max. Load at failure/Loaded Area of Brick

DIAGRAM:-
 THEORY : - Bricks are used in construction of either load bearing walls or in
portion walls incase of frame structure. In bad bearing walls total weight from slab
and upper floor comes directly through brick and then it is transverse to the
foundation. In case the bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force on other
hand in case of frame structure bricks are used only for construction of portion walls,
layers comes directly on the lower layers or wall. In this case bricks are loaded with
compressive nature of force. Hence for safely measures before using the bricks in
actual practice they have to be tested in laboratory for their compressive strength.

PROCEDURE: -
1. Select some brick with uniform shape and size.
2. Measure its all dimensions. (LXBXH)
3. Now fill the frog of the brick with fine sand. And
4. Place the brick on the lower platform of compression testing machine and lower
the spindle till the upper motion of ramis offered by a specimen the oil pressure start
increasing the pointer start returning to zero leaving the drug pointer that is
maximum reading which can be noted down.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr.No. Specimen L(Cm) B(cm) H(cm) C/s area Load at Strengt Average
(mm^2) crushing h Strength
(W/A)
CALCULATION:- -
Max. Load at failure Compressive Strength = ----------------------------- Loaded
Area of brick

RESULT : -
The average compressive strength of new brick sample is found to be ……….
Kg/sq.cm.

PRECAUTION: -
1) Measure the dimensions of Brick accurately.
2) Specimen should be placed as for as possible in the of lower plate.
3) The range of the gauge fitted on the machine should not be more than double the
breaking load of specimen for reliable results.