WEEK-1

Problem statement: Implementation of SQL built-in functions under the category of single
row functions using DUAL Table

Queries:
A. Character Functions
1. LOWER – converts char values to lowercase
SYNTAX: lower(char_value)
SQL> select lower('OrAcLe') from dual;
LOWER(
------
oracle
SQL> select lower('12$Hi*6') from dual;
LOWER('
-------
12$hi*6
2. UPPER – converts char values to uppercase
SYNTAX: upper(char_value)
SQL> select upper('HarShiThAa') from dual;
UPPER('HAR
----------
HARSHITHAA
SQL> select upper('(01ar23)') from dual;
UPPER('(
--------
(01AR23)
3. INITCAP – converts first character to uppercase and remaining to lowercase
SYNTAX: initcap(char_value)
SQL> select initcap('hello, guru!') from dual;
INITCAP('HEL
------------
Hello, Guru!
SQL> select initcap('9th cLouD') from dual;
INITCAP('
---------
9th Cloud
4. CONCAT – concats first string with second string
SYNTAX: concat(string1,string2)
SQL> select Concat('Naam tho ','suna hoga') from dual;
CONCAT('NAAMTHO','
------------------
Naam tho suna hoga
SQL> select Concat('im','5n') from dual;
CONC
----
im5n
5. SUBSTR – returns specified character from character value starting at position m and n
characters long. If you omit n, all characters from m to end are returned.
SYNTAX: substr(string[,m,n])
SQL> select substr('abdul rab',5,3) from dual;
SUB
---
lr
SQL> select substr('abdul rab',7) from dual;
SUB
---
rab
SQL> select substr('hello world',2,-3) from dual;
S
-
SQL> select substr('hello world',-2) from dual;

SU
--
ld
SQL> select substr('hello world',-7,3) from dual;
SUB
---
ow
6. LENGTH – to find no. Of characters in a string
SYNTAX: length(string)
SQL> select length('GolMaAl3') from Dual;
LENGTH('GOLMAAL3')
------------------
8
SQL> select length('Naam mei kya rakha hai!') from Dual;
LENGTH('NAAMMEIKYARAKHAHAI!')
-----------------------------
23
7. INSTR – to find position of a string in another string (may be starting at given position m
or at given nth occurance of string)
SYNTAX: instr(mainstring,substring,[m],[n])
SQL> select instr('Oracle Apps','apps') from dual;
INSTR('ORACLEAPPS','APPS')
--------------------------
 0
SQL> select instr('Oracle Apps,Mango apps,Apple apps','Apps',1,2) from dual;
INSTR('ORACLEAPPS,MANGOAPPS,APPLEAPPS','APPS',1,2)
--------------------------------------------------
0
SQL> select instr('Mango apps,Apple apps','Apps',2) from dual;
INSTR('MANGOAPPS,APPLEAPPS','APPS',2)
-------------------------------------
0
SQL> select instr('Apple Apps, mango Apps','Apps',2) from dual;
INSTR('APPLEAPPS,MANGOAPPS','APPS',2)
-------------------------------------
7
SQL> select instr('Oracle Apps,Mango Apps,Apple Apps','Apps',1,2) from dual;
INSTR('ORACLEAPPS,MANGOAPPS,APPLEAPPS','APPS',1,2)
--------------------------------------------------
19
8. LPAD – pads character value to right-justified to total width of n-character positions
SYNTAX: lapd(coloumn,n,string)
SQL> select lpad('100',5,'x') from dual;
LPAD(
-----
xx100
SQL> select lpad('AR',5,'the') from dual;
LPAD(
-----
theAR
SQL> select lpad('abdurab',5,'the') from dual;
LPAD(
-----
abdur
SQL> select lpad('abdurab',10,'the') from dual;
LPAD('ABDU
----------
Theabdurab
9. RPAD – pads character value to left-justified to total width of n-character positions
SYNTAX: rapd(coloumn,n,string)
SQL> select rpad('abdurab',10,'the') from dual;
RPAD('ABDU
----------
abdurabthe
SQL> select rpad('ARbolthe',7,'e') from dual;
RPAD('A
-------
ARbolth
SQL> select rpad('ARbolthe',10,'e') from dual;
RPAD('ARBO
----------
ARboltheee
10. TRIM – removes leading/trailing/ both characters from string
SYNTAX: trim(leading|trailing|both, trim_char from trim_source)
SQL> select trim('o' from 'oracle') from dual;
TRIM(
-----
racle
SQL> select trim('*' from '*AR02100*') from dual;
TRIM('*
-------
AR02100
11. REPLACE – to replace a character with other character in string
SYNTAX: replace(coloumn,old_char,new_char)
SQL> select replace('data in database','in','in the') from dual;
REPLACE('DATAINDATAB
--------------------
data in the database
SQL> select replace('data in database','data','DATA') from dual;
REPLACE('DATAIND
----------------
DATA in DATAbase

