Yes I agree.

The term of morphological is Greek and is make up of morph – meaning “shape, form”
and ology means “the study of something”
In linguistics, morphology is a study of word.it analyzes the structures of words and parts of the
words, such as stem, root word, prefix and suffix. Morphology also looks at parts of speech,
intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word’s pronunciation and meaning.
Morphology differs from morphological typology which is the classification of language based on
their use of words and lexicology., which is study of words and how they make up a language’s
vocabulary.

Morphological process

Definition
Morphological processes alter stems to derive new words. They may change the word’s meaning
(Derivational) or grammatical function (inflection). They are various types of processes, not all of
which are present in all languages. Some of these are Concatenate, meaning that they involve the
linear combination of morphemes , while others are non – concatenate, involving the alternation of
i8nternal properties of morphemes.

Most language that are agglutinative in any way use suffixation. Some of these language also use
prefixation an infixation. In very few language use only prefixation, and none employ only infixation
or any of the other types of morphological processes listed below.

Sources of word formation

1. Prefixation
2. Suffixation
3. Back – formation
4. Conversion
5. Compounding
6. Clipping
7. Blending
8. Coinage
9. Acronyms
10. Burrowing
11. Calquing
12. Circumfixation
 13. Infixation
14. Modification
15. Reduplication

Prefixes and Suffixes

Suffixes
A suffixes is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word.
Suffixes are commonly used to show the part of speech of a word, for a example, adding “ion” to the
verb “act” gives us “action” the noun form of the verb. Suffixes also tell us verb tense of words or
whether the words are plural or singular.
Some common suffixes are –ed, - ing and –ly. The suffix –ed changed verbs to the past tense. In the
sentences “Sheela shoveled the snow”, the –ed suffix creates the past tense of the verb Sheela. The –
ing suffix makes the verb take place in the present, as in the following sentences. “ Sandy shoveling
the snow”
The suffix –ly is commonly added in to adjectives to form adverbs. The adverbs with the –ly suffix
include joyfully, quickly and loudly. The suffixes -s and –es make words plural, as in foxes, lamps
and chairs.
When we add suffix to a word, the original word usually keeps its original spelling. However , there
are some exceptions to the ruler. If the original word is one syllable and ends with a single consonant,
double the last letter. For example, clap becomes clapping or clapped, and run becomes running. If the
word ends in multiple consonants, as in the word bank, last letter doesn’t get doubled.

When we are learning suffixes, we must remember these things,

 Some suffixes have lot of meanings. As a example suffix –er may suggest a person who
performs an action, like a teacher. But “er” is also commonly added to the ends of adjectives
and adverbs. They compare two things and show that one is “more” than the other, such as in
“faster” and stronger
 Sometimes when we added suffix for a word, its meaning can be changed. This is true of most
base words ending in the letter “y”. When we add the suffix –ness to the word “crazy to make
“craziness” we replace the “y” with an “i”
 When the suffix begins with a vowel, Example, in the word “write, make, manage ” We drop
the “e” in the words when we add –ing to make writing, making, managing.
 We also often drop the silent “e” before the suffix –able such as in “usable” Be careful,
though, because with some words, we keep the “e” such as in “changeable, loveable.

Suffix Meaning Example

-able/-ible Capable of being Portable
Preventable
Legible
-ful Full of or notable Wonderful
Grateful
skilful
-ic Relating to Athletic
Iconic
Poetic
-ious/0-ous Having qualities of Poisonous
Nervous
Dangerous
-ive Quality or nature of Creative
Pensive
Expensive
-y Made up of or characterize by Spotty
Messy
Funny
Rainy
-ical Having the nature of Historical
Magical
Logical
-sh Origin, nature Pinkish
Foolish
Selfish
-like like Ladylike
Lifelike
birdlike
-ed Past tense Climbed
Called
Missed
-en become Soften
Shorten
brighten
Prefix

A prefix is a letter or group of letters that we add to the beginning of a word. Prefix change the
meaning of words. As a example there is prefix word (un-). It means not, remove or opposite. If we
add this word in to “happy” it’s change in to unhappy. That meaning is opposite.
The most common prefixes are un-, re-,dis-,in-. These are made negative words.
When we add a prefix to a word, we shouldn’t change the spelling of the original word or the prefix .
the word disappear, unhappy and undo all illustrate this guideline. Follow this rule even if the spelling
result in double consonants, such as in the words misspell, irredeemable and cooperation.
We should use a hyphen when joining a prefix to a proper noun, as in pro-american. there should
hyphen after the prefix self and after the prefix
Hyphens can also prevent misreading, mispronunciation or confusion with other words.

Prefix meaning Example

Non-, un-, im-, in-, il-, ir- Not, opposite Nonsense
Unhappy
Impossible
Independent
Illusion
Irregular
Re- Again, back Replay, revisit
Mis- Wrong, not Misunderstand
Misplace
Mismatch
De- Reverse, remove, out of Destruction
Department
Co-,com-,con- With, together Coadapted
Combine
Concord
Connection
Dis-, dif-,dil Separation, away, apart Disease, dissect
Conversion

Conversion is the process of one word being changed or converted from one word class to another
without there being any actual change to the form of the word. That word is created from an existing
word without the addition of any prefixes or suffixes. Regard and regret are examples of words
involved in this process. They do not require affixes to change the word class.

