MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Chử Văn Tiệp

Khoa Toán
Trường ĐHSP-ĐHĐN

16/5/2024

Double integrals 1 / 81
Table of Contents I

1 Double integrals
Double Integrals over Rectangles
Double Integrals over General Regions
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
Applications of Double Integrals

Double integrals 2 / 81
Review I

If 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑏, we start by dividing the interval

[𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛 subintervals [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] of equal width Δ𝑥 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)/𝑛 and
we choose sample points 𝑥∗𝑖 in these subintervals. Then we form the
Riemann sum
𝑛
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖 ) Δ𝑥
𝑖=1

and take the limit of such sums as 𝑛 → ∞ to obtain the definite

integral of 𝑓 from 𝑎 to 𝑏 :
𝑏 𝑛
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖 ) Δ𝑥
𝑛→∞
𝑎 𝑖=1

Double integrals 3 / 81
Review II

In the special case where 𝑓(𝑥) ⩾ 0, the Riemann sum can be inter-
preted as the sum of the areas of the approximating rectangles and
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 represents the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from 𝑎 to 𝑏.

Double integrals 4 / 81
Volumes and Double Integrals I

Consider a function 𝑓 of two variables defined on a closed rectangle

𝑅 = [𝑎, 𝑏] × [𝑐, 𝑑] = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 ∣ 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑏, 𝑐 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑑}

and we first suppose that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ⩾ 0. The graph of 𝑓 is a surface

with equation 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Let 𝑆 be the solid that lies above 𝑅 and
under the graph of 𝑓, that is,

𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑧 ⩽ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅}

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Volumes and Double Integrals II

Double integrals 6 / 81
Goal: find the volume 𝑆 I

The first step is to divide the rectangle 𝑅 into subrectangles by dividing

the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑚 subintervals [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] of equal width Δ𝑥 =
(𝑏 − 𝑎)/𝑚 and dividing [𝑐, 𝑑] into 𝑛 subintervals [𝑦𝑗−1 , 𝑦𝑗 ] of equal
width Δ𝑦 = (𝑑 − 𝑐)/𝑛. We form the subrectangles

𝑅𝑖𝑗 = [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]×[𝑦𝑗−1 , 𝑦𝑗 ] = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑥𝑖−1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗−1 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑦𝑗 }

each with area Δ𝐴 = Δ𝑥Δ𝑦.

If we choose a sample point (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗∗
) in each 𝑅𝑖𝑗 , then we can ap-
proximate the part of 𝑆 that lies above each 𝑅𝑖𝑗 by a thin rectangular
box (or ”column”) with base 𝑅𝑖𝑗 and height 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ∗
). The volume
of this box is:
𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) Δ𝐴

Double integrals 7 / 81
Goal: find the volume 𝑆 II

We get an approximation to the total volume of 𝑆 :

𝑚 𝑛
𝑉 ≈ ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) Δ𝐴.
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

The approximation given becomes better as 𝑚 and 𝑛 become larger

and so
𝑚 𝑛
𝑉 = lim ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) Δ𝐴
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

Double integrals 8 / 81
Definition 1
The double integral of 𝑓 over the rectangle 𝑅 is
𝑚 𝑛
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = lim ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) Δ𝐴
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

if this limit exists.

Double integrals 9 / 81
Double Integrals over Rectangles I

The precise meaning of the limit in Definition 1 is that for every number
𝜀 > 0 there is an integer 𝑁 such that
𝑚 𝑛
∣∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 − ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) Δ𝐴∣ < 𝜀
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

for all integers 𝑚 and 𝑛 greater than 𝑁 and for any choice of sample
points (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) in 𝑅𝑖𝑗 . A function 𝑓 is called integrable if the limit
in Definition 1 exists.

Double integrals 10 / 81
Which function is integrable? I

All continuous functions are integrable.

