REVIEWER IN RESEARCH 9 1ST QUARTER

Research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge, informing decision-making, and solving
problems across various fields.
1. Advances Knowledge and Innovation: Research drives the development of new theories,
technologies, and solutions by exploring unknown areas and testing existing ideas. It
contributes to scientific, technological, and social advancements, pushing boundaries
and fostering innovation.
2. Informs Decision-Making: Reliable research provides evidence-based information that
guides decision-making in policy, business, healthcare, and other sectors. It helps
stakeholders make informed choices, improve strategies, and implement effective
solutions.
3. Solves Problems and Addresses Challenges: Research identifies and analyzes issues,
offering insights and solutions to complex problems. Whether addressing environmental
concerns, medical conditions, or societal issues, research helps develop strategies to
tackle these challenges effectively.

Research process:
1. Identify the Problem: Define the research question or issue to be investigated.
2. Conduct a Literature Review: Review existing research to understand the current state
of knowledge and identify gaps.
3. Formulate Hypotheses/Objectives: Develop hypotheses or specific goals based on the
literature review.
4. Design the Methodology: Plan how the research will be conducted, including methods
and data collection techniques.
5. Collect Data: Gather information through experiments, surveys, or other methods.
6. Analyze Data: Process and interpret the data to draw conclusions.
7. Report Results: Present findings, discuss implications, and suggest further research.
8. Review and Revise: Refine the research based on feedback and ensure accuracy.

-First Step: The initial step in the research process involves defining the focus of the study. This
sets the direction for the entire investigation.
- A research hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts a relationship between variables. It
guides the direction of the research.
-Empirical Research: This type of research relies on observation, experimentation, and data
collection rather than subjective opinions. It is grounded in measurable and observable data.
-Literature Review: This process involves examining existing research to identify gaps in
knowledge and provide context for new research. It helps in understanding the current state of
research and informs the direction of new studies.
-Primary Data: Includes original information collected directly from subjects through methods
such as interviews or surveys. It is firsthand data used for analysis.
-Field Research: This method involves observing subjects in their natural environment. It
provides insights into behaviors and conditions as they naturally occur.
-Systematic Approach: Research should follow a structured and methodical process to ensure
accuracy and reliability. This systematic approach helps in organizing and conducting the study
effectively.
-Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding phenomena in depth through non-numerical
data. It explores the meaning and experiences behind data.
-Quantitative Data: Consists of numerical data that can be used for statistical analysis. It allows
for measurement and comparison of variables.
-Reliability: This refers to the consistency of research results across repeated experiments.
Reliable research produces similar results under consistent conditions.
-Identifying a research problem begins with observing issues or gaps in current knowledge. This
observation helps in formulating a specific research question.
-Reviewing literature is crucial for gathering background information, understanding the
context, and identifying gaps that the new research can address.
-Good Research Problem: Should be relevant, clear, and address significant issues. It needs to be
feasible and novel to contribute effectively to the field.
-Researchers should narrow down the broad issue to focus on specific aspects. This helps in
defining a more manageable and targeted research question.
-Refinement Methods: Reading relevant literature, conducting preliminary studies, and seeking
expert advice are key methods to refine and focus a research problem.
-Scope Definition: Clearly defining the scope helps limit the study's focus, ensuring that the
research is manageable and stays within defined boundaries.
-Role of Variables: Identifying and defining variables helps establish the parameters of the study.
It clarifies what will be measured or manipulated during the research.
-Significance: Assessing the significance of the research problem ensures that the study
addresses important and impactful issues.
-Essential Factors: Interest in the topic, availability of resources, and methodological
considerations are crucial when choosing a research problem.
-After selecting a research problem, the next step involves formulating hypotheses or specific
research objectives.
- A control group provides a baseline for comparing results and helps in isolating the effects of
the independent variable.
-Independent Variable: This variable is deliberately manipulated to observe its effect on the
dependent variable.
-Function: The dependent variable responds to changes in the independent variable and is
measured to assess the impact of the manipulation.
-Randomization helps reduce selection bias and ensures that the experiment's results are more
generalizable and fairer.
-Significance: Manipulating the independent variable allows researchers to determine its effect
on the dependent variable and test the research hypothesis.
- A control group serves as a baseline for comparison to assess the effect of the independent
variable on the experimental group.
-Randomization is used to reduce selection bias and ensure that participant characteristics are
balanced across groups.
-Reliability: Refers to the consistency of results when an experiment is repeated. Reliable results
indicate that the research is dependable.
-Measurement: The dependent variable is measured as the outcome or effect in response to
changes in the independent variable.
-Random assignment ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any
group, reducing bias in group allocation.

