Rs

V NQ f f  
2

U NQ t

U NQ t

U NQ t F – 1 [ V NQ f 

Ti
m
1
F

e
y

T1
nc

Ti
2
ue

m
F– 1

y
eq

nc

e
3
F
Fr

T2
e

cy
qu

Ti
en
fre

m
Time

e
eq

T3
Fr

Frequency
Code

Frequency Time Code

Division Division
 Multiple
Division
Multiple Multiple
Access Access Access
(FDMA) (TDMA) (cDMA)
 36
Satellite receiver

MHz
response

Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch11 Ch12

5.945 5.985 6.025 6.065 6.385 6.425

Frequency (GHz)
(a) Satellite receiver channels
Satellite transmitter

36
MHz
response

Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch11 Ch12

3.72 3.76 3.80 3.84 4.16 4.20

Frequency (GHz)
(b) Satellite transmitter channels
 36 MHz BW

36 MHz BW

QPSK
Common Signalling
signals
Channel (CSC) 399 404
3 4 5 6 800
Station B C A D E F G
Transponder
uplink
132 VF 60 VF 60 VF 96 VF 24 24 24 f
VF VF VF
f(MHz) Unused
7 kHz 38 kHz
6220 6237.5 6242.5 6260 Guard BW
6258 band
6222

 channels to B 

 channels to D 
 channels to E 

To station B
Frequency FDM signal FDM/FM
To station D division FM transmitter
multiplexer 60 VF channels Transmitting
To station E antenna
 [EIRP] D
[G T] D
[LOSSES] D

[B] TR
C G 
[EIRPS ]     [LOSSES] D  [K]  [B TR ]
 N  T D
Pilot
D
frequency

CSC
160 kHz Channel numbers Channel numbers

1 2 3 N 399 400 401 402 403 404 N'=N+401 800

Spacing kHz
45 45 45 45 45 45 45
22.5 22.5 22.5
18.045 MHz

18.000 MHz 18.000 MHz

18.045 MHz

52 MHz 70 MHz 88 MHz

Transmit IF

[EIRP] D
C G
[EIRP] D     [LOSSES] D  [K]  [B]
 N  T D
D
 Station No.s Guard band
1 2 3 m–1 m

Frequency

 
Time Td
 
 Tframe   Tp  Tg    Tframe  NTp  Tg 
 i 

1 TDM frame
Tframe

Burst i
Frame

R 1 A1 B1 C 1 R 2 A2 B2 C2 R3 Ti
Preamble

Satellite broadcast Data Tpi Tgi Reference

to all stations burst
RT - Transponder data rate

R1
A1
Td
Ru R
Tframe T
B1

R ui

Ti  Tpi  Tgi R 
Ti  Tp  Tg
RT
C1 T
R2 Tframe Tframe
A2

B2

A3 R3 C2 Td
  100 % 
Tframe

Reference
station
CTBR UW TTY SC VOW VOW Data from different channels

Preamble or reference Data from different

burst earth stations





 Shift register
Ta Ta Tm
Input bits

Frame
CLK
1 i
Reference Cross-
burst 
correlation

Ta Error
Tm
Threshold
1 –1 –1 1

Stored word
 


Time slots

Frame period
T3 T2 T1

Frame = 125 s

#1 #2 #3 #4 Beam AU Beam CD

T
Guard time
96 bits = 1.6 s
Beam BU Beam BD
Traffic : N bits Satellite switch
control station
let it = T s
Frame
Beam CU
period Beam AD
AD BD CD
Pre-amble 240 bits
Transmitting AU
= 4 s @ 60 bits/s earth terminals Receiving
earth terminals
BU

   CU
T3 T2 T1
 Legend S3 S2 S1
Traffic patterns
To A
 
To B
 Switch states
To C
Satellite microwave
switch matrix
  

v v

Modulator
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1

Incoming bit stream Rb bps Outgoing spread bit stream NRb bps
v

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
Each incoming bit
is multiplied by Spreading PN sequence NRb bps
the PN sequence

y(t) c(t) LPF m(t)

c(t)

y(t) = m(t) c(t) v v

m(t) 

Modulator
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t t
c(t) i(t)
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
Transmitter Interference
Incoming spread bit stream Recovered bit stream
v

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
Incoming bit stream
multiplied by a synchronized Despreading PN sequence
copy of the PN sequence
 Tc

Signal energy

 
  
 
 
  
  
–1 1
0
T T
(a) Spectrum of data signal

Tb
Sm()

–1 1
Tc 0
Tc Tc
Sy()
(b) Spectrum of pseudonoise signal

2_
_  2_
_  
Tb Tc


– ( T1 + T1 )
c
0 1
+
T Tc
1

(c) Spectrum of combined signal