If 𝑓 is bounded on 𝑅, and 𝑓 is continuous there, except possibly
on a finite number of smooth curves, then 𝑓 is integrable over 𝑅

Double integrals 11 / 81
The sample point (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗∗
) can be chosen to be any point in the
subrectangle 𝑅𝑖𝑗 , but if we choose it to be the upper right-hand corner
of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 , then the expression for the double integral looks simpler:
𝑚 𝑛
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = lim ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 ) Δ𝐴
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

We see that a volume can be written as a double integral:

If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ⩾ 0, then the volume 𝑉 of the solid that lies above the
rectangle 𝑅 and below the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is

𝑉 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴
𝑅

Double integrals 12 / 81
The sum in Definition 1,
𝑚 𝑛
∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥∗𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗
∗
) Δ𝐴
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

is called a double Riemann sum and is used as an approximation to

the value of the double integral. If 𝑓 happens to be a positive function,
then the double Riemann sum is an approximation to the volume under
the graph of 𝑓.

Double integrals 13 / 81
Example 2
Estimate the volume of the solid that lies above the square
𝑅 = [0, 2] × [0, 2] and below the elliptic paraboloid
𝑧 = 16 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2 . Divide 𝑅 into four equal squares and choose the
sample point to be the upper right corner of each square 𝑅𝑖𝑗 . Sketch
the solid and the approximating rectangular boxes.

Hình: R

Double integrals 14 / 81
The paraboloid is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 16 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2 and the area
of each square is Δ𝐴 = 1.

Hình: 𝑧 = 16 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2

Double integrals 15 / 81
Approximating the volume by the Riemann sum with 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 2, we
have
2 2
𝑉 ≈ ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 ) Δ𝐴
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

= 𝑓(1, 1)Δ𝐴 + 𝑓(1, 2)Δ𝐴 + 𝑓(2, 1)Δ𝐴 + 𝑓(2, 2)Δ𝐴

= 13(1) + 7(1) + 10(1) + 4(1) = 34

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We get better approximations to the volume if we increase the number
of squares.

Double integrals 17 / 81
Example 3
If 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ −1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1, −2 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2}, evaluate the integral
√
∬ 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

Double integrals 18 / 81
It would be very difficult
√ to evaluate this integral directly from def-
inition but, because 1 − 𝑥2 ⩾ 0, √ we can compute the integral by
interpreting it as a volume. If 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥2 , then 𝑥2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and
𝑧 ≥ 0, so the given double integral represents the volume of the
solid 𝑆 that lies below the circular cylinder 𝑥2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and above the
rectangle 𝑅. The volume of 𝑆 is the area of a semicircle with radius 1
times the length of the cylinder. Thus
√ 1
∬ 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(1)2 × 4 = 2𝜋
𝑅 2

Double integrals 19 / 81
The Midpoint Rule I

Midpoint Rule for Double Integrals

𝑚 𝑛
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 ≈ ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖̄ , 𝑦𝑗̄ ) Δ𝐴
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

where 𝑥𝑖̄ is the midpoint of [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] and 𝑦𝑗̄ is the midpoint of [𝑦𝑗−1 , 𝑦𝑗 ].

Double integrals 20 / 81
Example 4
Use the Midpoint Rule with 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 2 to estimate the value of the
integral ∬ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴, where
𝑅

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 2, 1 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2}.

Double integrals 21 / 81
In using the Midpoint Rule with 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 2, we evaluate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 − 3𝑦2 at the centers of the four subrectangles. So 𝑥1̄ = 21 , 𝑥2̄ =
3 5 2 1
2 , 𝑦1̄ = 4 , and 𝑦2̄ = 4 . The area of each subrectangle is Δ𝐴 = 2 .
Thus
2 2
2
∬ (𝑥 − 3𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 ≈ ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖̄ , 𝑦𝑗̄ ) Δ𝐴
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

= 𝑓 (𝑥1̄ , 𝑦1̄ ) Δ𝐴 + 𝑓 (𝑥1̄ , 𝑦2̄ ) Δ𝐴 + 𝑓 (𝑥2̄ , 𝑦1̄ ) Δ𝐴 + 𝑓 (𝑥2̄ , 𝑦2̄ ) Δ𝐴

1 5 1 7 3 5 3 7
= 𝑓 ( , ) Δ𝐴 + 𝑓 ( , ) Δ𝐴 + 𝑓 ( , ) Δ𝐴 + 𝑓 ( , ) Δ𝐴
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
67 1 139 1 51 1 123 1
= (− ) + (− ) + (− ) + (− )
16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2
95
= − = −11.875
8
Thus we have
∬ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴 ≈ −11.875
𝐸
Double integrals 22 / 81
Iterated Integrals I
Suppose that 𝑓 is a function of two variables that is integrable on the
𝑑
rectangle 𝑅 = [𝑎, 𝑏] × [𝑐, 𝑑]. We use the notation ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 to
mean that 𝑥 is held fixed and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is integrated with respect to 𝑦
from 𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑. This procedure is called partial integration with
𝑑
respect to 𝑦. Now ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is a number that depends on the value
of 𝑥, so it defines a function of 𝑥 :
𝑑
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐

