REVIEW TIME!

•the twin planet of earth

•the red planet
•smallest planet
•largest planet
•hottest planet
•closest planet to the sun
•farthest planet to the sun
•planet known to support life
•Olympus Mons can be found in
this planet
•has Great Red Spot
•has one moon named luna
•the ring planet
•has 63 moons
•planet less dense that water
•has Great Dark Spot
•first planet found with the aid of
telescope
WHY PLUTO IS NOT A PLANET?
Pluto was reclassified from a planet to a "dwarf planet" in
2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). This
decision was based on a new definition of what constitutes a
planet. According to the IAU, a celestial body must meet the
following criteria to be considered a planet:
1.It must orbit the Sun.
2.It must be spherical in shape (hydrostatic equilibrium).
3.It must have cleared its orbit of other debris.
LESSON 1:
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
EARTH
LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners describe the
characteristics of Earth that are
necessary to support life (S11ES-Ia-
b-3).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners
will be able to:
✓recognize the difference in the
physical and chemical properties
between the Earth and its
neighboring planets; and
✓identify the factors that allow a
planet to support life.
 How well do human
know the solar system?
 COMPARE AND CONTRAST

VENUS EARTH MARS

COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS,
EARTH, AND MARS

VENUS EARTH MARS

Mass (10^24 kg) 4.87 5.97 0.642
Diameter (km) 12,104 12,756 6,792
Density (kg/m^3) 5,243 5,514 3,933
Gravity (m/s^2) 8.9 9.8 3.7
Escape Velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 5
COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS,
EARTH, AND MARS
VENUS EARTH MARS
Surface Pressure (bars) 92 1 0.01
Composition of Atmosphere 96% CO2 77% N 95% CO2
3.5% N 21% O2 2.7% N
1% Ar 1.6% Ar
Major Greenhouse Gases (GHG) CO2 CO2, H2O CO2

Mean Temperature (degree C) 464 15 -65

Temperature if no GHG are -46 -18 -75
present
Change in Temperature (degree +510 +33 +10
C) due to greenhouse gases
COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS,
EARTH, AND MARS
VENUS EARTH MARS
Distance from Sun (106 108.2 149.6 227.9
km)
Orbital Period (days) 224.7 365.2 687
Orbital Velocity (km/s) 35 29.8 24.1
Length of Day (hours) 2,802 24 24.7
Global Magnetic Field No Yes No
What makes a planet
habitable?
The Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere includes all of Earth’s water.
Bodies of water are classified into either saltwater
or freshwater, based on salinity.
Saltwater
Saltwater (oceans and seas) primarily have high salt content.
Freshwater
It has zero to very little salt content.
Global Freshwater
2.5% freshwater vs 97.5% saltwater
Properties of Water
● Density
○ Water is at maximum density at 3.98°C.

● Heat Capacity
○ Water has a relatively high heat capacity, which
allows it to resist temperature changes.
 These properties make aquatic habitats a stable
place for organisms to live in, since aquatic habitats
can somewhat resist temperature changes.
The Origin of Water on Earth
● The prevailing hypothesis on the origin of water on Earth
suggests that water came from comets that collided with
Earth.

● Other studies suggest that water was already present

within Earth since formation as volatiles trapped in
magma.
Global Water Usage
Albedo
All objects can either absorb or reflect light. This is a
property known as albedo. It has a value that ranges from
0-1.

Albedo Values
Albedo
Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. It is
defined as the ratio of the amount of solar radiation
reflected by a surface to the amount of solar radiation
incident upon it. Albedo values range from 0 to 1, where 0
represents a surface that absorbs all incoming sunlight (like
a black surface) and 1 represents a surface that reflects all
incoming sunlight (like a perfectly white surface).
Albedo
Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of
a surface. It is defined as the ratio of the
amount of solar radiation reflected by a
surface to the amount of solar radiation
incident upon it. Albedo values range from
0 to 1, where 0 represents a surface that
absorbs all incoming sunlight (like a black
surface) and 1 represents a surface that
reflects all incoming sunlight (like a perfectly
white surface).
The Sun
The Sun is the Earth’s main source
of energy, and powers many of the
processes in the planet.

Sun as the main source of

energy.
The Sun
Plants are dependent on the Sun for photosynthesis.

Importance of the sun on humans and other life forms.