B. Number Functions
1. ROUND –rounds to n decimal values
SYNTAX: round(number,n)
SQL> select round(135.24,1) from dual;
ROUND(135.24,1)
---------------
135.2
SQL> select round(135.24,-1) from dual;
ROUND(135.24,-1)
----------------
140
SQL> select round(139.99,-1) from dual;
ROUND(139.99,-1)
----------------
140
SQL> select round(131.99,-1) from dual;
ROUND(131.99,-1)
----------------
 130
2. TRUNC – truncates value to n decimal places. If n is omitted, then n defaults to 0.
SYNTAX: trunc(number,n)
SQL> select trunc(123.45) from dual;
TRUNC(123.45)
-------------
123
SQL> select trunc(123.45,3) from dual;
TRUNC(123.45,3)
---------------
123.45
SQL> select trunc(123.45,1) from dual;
TRUNC(123.45,1)
---------------
123.4
SQL> select trunc(123.45,-2) from dual;
TRUNC(123.45,-2)
----------------
100
SQL> select trunc(123.45,-3) from dual;
TRUNC(123.45,-3)
----------------
0
SQL> select trunc(123.45,-1) from dual;
TRUNC(123.45,-1)
----------------
120
3. MOD – returns remainder of m divided by n
SYNTAX: mod(m,n)
SQL> select mod(100,3) from dual;
MOD(100,3)
----------
1
SQL> select mod(100,34) from dual;
MOD(100,34)
-----------
32
4. ABS – returns absolute value of a number
SYNTAX: abs(number)
SQL> select abs(333.33) from dual;
ABS(333.33)
-----------
333.33
SQL> select abs(-333.33) from dual;
ABS(-333.33)
------------
333.33
SQL> select abs(-333.67899) from dual;
ABS(-333.67899)
---------------
333.67899
5. CEIL – rounded up any positive/negative/decimal value when function upwards
SYNTAX: ceil(number)
SQL> select ceil(-2.34) from dual;
CEIL(-2.34)
-----------
-2
SQL> select ceil(-2.89) from dual;
CEIL(-2.89)
-----------
-2
SQL> select ceil(2.89) from dual;
CEIL(2.89)
----------
3
SQL> select ceil(2.34) from dual;
CEIL(2.34)
----------
3
6. FLOOR –rounded up any positive/negative/decimal value down to next integer
SYNTAX: floor(number)
SQL> select floor(2.34) from dual;
FLOOR(2.34)
-----------
2
SQL> select floor(2.97) from dual;
FLOOR(2.97)
-----------
2
SQL> select floor(-2.97) from dual;
FLOOR(-2.97)
------------
-3
SQL> select floor(-2.22) from dual;
FLOOR(-2.22)
------------
-3
7. EXP – returns ‘e’ raised to nth power (where e=2.71828183)
 SYNTAX: exp(n)
SQL> select exp(3) from dual;
EXP(3)
----------
20.0855369
SQL> select exp(5) from dual;
EXP(5)
----------
148.413159
8. POWER – returns value of a number rasied to another number
SYNTAX: power(base_number,exponent_number)
SQL> select power(5,4) from dual;
POWER(5,4)
----------
625
SQL> select power(2,7) from dual;
POWER(2,7)
----------
128
SQL> select power(2,-6) from dual;
POWER(2,-6)
-----------
.015625
9. SQRT – returns square root of a number
SYNTAX: sqrt(number)
SQL> select sqrt(36) from dual;
SQRT(36)
----------
6
SQL> select sqrt(441) from dual;
SQRT(441)
----------
21
C. Date Functions
1. SYSDATE – returns current Oracle Database server date and time
SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
---------
13-JAN-20
2. ARITHMETIC WITH DATES – add or subtract days/hours/dates to dates
SQL> select sysdate+2 from dual;
SYSDATE+2
---------
15-JAN-20
SQL> select sysdate-19 from dual;
SYSDATE-1
---------
25-DEC-19
SQL> select sysdate-2/24 from dual;
SYSDATE-2
---------
13-JAN-20
3. MONTHS BETWEEN – returns no. Of months between two dates
SYNTAX: months_between(date1,date2)
SQL> select months_between('26-dec-2019','26-dec-2001') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('26-DEC-2019','26-DEC-2001')
-------------------------------------------
216
SQL> select months_between('26-mar-2019','26-mar-2001') from dual;