If we now integrate the function 𝐴 with respect to 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to

𝑥 = 𝑏, we get
𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
Double integrals 23 / 81
Iterated Integrals II

The integral on the right side is called an iterated integral. Usually

the brackets are omitted. Thus
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐

means that we first integrate with respect to 𝑦 (holding 𝑥 fixed) from

𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑, and then we integrate the resulting function of 𝑥 with
respect to 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏.

Double integrals 24 / 81
Similarly, the iterated integral
𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏
∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

means that we first integrate with respect to 𝑥 (holding 𝑦 fixed) from

𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 and then we integrate the resulting function of 𝑦 with
respect to 𝑦 from 𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑.

Double integrals 25 / 81
Example 5
Evaluate the iterated integrals.
3 2
1 ∫ ∫ 𝑥2 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 1
2 3
2 ∫ ∫ 𝑥2 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1 0

Double integrals 26 / 81
(a) Regarding 𝑥 as a constant, we obtain
2 2 𝑦=2
2 2𝑦 22 12 3
∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = [𝑥 ] = 𝑥2 ( ) − 𝑥 2 ( ) = 𝑥2
1 2 𝑦=1
2 2 2

Thus the function 𝐴 in the preceding discussion is given by 𝐴(𝑥) = 32 𝑥2

in this example. We now integrate this function of 𝑥 from 0 to 3 :
3
3 2 3 2 3
3 𝑥3 27
∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ] =
2 2
0 1 0 1 0 2 2 2
0

(b) Here we first integrate with respect to 𝑥, regarding 𝑦 as a constant:

2 3 2 3 2 𝑥=3
2 𝑥3 2
∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
1 0 1 0 1 3 𝑥=0
2
2
𝑦2 27
= ∫ 9𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 9 ] =
1 2 2
1
Double integrals 27 / 81
Fubini’s Theorem I

Theorem 6
If 𝑓 is continuous on the rectangle

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑏, 𝑐 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑑}

then
𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎

More generally, this is true if we assume that 𝑓 is bounded on 𝑅, 𝑓 is

discontinuous only on a finite number of smooth curves, and the
iterated integrals exist.

Double integrals 28 / 81
The proof of Fubini’s Theorem I
Recall that if 𝑓 is positive, then we can interpret the double integral
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 as the volume 𝑉 of the solid 𝑆 that lies above 𝑅 and
under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). But we have
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

where 𝐴(𝑥) is the area of a cross-section of 𝑆 in the plane through 𝑥

perpendicular to the 𝑥-axis. You can see that 𝐴(𝑥) is the area under
the curve 𝐶 whose equation is 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), where 𝑥 is held constant
and 𝑐 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑑. Therefore
𝑑
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Double integrals 29 / 81
The proof of Fubini’s Theorem II
and we have
𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

Double integrals 30 / 81
A similar argument, using cross-sections perpendicular to the 𝑦-axis,
shows that
𝑑 𝑏
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑐 𝑎

Double integrals 31 / 81
Example 7
Evaluate the double integral ∬ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴, where
𝑅

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 2, 1 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2}.

Double integrals 32 / 81
Solution 1 I

Fubini’s Theorem gives

2 2 2
𝑥−2
∬ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦3 ]𝑦−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 0 1 0
2
2
𝑥2
= ∫ (𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥 = − 7𝑥] = −12
0 2
0

Double integrals 33 / 81
Solution 2 I

Again applying Fubini’s Theorem, but this time integrating with respect
to 𝑥 first, we have
2 2
∬ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 3𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 1 0
2 𝑥=2
𝑥2
= ∫ [ − 3𝑥𝑦2 ] 𝑑𝑦
1 2 𝑥=0
2
2
= ∫ (2 − 6𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑦3 ] = −12
1
1