Examples,
 My best friend Sumudhu bottled the orange juice. (verb)
 Kalhara brings his water bottle to his parents (noun)
 She microwaved her dinner (verb)
 She heated her dinner in the microwaved (noun)
 You must use the permit to go everywhere. (noun)
 I permit you to do this one (verb)

Change the word class

 All companies have their ups and down. (Noun from preposition)
 Ok, so the meeting on Sunday. That’s a define (noun from adjectives)
 It is a very big if and I’m not all sure we can afford it (noun from conjunction)

Reduplication

Reduplication is the formation of new word by doubling a word, either with change of initial
consonants, with change of vowel or without change
A wide range of patterns are found in terms of both the form and meaning expressed by reduplication,
making it one of the most studied phoneme in phonology and morphology.

Examples
 Bang – bang
 Bye – bye
  Cha – cha
 Humpty – dumpty
 Pitter –patter
 Film – flam
 Hocus – pocus

There are three types of reduplication,

 Exact – the two halves of an exact reduplication are exactly the same
 Rhyming – the word halves of the reduplication are not exactly the same but rhyme with each
other
 Ablaut – Ablaut refers to those words which change form when a vowel is shifted.

Circumfixation

Circumfixation is a morphological process whereby an affix made up of two separate parts surrounds
and attaches to a root or stem. Although English have few examples of this type pf affix, other
languages use it. The cirumfix is probably most widely known from the German past participle. Two
of the most well – known circmfixes in English are,

 en - -en englighten
 en - -en embolden

in order usage, however, the present participle could be formed using the circumfix- -ing
 a - - ing in a – flying
 a - - ing in a - caroling
Root

A root word is a word or word part that can form the basis of new words through the addition of
prefixes and suffixes. Many of words we can use in our daily language come from a root word. Once
you pull of any prefixes or suffixes.
There are some common roots words. They can stand alone. The following root words are providing
the meaning and parentheses.

Examples,
 Act (actor, acting)
 Arbor (arborist, arboretum)
 Crypt (cryptic, apocryphal)
 Norm (normality, paranormal)

Root Definition Examples

anti- Against Antisocial

bio- life biology
con- together Conversation
equi- equal Equation
Inter- jointly intersection
Rupt- burst erupt
Struct- build Structure
Sub- below Submarine
Tele- Far television
Trans- across Transcontinental
Semi- half Semicircle
Aqua- water Aquarium
Meter- measure Diameter
Graph- To draw or write Photograph
Port- To carry Portable
Dict- To speak or say Dictionary
dictate
Tri- three Triangle
Bi- two Bicycle
biweekly

Infixation

Infixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches within a root or a stem.
The kind of affix involved in this process is called an infix. In English language does not have infix.
Below are some examples of infix in Bontoc, A language spoken in the Philippines

Nouns/Adjectives Verbs

Fikas “strong” fumikas “to be strong”

Kilad “red” Kumilad “to be red”

Fusud “enemy” Fumusul “to be an enemy”

Compounding

Compounding is a process of combining two words to create a new word like noun, verb, or adjective.
Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words
(life - threatening) and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium)

Types of compounding

 Compound adjectives
 Compound adverb
 Compound noun
 Compound tenses
 Compound verb
 Exocentric compound
  Rhyming compound
 Root compound and synthetic compound
 Suspended compound

There are some examples,

 Nevertheless
 Chain
 Sugar – free
 Heartbreaking
 Good – naturedly
 Baby - sit

Clipping

Clipping is one of the ways new words are created in English. It involved the shortening of a longer
word, often reducing it to one syllable.
A clipped form generally has the same donative meaning as the word it becomes from, but it’s
regarded as more colloquial an informal. Clipping also makes it easier to spell and write many words.

There are four types of clipping

1. Back clipping
2. Fore clipping
3. Middle clipping
4. Complex clipping

Examples
 Memo – memorandum
 Bike – bicycle
 Phone – telephone
 Gasoline – gas
 Alligator – gator
 Influenza – flu
Blending

A blend is a word formed from parts of two or more words. In this see blending is a process, among
other processors, of creating new words whose meaning is often a combination of the original word.
Examples :
 Motel (noun) motor/hotel
 Camcorder camera + recoder
 Globish global/English
 Brunch(noun) breakfast/lunch
 Smog smoke + fog

References

o Morphological Process https://glossary.sil.org/term/morphological-process

o Types of word formation https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/wordtypes.html

o Everything You Need To Know About Prefixes And Suffixes

https://www.dictionary.com/e/what-are-prefixes-and-suffixes/
o https://www.learnthat.org/pages/view/roots.html

o Root Words, Roots and Affixes

By: Elaine K. McEwan https://www.readingrockets.org/article/root-words-roots-and-
affixes

o Jayasena Banda B.A (2005) “The structure of English and Applied Linguistics”