MONTHS_BETWEEN('26-MAR-2019','26-MAR-2001')
-------------------------------------------
216
4. ADD MONTHS – adds/subtracts n no. of calander months
SYNTAX: add_months(date,n)
SQL> select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
ADD_MONTH
---------
13-MAR-20
SQL> select add_months('09-feb-2007',2) from dual;
ADD_MONTH
---------
09-APR-07
5. NEXT DAY – prints date of next specified weekday
SYNTAX: next_day(date,’day’)
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'monday') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(
---------
20-JAN-20
SQL> select next_day('11-oct-2002','monday') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(
---------
14-OCT-02
SQL> select next_day('11-oct-2002','friday') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(
---------
18-OCT-02
6. LAST DAY – prints last day of month
 SYNTAX: last_day(date)
SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
LAST_DAY(
---------
31-JAN-20
SQL> select last_day('22-feb-2222') from dual;
LAST_DAY(
---------
28-FEB-22
7. ROUND – returns date rounded in specified format
SYNTAX: round(date,[‘fmt’])
SQL> select round(sysdate,'year') from dual;
ROUND(SYS
---------
01-JAN-20
SQL> select round(sysdate,'month') from dual;
ROUND(SYS
---------
01-JAN-20
SQL> select round(to_date('26-mar-2001'),'year') from dual;
ROUND(TO_
---------
01-JAN-01
SQL> select round(to_date('16-mar-2001'),'month') from dual;
ROUND(TO_
---------
01-APR-01
SQL> select round(to_date('15-mar-2001'),'month') from dual;
ROUND(TO_
---------
01-MAR-01
8. TRUNC – returns date truncated to specidied format
SYNTAX: trunc(date,[‘fmt’])
SQL> select trunc(to_date('17-apr-2001'),'month') from dual;
TRUNC(TO_
---------
01-APR-01
SQL> select trunc(to_date('10-apr-2001'),'month') from dual;
TRUNC(TO_
---------
01-APR-01
SQL> select trunc(sysdate,'month') from dual;
TRUNC(SYS
---------
01-JAN-20
SQL> select trunc(sysdate,'year') from dual;
TRUNC(SYS
---------
01-JAN-20

D. Conversion Functions
1. TO CHAR – converts to string value for number and date values
SYNTAX: to_char(x[,y])
SQL> select to_char(sysdate) from dual;
TO_CHAR(S
---------
13-JAN-20
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'day,month YYYY') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY,MON
------------------------
monday ,january 2020
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd,mon YYYY') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYS
-----------
13,jan 2020
SQL> select to_char(to_date('26-mar-2001'),'dd,mon YYYY day') from dual;
TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('26-M
---------------------
26,mar 2001 monday
2. TO DATE – converts valid number/character value to date
SYNTAX: to_date(x[,’date_format’])
SQL> select to_date('11102001','dd/mm/yy') from dual;
TO_DATE('
---------
11-OCT-01
SQL> select to_date('26032001','dd-mm-yy') from dual;
TO_DATE('
---------
26-MAR-01
3. NVL – replaces value of NULL
SYNTAX: nvl(x,y) {where, x and y are of same datatype}
SQL> select nvl(null,1) from dual;
NVL(NULL,1)
-----------
1
SQL> select nvl('ab','xyz') from dual;
NV
--
ab
SQL> select nvl(null,'xyz') from dual;
NVL
---
xyz
SQL> select nvl('ab',null) from dual;
NV
--
ab