Double integrals 34 / 81
Example 8
Evaluate ∬ 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 = [1, 2] × [0, 𝜋].
𝑅

Double integrals 35 / 81
If we first integrate with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜋 2
∬ 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 0 1
𝜋 𝑥=2
1
= ∫ 𝑦 [− cos(𝑥𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦 𝑥=1
𝜋
= ∫ (− cos 2𝑦 + cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
0
𝜋
1
= − sin 2𝑦 + sin 𝑦] = 0
2 0

Double integrals 36 / 81
NOTE! I

If we reverse the order of integration and first integrate with respect

to 𝑦, we get
2 𝜋
∬ 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅 1 0

but this order of integration is much more difficult than the method
given in the example because it involves integration by parts twice.

Double integrals 37 / 81
Example 9
Find the volume of the solid 𝑆 that is bounded by the elliptic
paraboloid 𝑥2 + 2𝑦2 + 𝑧 = 16, the planes 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 2, and the
three coordinate planes.

Double integrals 38 / 81
We first observe that 𝑆 is the solid that lies under the surface 𝑧 =
16 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2 and above the square 𝑅 = [0, 2] × [0, 2]. Therefore
2 2
𝑉 = ∬ (16 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (16 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑅 0 0
2 𝑥=2
1
= ∫ [16𝑥 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑦2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
0 3 𝑥=0
2 2
88 88 4
= ∫ ( − 4𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = [ 𝑦 − 𝑦3 ] = 48
0 3 3 3 0

Double integrals 39 / 81
Special case 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦) I

Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦) and 𝑅 = [𝑎, 𝑏]×[𝑐, 𝑑]. Then Fubini’s
Theorem gives
𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎
𝑑 𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
= ∫ [ℎ(𝑦) (∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

Double integrals 40 / 81
Example 10
If 𝑅 = [0, 𝜋/2] × [0, 𝜋/2], then,
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
∬ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑅 0 0
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= [− cos 𝑥]0 [sin 𝑦]0 =1⋅1=1

Double integrals 41 / 81
Double Integrals over General Regions I

Consider a region 𝐷. We suppose that 𝐷 is a bounded region, which

means that 𝐷 can be enclosed in a rectangular region 𝑅.
In order to integrate a function 𝑓 over 𝐷 we define a new function 𝐹
with domain 𝑅 by

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) if (𝑥, 𝑦) is in 𝐷
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = {
0 if (𝑥, 𝑦) is in 𝑅 but not in 𝐷

If 𝐹 is integrable over 𝑅, then we define the double integral of 𝑓 over

𝐷 by
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴
𝐷 𝑅
.

Double integrals 42 / 81
Region of type I I

A plane region 𝐷 is said to be of type I if,

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑏, 𝑔1 (𝑥) ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑔2 (𝑥)}

where 𝑔1 and 𝑔2 are continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏].

In order to evaluate ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 when 𝐷 is a region of type 𝐼, we
𝐷
choose a rectangle 𝑅 = [𝑎, 𝑏] × [𝑐, 𝑑] that contains 𝐷, and we let 𝐹
be the function such that 𝐹 agrees with 𝑓 on 𝐷 and 𝐹 is 0 outside
𝐷. Then, by Fubini’s Theorem,
𝑏 𝑑
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐷 𝑅 𝑎 𝑐

Double integrals 43 / 81
Region of type I II
Observe that 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 if 𝑦 < 𝑔1 (𝑥) or 𝑦 > 𝑔2 (𝑥) because (𝑥, 𝑦)
then lies outside 𝐷. Therefore
𝑑 𝑔2 (𝑥) 𝑔𝑦 (𝑥)
∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑔𝑔 (𝑥)

because 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) when 𝑔1 (𝑥) ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑔2 (𝑥). Thus if 𝑓 is

continuous on a type I region 𝐷 described by

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑏, 𝑔1 (𝑥) ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑔2 (𝑥)}

then
𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥)
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
𝐷 𝑎 𝑔1 (𝑥)

Double integrals 44 / 81
We also consider plane regions of type II, which can be expressed as

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑐 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑑, ℎ1 (𝑦) ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ ℎ2 (𝑦)}

where ℎ1 and ℎ2 are continuous.

