B.Tech.

7th Sem
CSE/M.Sc. 3rd

Introduction to
Embedded System

Dr. Madhusudan Maiti

Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, CGU
Email: [email protected]
Agenda / Contents

01 System

02 Embedded System

03 Classification

04 Characteristics of an Embedded System,

05 Major Application Areas

06 Text Book and Reference Book

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System, and Embedded System
System:
• A system is a way of working, organizing or
doing one or many tasks according to a fixed
plan, program, or set of rules.
• A system is also an arrangement in which all
its units assemble and work together
according to the plan or program.
Embedded System:
• An Embedded system is a system that has
embedded software and computer-hardware
which makes it a system dedicated for an
application (s) or specific part of an
application or product or a part of a larger
system.
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Embedded System Components
• A Microprocessor
• Large Memory:
• Primary Memory :
• Secondary memory
• Input Unit
• Output Unit
• Networking Unit
• I/O units

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Classification of Embedded Systems:

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Small Scale Embedded System:

 They may even be battery operated.

 Single 8 bit or 16 bit Microcontroller.
 They may even be battery operated.
 Usually “C” is used for developing these system.
The need to limit power dissipation when system is running
continuously.
 Example: Digital watches.
 Programming tools: Editor, Assembler and cross Assembler.

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Medium Scale Embedded System:

 Single or few 16 or 32 bit Microcontrollers or Digital Signal

Processors (DSP) or Reduce Instructions Set Computers
(RISC): Digital watches.
 Both hardware and Complexity.
 Programming Tolls:
 RTOS
 Source Code Engineering Toll
 Simulator,
 Debugger and Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

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Sophisticated Embedded System:

Enormous hardware and software complexity.

 Which may need scalable processor or Examples :
configurable processor and programming logic  Microwave ovens,
arrays.  Washing machine,
Constrained by the processing speed available in  Printers,
their hardware units.  automobiles,
 High of 32 bit to 64bit  cameras, etc.
 Programming Tolls:
 For these systems may not be readily available at a
reasonable cost or may not be available at all. A compiler
or retarget able compiler might have to developed for this.

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Real-Time Embedded System:
 A Real-Time Embedded System is strictly
time specific which means these
embedded systems provides output in a
particular/defined time interval.

 Type:
 Soft Real Time Embedded Systems
 Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems

 Examples :
 Traffic control system
 Military usage in defense sector
 Medical usage in health sector

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Stand Alone Embedded Systems:

 Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a

computer, it work by itself.
 It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital and
processes, calculates and converts the data and gives the controls,
drives and displays the connected devices.
 Examples:
 mp3 players
 Digital cameras,
 Video game consoles,
 Microwave ovens
 Temperature measurement systems.

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Networked Embedded Systems :

 Networked Embedded Systems are connected to a network which

may be wired or wireless to provide output to the attached device.
They communicate with embedded web server through network.

This type of embedded system is the fastest growing area in

embedded application.
Examples:
 Home security systems
 ATM machine
 Card swipe machine

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Mobile Embedded Systems :

 Mobile embedded systems are small and easy to use and

requires less resources.
They are the most preferred embedded systems.
In portability point of view mobile embedded systems are also
best.
Examples:
 MP3 player
 Mobile phones
 Digital Camera

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Embedded System Design Skill Set :

 Appreciation for multidisciplinary nature of design:

 Both hardware and software skills
 Understanding of engineering beyond digital logic.
 Ability to take a project from specification through production.
Communication and Teamwork Skills.
 Work with other disciplines, manufacturing marketing.
 Work with customers to understand the real problem being solved.
 Make a good presentation, even better write “ trade rag” articles.
Technical Skill:
 Low Level Design: Microcontrollers, FPGA/ASIC, assembly language, A/D, D/A
 High Level Object oriented Design: C/C++, Real Time Operating Systems
Meta Level:
 Creative solution to highly constrained problems
 Windows CE, Unix etc.

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Embedded System Design Skill Set :

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HARDWARE SKILL REQUIRED IN:

 Processors (uP, uC, DSP, EP,…)

Memories (EPROM, RAM)Communication and Teamwork Skills.
Peripheral device (8255, 8251, 8253, 8279…))
 Sensors (Temp, Pressure, Light,…)
Electronics System Design,
Digital Electronics,
Computer architecture,
Control system.
Data Communication

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Characteristics of Embedded Systems

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Major Application Area of Embedded System

Consumer Electronics :
 Camcorders, Cameras, etc…
 Household Appliances: Communication and Teamwork Skills.
 Television, DVD Player, Washing Machine, fridge, microwave oven, etc.,
 Home automation and security system:
 Air conditioners, Sprinkler, intruder detection alarms, fire alarms, closed circuit
television cameras etc.
 Automotive industry:
 Anti-lock breaking system (ABS), engine control, ignition control, automatic
navigation system, etc.
Telecommunication:
 Cellular telephones, telephone switches, router, etc.
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Applications of Embedded System
Robotic science Networking
• Ground Vehicles • Router
• Drones • Hubs
• Underwater Vehicles • Gateways
• Industrial Robots • Electronics Instruments
Medical Home Devices
• Dialysis Machine • TVs
• Infusion Pumps • Digital Alarm
• Air Conditioner
• Cardiac Monitor
• DVD Video Player
• Prosthetic Device
• Cameras
Automotive Automobiles
• Engine Control • Fuel Injection
• Ignition System • Lighting System
• Brake System • Door Locks
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Difference between Computer and Embedded
System
1. Computer :
A computer is a combination of hardware and software resources which integrate
together and provides various functionalities to the user.

2. Embedded Device :

An embedded device is a part of an integrated system which is formed as an

combination of computer hardware and software for a specific function and which
can operate without human interaction.

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Difference between Computer and Embedded Device
S. No. Category Computer Embedded device
A computer is a combination of hardware An embedded device is a part of an integrated system which is
and software resources which integrate formed as an combination of computer hardware and software for
1. Description
together and provides various functionalities a specific function and which can operate without human
to the user. interaction.
A computer needs Human Interaction to Embedded device does not need Human Interaction to perform
2. Human Interaction
perform tasks. tasks.
Analog computer,
Digital computer,
Small Scale Embedded System,
Types based on Hybrid computer,
3. Medium Scale Embedded Systems,
architecture Harvard architecture,
Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems
Von Neumann architecture,
Reduced instruction set computer

4. Parts It has 2 parts: Hardware and Software. It has 3 parts: Hardware, Firmware and Software.

5. Tasks It can perform many tasks. It performs limited tasks.

6. Cost to user The user has to pay more for a computer. The user incurs lesser cost for an embedded system.
Computers have peripherals such as Embedded Devices have peripherals such as Serial Communication
keyboard and mouse, display, printer, Hard Interfaces (SCI), Synchronous Serial Communication Interface,
7. Peripherals
disk drives, floppy disk drives, optical disc Universal Serial Bus (USB), Multi Media Cards (SD cards, Compact
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Reference
Text Books:
T1. Rajkamal, “Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design”, TATA
McGraw-Hill
T2. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis,” Embedded Systems Design – A unified
Hardware /Software Introduction”, John Wiley, 2002

Reference Books:
R1. Shibu KV, “Introduction to Embedded Systems”, TMH

R2. S. Chattopadhyay, “Embedded System Design”, PHI

R3. David E.Simon,” An Embedded Software Primer”, Pearson Education Asia, First
Indian Reprint 2000
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 Thank You

Dr. Madhusudan Maiti

Department of ETC

[email protected]

M o b : 9 4 7 5 3 0 1 1 3 2
www.cgu-odisha.ac.in