Invention and innovation are terms often used interchangeably, but they have distinct
meanings and roles in the development of new ideas and technologies. Here’s a concise
comparison:
Invention
● Definition: The creation of a new device, method, or process that has never existed
before. It involves coming up with something novel that did not previously exist.
● Focus: Originality and novelty. Inventions are about developing new concepts or
products that provide a solution to a problem or fulfill a need.
● Example: The light bulb, invented by Thomas Edison, was a new and unique device that
illuminated homes and streets in ways that had never been done before.
Innovation
● Definition: The improvement or significant enhancement of an existing product, process,
or idea. It involves making something better or more effective, often by applying an
invention in a practical or commercial context.
● Focus: Application and improvement. Innovations focus on refining, adapting, or
expanding the use of an invention to create value or solve problems more efficiently.
● Example: LED lighting technology is an innovation that improved upon the original
incandescent light bulb, offering greater energy efficiency and longer life.
Key Differences
● Scope: Invention is about creating something entirely new, while innovation is about
improving and applying existing ideas or inventions.
● Process: Invention often comes first and lays the groundwork for innovation, which takes
the new ideas and applies them in practical or improved ways.
● Outcome: An invention can be a new tool or concept, whereas innovation often results
in a refined product or service that achieves greater success or impact in the market.
In summary, while invention is about creating new concepts or technologies, innovation is
about enhancing and implementing these ideas to maximize their effectiveness and value.
The APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style is widely used in the social
sciences and other fields for citing sources.

Books
Basic Format:
Books: Author, initial of FN. (date). Book title. Subtitle, (edition) Place: Publisher
Format:
● Author, Initial of FN. (Date). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Place: Publisher.
Examples:
1. Single Author, First Edition:
o Format: Doe, J. (2022). Exploring the universe: A beginner's guide. New York:
Cosmic Books.
o Example: Doe, J. (2022). Exploring the universe: A beginner's guide. New York:
Cosmic Books.
2. Single Author, Second Edition:
o Format: Smith, A. B. (2019). The science of happiness: Techniques for a fulfilling
life (2nd ed.). London: Wellbeing Publishers.
o Example: Smith, A. B. (2019). The science of happiness: Techniques for a
fulfilling life (2nd ed.). London: Wellbeing Publishers.
3. Multiple Authors, First Edition:
o Format: Johnson, L. M., & Davis, R. T. (2018). Advanced biology: Concepts and
applications. Boston: Academic Press.
o Example: Johnson, L. M., & Davis, R. T. (2018). Advanced biology: Concepts and
applications. Boston: Academic Press.
Notes:
● Author: Use the last name followed by the initial of the first name.
● Date: Include the year of publication in parentheses.
● Title and Subtitle: Italicize the title and subtitle of the book. Only capitalize the first
word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns.
● Edition: Indicate the edition in parentheses, if applicable (e.g., 2nd ed.).
● Place: List the city where the publisher is located.
● Publisher: Provide the name of the publisher.
Websites
Basic Format:
● Author, initial of FN. (Year, Month Date). Title of document/webpage. [(formal
Description)]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxx
Examples:
Single Author, Webpage:
● Format: Smith, J. A. (2023, April 15). Understanding climate change: Key concepts.
[Webpage]. Retrieved from https://www.environmentalscience.org/climate-change
● Example: Smith, J. A. (2023, April 15). Understanding climate change: Key concepts.
[Webpage]. Retrieved from https://www.environmentalscience.org/climate-change
Corporate Author, Webpage:
● Format: American Heart Association. (2022, June 10). Heart disease and stroke
statistics. [Website]. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/statistics
● Example: American Heart Association. (2022, June 10). Heart disease and stroke
statistics. [Website]. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/statistics
No Author, Webpage:
● Format: The effects of sleep on mental health. (2021, August 22). [Webpage].
Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.org/sleep-effects
● Example: The effects of sleep on mental health. (2021, August 22). [Webpage].
Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.org/sleep-effects

Key Points to Remember:

● Authors: List the last name followed by initials. Use an ampersand (&) for multiple
authors.
● Titles: Italicize the title of books and webpages. Capitalize only the first word of the title,
the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns.
● Publisher: For books, list the name of the publisher without additional terms like
"Company" or "Inc."
● URLs: Provide the direct URL where the webpage can be accessed. Do not place a period
after the URL.