Using the same methods, we can show that the following result holds.
If 𝑓 is continuous on a type II region 𝐷 described by

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑐 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑑, ℎ1 (𝑦) ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ ℎ2 (𝑦)}

then
𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦)
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐷 𝑐 ℎ1 (𝑦)

Double integrals 45 / 81
Example 11
Evaluate ∬ (𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝐴, where 𝐷 is the region bounded by the
𝐷
parabolas 𝑦 = 2𝑥2 and 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥2 .

Double integrals 46 / 81
The parabolas intersect when 2𝑥2 = 1 + 𝑥2 , that is, 𝑥2 = 1, so
𝑥 = ±1. We note that the region 𝐷 is a type I region but not a type
II region and we can write

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ −1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1, 2𝑥2 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 1 + 𝑥2 }

Thus
1 1+𝑥2 1
𝑦=1+𝑥2
∬ (𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 ]𝑦=2𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −1 2𝑥2 −1
1
2 2
= ∫ [𝑥 (1 + 𝑥2 ) + (1 + 𝑥2 ) − 𝑥 (2𝑥2 ) − (2𝑥2 ) ] 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
= ∫ (−3𝑥4 − 𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2 32
= −3 − +2 + + 𝑥] =
5 4 3 2 −1
15

Double integrals 47 / 81
Example 12
Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 and above the region 𝐷 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane bounded by the
line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥2 .

Double integrals 48 / 81
We see that 𝐷 is a type I region and
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 2, 𝑥2 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2𝑥}
Therefore the volume under 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 and above 𝐷 is
2 2𝑥
2 2
𝑉 = ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐷 0 𝑥2
2 3 1−2𝑥
𝑦
= ∫ [𝑥2 𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
0 3 𝑦=𝑥2
2 3
(2𝑥)3
2 (𝑥2 )
= ∫ [𝑥 (2𝑥) + − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − ] 𝑑𝑥
0 3 3
2
𝑥6 14𝑥3
= ∫ (− − 𝑥4 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3 3
2
𝑥7 𝑥5 7𝑥4 216
=− − + ] =
21 5 6 0 35
Double integrals 49 / 81
Solution 2 I
We see that 𝐷 can also be written as a type II region:
1 √
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 4, 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑦}
2
Therefore another expression for 𝑉 is
√
4 𝑦
2 2
𝑉 = ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1
𝐷 0 1𝑦
√
4 𝑥− 𝑦 4
𝑥3 𝑦3/2 𝑦3 𝑦3
=∫ [ + 𝑦2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( + 𝑦5/2 − − ) 𝑑𝑦
0 3 𝑥− 1 𝑦 0 3 24 2
1

2 5/2 2 7/2 13 4 4 216

= 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 ] =
15 7 96 0 35

Double integrals 50 / 81
Example 13
Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴, where 𝐷 is the region bounded by the line
𝐷
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 and the parabola 𝑦2 = 2𝑥 + 6.

Double integrals 51 / 81
The region 𝐷 is both type I and type II, but the description of 𝐷 as a
type I region is more complicated because the lower boundary consists
of two parts. Therefore we prefer to express 𝐷 as a type II region:
1
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ −2 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 4, 𝑦2 − 3 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑦 + 1}
2
Then
4 𝑦+1 4 𝑥=𝑦+1
𝑥2
∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 −2 1 𝑦2 −3 −2 2 𝑥− 1 𝑦2 −3
2 2
4 2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑦 [(𝑦 + 1)2 − ( 𝑦2 − 3) ] 𝑑𝑦
2 −2 2
4
1 𝑦5
= ∫ (− + 4𝑦3 + 2𝑦2 − 8𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2 −2 4
4
1 𝑦6 𝑦3
= [− + 𝑦 + 2 − 4𝑦2 ] = 36
4
2 24 3 −2

Double integrals 52 / 81
If we had expressed 𝐷 as a type I region, then the lower boundary
curve would be
√
− 2𝑥 + 6 if − 3 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ −1
𝑔1 (𝑥) = {
𝑥−1 if − 1 < 𝑥 ⩽ 5

and we would have obtained

√ √
−1 2𝑥+6 5 2𝑥+6
∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫√ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −3 − 2𝑥+6 −1 𝑥−1

which would have involved more work than the other method.