Solar Energy is Renewable

● As long as the sun shines, solar

energy is available for everyone
to utilize.

● This is advantageous since the

sun is an environmentally-
friendly source of energy.
Utilization of solar energy
by using solar panels.
Earth’s Energy Budget
● Earth’s energy budget is the
balance of energy
absorbed and energy
reflected.

● 30% of the energy from the

sun is reflected and
scattered by clouds,
atmosphere, and Earth’s Earth’s energy budget
light-colored surfaces.
Factors Affecting Earth’s Energy Budget
● There are certain factors that affect Earth’s energy budget
such as:
○ the amount of light colored surfaces
○ amount of radiation received
○ Earth’s axial tilt
○ presence of greenhouse gases.
The Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse effect is one of the factors that affects Earth’s energy budget.
Atmospheric Composition
● The bulk of the atmospheric composition of Earth is
nitrogen and oxygen in which together comprises 99%.

● Only 0.9% is argon and the remaining 0.1% is trace

gases.

● Carbon dioxide and ozone, although available in

minute amounts, are very essential to life on Earth.
Atmospheric Composition

Atmospheric composition of Earth.

Layers of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is
made up of 5 major
layers
○ troposphere,
○ stratosphere,
○ mesosphere,
○ thermosphere,
○ exosphere.
Layers of the atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Troposphere is where humans and most of the
biosphere reside, and is the lowest layer.
• Stratosphere contains the ozone layer.
• Mesosphere is where meteorites burn up.
• Thermosphere is a layer with extremely high
temperatures.
• Exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere,
and the layer in contact with outer space.
The Stratospheric and Tropospheric Ozone

• Stratospheric ozone is
good while tropospheric
ozone is bad.
• These harmful ozones
when inhaled, can irritate
the lungs and breakdown
lung tissues. Plants are
also affected by this
tropospheric ozone.
Good and bad ozone.
Atmosphere’s Role in the Hydrologic Cycle
• The atmosphere is a crucial
part of the water cycle. It
serves as the reservoir of
large amounts of water.

• Therefore, the atmosphere

is an efficient medium to
move water around the
globe.
Steps in the hydrologic cycle
What makes a planet
habitable?
1. Right distance from its star: Not too hot or too cold for liquid
water.
2. Water: Must have liquid water available.
3. Atmosphere: Protects from harmful radiation and keeps the
right pressure.
4. Essential elements: Needs key elements like carbon and oxygen
for life.
5. Stable climate: Should have a consistent climate for life to
develop.
6. Magnetic field: Protects from harmful space radiation.
7. Geological activity: Helps recycle nutrients and create diverse
habitats.
What temperature range is
good for life?
What sort of atmosphere
does life need?
Do organisms need light?
How much nutrients do
organism need?
What factors are essential
for life?
LESSON 2:
FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF
EARTH
LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners explain that the Earth
consists of four subsystems, across
whose boundaries matter and
energy flow (S11ES-Ib-4).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners
will be able to:
✓define the concept of a system;
and
✓recognize the Earth as a system
composed of subsystems.
SYSTEM
regularly interacting and interdependent components
forming a unified whole

ECOSYSTEM
ecological system; a community and its physical
environment treated together as a functional system
ECOSYSTEM
•Community of living organisms and the
physical environment that interacts with one
another
•Biotic and abiotic components
 The Earth is a closed system where materials
cycle between the lithosphere , atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere. A closed system
is a system in which there is only an exchange
of heat or energy and no exchange of matter.

It receives energy from the sun and returns

some of this energy to space.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

•The law of conservation of energy applies to

ecosystems.
•We can potentially trace all the energy from
its solar input to its release as heat by
organisms.
Earth System Science

● It is the study of Earth as an integrated system. It seeks to

understand the past, current, and future state of our
planet.

● The interdisciplinary nature of ESS led to the development

of new ideas for research, as well as promoting scientific
studies to people of different backgrounds.
 Vladimir Alexander von James
Vernadsky Humboldt Hutton

The Organism dispersal and Father of

noosphere distribution modern geology
 James Lynn
Lovelock Margulis
The Gaia Hypothesis
The Gaia Hypothesis
● The Gaia Hypothesis states
that the Earth is a self-
regulating system.

● Organisms interact with

their surroundings and
other organisms. These
interactions make Earth self-
sustaining.
 NASA ESS Committee

● NASA scientists aim to

understand Earth’s systems
by using satellites for long-
term observations.