Double integrals 53 / 81
Example 14
Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the planes
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 = 2𝑦, 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑧 = 0.

Double integrals 54 / 81
The tetrahedron 𝑇 bounded by the coordinate planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0,
the vertical plane 𝑥 = 2𝑦, and the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2. Since the
plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 intersects the 𝑥𝑦-plane (whose equation is 𝑧 = 0
) in the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, we see that 𝑇 lies
above the triangular region 𝐷 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane bounded by the lines
𝑥 = 2𝑦, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, and 𝑥 = 0.
The plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 can be written as 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦, so the
required volume lies under the graph of the function 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦
and above

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1, 𝑥/2 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 1 − 𝑥/2}

Double integrals 55 / 81
Therefore

𝑉 = ∬ (2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝐴
𝐷
1 1−𝑥/2
=∫ ∫ (2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥/2
1
𝑦=1−𝑥/2
= ∫ [2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦2 ]𝑦=𝑥/2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥2
= ∫ [2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 (1 − ) − (1 − ) − 𝑥 + + ] 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2 2 4
1
1
𝑥3 1
= ∫ (𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥2 + 𝑥] =
0 3 3
0

Double integrals 56 / 81
Changing the Order of Integration I

Example 15
1 1
Evaluate the iterated integral ∫ ∫ sin (𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
0 𝑥

Double integrals 57 / 81
We have
1 1
∫ ∫ sin (𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬ sin (𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴
0 𝑥 𝐷
where
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1, 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 1}
= {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑦}
Thus
1 1
∫ ∫ sin (𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬ sin (𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴
0 𝑥 𝐷
1 𝑦 1
𝑥=𝑦
= ∫ ∫ sin (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [𝑥 sin (𝑦2 )]𝑥=0 𝑑𝑦
2
0 0 0
1
1
1 1
= ∫ 𝑦 sin (𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = − cos (𝑦2 )] = (1 − cos 1)
0 2 2
0

Double integrals 58 / 81
Properties of Double Integrals I
We assume that all of the following integrals exist.

∬ [𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)]𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 + ∬ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

∬ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑐 ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴

𝐷 𝐷
where 𝑐 is a constant
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ⩾ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐷, then

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 ⩾ ∬ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴

𝐷 𝐷

If 𝐷 = 𝐷1 ∪ 𝐷2 , where 𝐷1 and 𝐷2 don’t overlap except perhaps on

their boundaries, then
Double integrals 59 / 81
Properties of Double Integrals II

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 + ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴

𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2

∬ 1𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴(𝐷)
𝐷

If 𝑚 ⩽ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ⩽ 𝑀 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐷, then

𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴(𝐷) ⩽ ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 ⩽ 𝑀 ⋅ 𝐴(𝐷)

𝐷

Double integrals 60 / 81
Example 16
Estimate the integral ∬ 𝑒sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝐴, where 𝐷 is the disk with
𝐷
center the origin and radius 2.

Double integrals 61 / 81
Since −1 ⩽ sin 𝑥 ⩽ 1 and −1 ⩽ cos 𝑦 ⩽ 1, we have

−1 ⩽ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ⩽ 1

and, because the natural exponential function is increasing, we have

𝑒−1 ⩽ 𝑒sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑒1 = 𝑒

Thus, using 𝑚 = 𝑒−1 = 1/𝑒, 𝑀 = 𝑒, and 𝐴(𝐷) = 𝜋(2)2 , we obtain

4𝜋
⩽ ∬ 𝑒sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ⩽ 4𝜋𝑒
𝑒 𝐷

Double integrals 62 / 81
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates I

Consider a polar rectangle

𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜃) ∣ 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 𝑏, 𝛼 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝛽}.

In order to compute the double integral ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is a po-

lar rectangle, we divide the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑚 subintervals [𝑟𝑖−1 , 𝑟𝑖 ]
of equal width Δ𝑟 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)/𝑚 and we divide the interval [𝛼, 𝛽] into
𝑛 subintervals [𝜃𝑗−1 , 𝜃𝑗 ] of equal width Δ𝜃 = (𝛽 − 𝛼)/𝑛. Then the
circles 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 and the rays 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑗 divide the polar rectangle 𝑅 into
the small polar rectangles.

Double integrals 63 / 81
The ”center” of the polar subrectangle

𝑅𝑖𝑗 = {(𝑟, 𝜃) ∣ 𝑟𝑖−1 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 𝑟𝑖 , 𝜃𝑗−1 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜃𝑗 }

has polar coordinates

1 1
𝑟𝑖∗ = (𝑟 + 𝑟𝑖 ) 𝜃𝑗∗ = (𝜃 + 𝜃𝑗 )
2 𝑖−1 2 𝑗−1
We compute the area of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 using the fact that the area of a sector of
a circle with radius 𝑟 and central angle 𝜃 is 12 𝑟2 𝜃. Subtracting the areas
of two such sectors, each of which has central angle Δ𝜃 = 𝜃𝑗 − 𝜃𝑗−1 ,
we find that the area of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 is

1 1 2 1
Δ𝐴𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖2 Δ𝜃 − 𝑟𝑖−1 Δ𝜃 = (𝑟𝑖2 − 𝑟𝑖−12
) Δ𝜃
2 2 2
1
= (𝑟𝑖 + 𝑟𝑖−1 ) (𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑖−1 ) Δ𝜃 ≈ 𝑟𝑖∗ Δ𝑟Δ𝜃
2

Double integrals 64 / 81
Double integrals 65 / 81
The rectangular coordinates of the center of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 are (𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ ),
so a typical Riemann sum is
𝑚 𝑛
∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ ) Δ𝐴𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑚 𝑛
= ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ ) 𝑟𝑖∗ Δ𝑟Δ𝜃
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

If we write 𝑔(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑟𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃), then the Riemann sum can
be written as
𝑚 𝑛
∑ ∑ 𝑔 (𝑟𝑖∗ , 𝜃𝑗∗ ) Δ𝑟Δ𝜃
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

which is a Riemann sum for the double integral

𝛽 𝑏
∫ ∫ 𝑔(𝑟, 𝜃)𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑎 𝑎

Double integrals 66 / 81
Therefore we have
𝑚 𝑛
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = lim ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ ) Δ𝐴𝑖
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑚 𝑛 𝛽 𝑏
= lim ∑ ∑ 𝑔 (𝑟𝑖∗ , 𝜃𝑗∗ ) Δ𝑟Δ𝜃 = ∫ ∫ 𝑔(𝑟, 𝜃)𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑎 𝑎
𝛽 𝑏
= ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑎 𝑎

Double integrals 67 / 81
Change to Polar Coodinates I

Theorem 17
Change to Polar Coodinates in a Double Integral If 𝑓 is continuous
on a polar rectangle 𝑅 given by 0 ⩽ 𝑎 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 𝑏, 𝛼 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝛽, where
0 ⩽ 𝛽 − 𝛼 ⩽ 2𝜋, then
𝛽 𝑏
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 𝛼 𝑎

Double integrals 68 / 81
Example 18
Evaluate ∬ (3𝑥 + 4𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is the region in the upper
𝑅
half-plane bounded by the circles 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 and 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4.

The region 𝑅 can be described as

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑦 ⩾ 0, 1 ⩽ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ⩽ 4}

Double integrals 69 / 81
In polar coordinates it is given by

1 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 2, 0 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜋.

Therefore,
𝜋 2
∬ (3𝑥 + 4𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ [3(𝑟 cos 𝜃) + 4(𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 ] 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 0 1
𝜋 2
= ∫ ∫ (3𝑟2 cos 𝜃 + 4𝑟3 sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 1
𝜋
𝑟−2
= ∫ [𝑟3 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟4 sin2 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
𝑟=1
0
𝜋 𝜋
15
= ∫ (7 cos 𝜃 + 15 sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [7 cos 𝜃 + (1 − cos 2𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
0 0 2
𝜋
15𝜃 15 15𝜋
= 7 sin 𝜃 + − sin 2𝜃] =
2 4 0 2

Double integrals 70 / 81
Example 19
Evaluate the double integral
√
1 1−𝑥2
∫ ∫ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
−1 0

Double integrals 71 / 81
This iterated integral is a double integral over the region 𝑅 described
by √
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ −1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 1 − 𝑥2 }
The region is a half-disk, so it is more simply described in polar coor-
dinates:
𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜃) ∣ 0 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜋, 0 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 1}
Therefore we have
√
1 1−𝑥2 𝜋 1
∫ ∫ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ (𝑟2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
−1 0 0 0
𝜋 𝑟=1 𝜋
𝑟4 1 𝜋
=∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 =
0 4 𝑟=0 4 0 4