The International Space Station.

 NASA ESS Committee

● NASA continuously collects

data through their satellites.

● Scientists and data analysts

process the data for human
use. Examples of uses are for
weather, atmospheric
analysis, and many more. The International Space Station.
Satellite Imagery
Satellites can take photos
of the Earth from space for
various purposes.
The Earth has 4 major subsystems,
namely: atmosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.
 Each subsystem interacts with the other
subsystems.

The interaction between these subsystems makes

many processes on Earth possible.
 LITHOSPHERE VS. GEOSPHERE
•Lithosphere covers only the crust and upper mantle
of Earth.
•Geosphere covers all the solid part of Earth both
on its surface up to the deeper depth of the core.
GEOSPHERE

•The geosphere includes the rocks of the crust

and mantle, the metallic liquid outer core, and
the solid metallic inner core.
•The primary driving mechanism is the Earth's
internal heat, such as that in mantle convection.
The Geosphere
Geosphere comes from the
Greek word geo which means
ground.

It includes all the soil, rocks,

and minerals present in the
crust to the core of Earth.
Internal structure of Earth
Layers of the Geosphere

Crust This is the outermost layer, and is solid.

Mantle This is the middle layer, and is liquid.

Core This is the innermost layer, and is solid.

Lehmann discontinuity
HYDROSPHERE
•About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid
water and much of it is in the form of ocean water
•Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds are in
the form of ice, and the remaining one-third is
present in streams, lakes, and groundwater.
HYDROSPHERE
● It is composed of all water on
Earth in any form: water vapor,
liquid water, and ice.

● It is comprised of 97.5%
saltwater and 2.5%
freshwater.
The hydrosphere comprised of
97.5% saltwater.
HYDROSPHERE

•The oceans are important sinks for

CO2 through direct exchange with the
atmosphere and indirectly through the
weathering of rocks.
ATMOSPHERE
•The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes
the lithosphere.
•The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and trace amount of other
gases.
ATMOSPHERE
• The atmosphere makes up of all the
gases on Earth.

• The atmosphere has different layers:

troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosphere, and
exosphere.
Layers of the atmosphere.
BIOSPHERE
•The biosphere is the set of all life forms on
Earth.
•Life exists in all the subsystem of Earth – on land
(geosphere), in water (hydrosphere), and in air
(atmosphere).
BIOSPHERE
It includes all the
organisms on Earth.

Biosphere consists of all living things

including the microorganisms.
How is energy and mass exchanged
among the subsystems?
MOVEMENT OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS
Food chain
Food webs
Trophic levels
Biomass
Biogeochemical Cycle
Image result for trophic level
 The Hydrologic Cycle

● The movement of
water from the
ocean to the
atmosphere to land
and back to the
ocean is called the
water or hydrologic
cycle. The water cycle
 Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle
Evapotranspiration Precipitation
1 liquid water to gas
3 the release of water from clouds

2 Condensation
the formation of clouds
The Nitrogen Cycle

● It refers to the
transference and
conversion of nitrogen
across many forms.
The Nitrogen Cycle
● Both organisms and
natural processes (like
lightning) play a role in
the nitrogen cycle.

Lightning plays a role in the

nitrogen cycle
 Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation Ammonification
1 atmospheric to usable nitrogen 3 nitrogen releases as ammonia
after decomposition

Nitrification Denitrification
2 ammonia/ammonium to 4 nitrogen returns to the
nitrite/nitrates atmosphere
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

● It includes the
photosynthesis and
respiration of
organisms, as well as
some natural
processes.

The carbon and oxygen cycle

Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
● The most well-known among these are respiration in
animals and photosynthesis in plants.

● Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases
oxygen.
REFERENCES:
De Silva, L. et al. (2016). Earth Science. Commission on Higher Education.
Manaog, A. et al. (2017). Earth Science. CK-12 Foundation.
Oliva, M. D. (2016). Earth Science (STEM Track). Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems.
Utah State Board of Education. (2018). Earth Systems. CK-12 Foundation.
NASA. (2019, April 10). Planets. Retrieved from
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/overview/
Voyagesthroughtime (n.d.). The Living Earth. Retrieved from
http://www.voyagesthroughtime.org/planetary/sample/lesson5/z_act3.htm