Double integrals 72 / 81
Example 20
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane 𝑧 = 0 and the
paraboloid 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

Double integrals 73 / 81
If we put 𝑧 = 0 in the equation of the paraboloid, we get 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =
1. This means that the plane intersects the paraboloid in the circle
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1, so the solid lies under the paraboloid and above the
circular disk 𝐷 given by 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ⩽ 1. In polar coordinates 𝐷 is given
by 0 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 2𝜋. Since 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 1 − 𝑟2 , the volume is
2𝜋 1
2 2
𝑉 = ∬ (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (1 − 𝑟2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝐷 0 0
2𝜋 1 1
3 𝑟2 𝑟4 𝜋
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 ∫ (𝑟 − 𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋 [ − ] =
0 0 2 4 0 2

If we had used rectangular coordinates instead of polar coordinates,

we would have obtained
√
1 1−𝑥2
𝑉 = ∬ (1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫√ (1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −1 − 1−𝑥2

which is not easy to evaluate.

Double integrals 74 / 81
Theorem 21
If 𝑓 is continuous on a polar region of the form

𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜃)
𝛽 ℎ2 (𝜃)
then ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝐷 𝛼 ℎ1 (𝜃)

In particular, taking 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1, ℎ1 (𝜃) = 0, and ℎ2 (𝜃) = ℎ(𝜃) in this

formula, we see that the area of the region 𝐷 bounded by 𝜃 = 𝛼, 𝜃 = 𝛽,
and 𝑟 = ℎ(𝜃) is
𝛽 ℎ(𝜃)
𝐴(𝐷) = ∬ 1𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝐷 𝛼 0
𝛽 ℎ(𝜃) 𝛽
𝑟2 1
=∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ℎ(𝜃)]2 𝑑𝜃.
𝛼 2 0 𝛼 2

Double integrals 75 / 81
Example 22
Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by one loop of the
four-leaved rose 𝑟 = cos 2𝜃.

Double integrals 76 / 81
From the sketch of the curve, we see that a loop is given by the region

𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜃) ∣ −𝜋/4 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜋/4, 0 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ cos 2𝜃}

So the area is
𝜋/4 cos 2𝜃
𝐴(𝐷) = ∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝐷 −𝜋/4 0
𝜋/4 cos 2𝜃 𝜋/4
1 1
=∫ [ 𝑟2 ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos2 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
−𝜋/4 2 0 2 −𝜋/4
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
1 1 1 𝜋
= ∫ (1 + cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = [𝜃 + sin 4𝜃] =
4 −𝜋/4 4 4 −𝜋/4 8

Double integrals 77 / 81
Example 23
Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , above the 𝑥𝑦-plane, and inside the cylinder
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2𝑥.

Double integrals 78 / 81
The solid lies above the disk 𝐷 whose boundary circle has equation
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2𝑥 or, after completing the square,

(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦2 = 1

Double integrals 79 / 81
In polar coordinates we have 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, so the
boundary circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2𝑥 becomes 𝑟2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃, or 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃.
Thus the disk 𝐷 is given by

𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜃) ∣ −𝜋/2 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜋/2, 0 ⩽ 𝑟 ⩽ 2 cos 𝜃}

and, we have
𝜋/2 2 cos 𝜃 𝜋/2 2 cos 𝜃
2 2 2 𝑟4
𝑉 = ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃
𝐷 −𝜋/2 0 −𝜋/2 4 0
𝑧/2 𝑧/2 𝜋/2 2
1 + cos 2𝜃
= 4∫ cos4 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 8 ∫ cos4 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 8 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
−𝜋/2 0 0 2
𝜋/2
1
= 2∫ [1 + 2 cos 2𝜃 + (1 + cos 4𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜋/2
3 1 3 𝜋 3𝜋
= 2 [ 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + sin 4𝜃] = 2( )( ) =
2 8 0 2 2 2
Double integrals 80 / 81
Applications of Double Integrals I

Density and Mass

Moments and Centers of Mass
Moment of Inertia
Probability
Expected Values

Double integrals 81 / 81