ISSN: 2347-7474

International Journal of Advances in Social Science and Humanities

Available Online at: www.ijassh.com

REVIEW ARTICLE

Polity and Changing of Holocaust Memory

Gabriel Mayer*

Department of History, University of Haifa International School.

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract: The concept of Holocaust memory hails from a past process, which sought to define the
existence of the Holocaust in the years succeeding the tragedy, in various forms of commemorative
exercises. The Holocaust museums, commemorative sites, and annual commemorative events formed the
hallmark of these exercises. This paper examines the nature of Holocaust Memory in the 21st Century
and its relevancy as to public sentiment under current geopolitical realities. To begin with, it is a
presupposition by the author that Holocaust shaped memory has shifted within world Jewry from what
was at one time linked to variations of survivor testimonies and second and third generational
syndromes toward newly embedded cultural sentiments that are related to a designed public memory,
without linkage to specific events, people or places. Along with the shifting of Holocaust Memory the
Israeli State narrative has developed alternative mythologization that serves the nation-state by
inserting the notion of military might. It is paramount that newly minted memory sets become
identifiable and definable. A mixture of Jewish religiosity along with Israeli statehood ideology largely
drives the morph sis of this memory. While seemingly disconnected from geographic boundaries, it is
linked to political sentiments, which are surprisingly similar in Israel and the Diaspora, and are seen as
trending along Right vs. Left ideologies. The objective of this work is to inform the public about a current
configuration of Holocaust Memory that has evolved rather recently and is currently poorly defined in
academic and social discourse.
Article Received: 01 Feb. 2019 Revised: 15 Feb. 2019 Accepted: 22 Feb. 2019

Defining Memory
This article is addressing Holocaust memory belongs to a unique formative aspect of
ensconced in the discipline of history. The Jewish history as well as Judaic ideology.
concept of history as memory is a relatively The quasi-religious and certainly spiritual
new notion and was first introduced by notion of memory is an age-old practice
Halbwachs [1].The interpretation of history defined as Zakhor [5]. Thus the
as a form of collective memory was at first commemorative transmission of grieving for,
considered as both, outstanding and and remembering the departed, is part of
revolutionary, and received a tremendous weekly service in synagogues and its
amount of scrutiny. As it took traction, Pierre hallmark is the Yahrzeit-remembering the
Nora was refining the principle as a anniversary of the dead and saying Kaddish.
mechanism through which the transmission
The basis of Holocaust memory is an
of history is carried forward via the notion of
amalgamation of the age-old religious
collectivized memorization [2].
practices as well as the academic
Stepping into the fray of historical development of the notion of collective
controversy-as an almost a purposeful memory. In particular, the Holocaust as a
challenge to the conventional recording of tragic event cried out for commemorative
history-Hayden White labeled all historical practices that were readily developed. The
writings as "storytelling" and added a Holocaust museums are one of the products
measure of distortion that was soon emanating from the notion, as are annual
discarded by mainstream academia [3]. commemorative ceremonies such as Yom
Nonetheless, his concepts of metahistory Hashoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) and
helped built the imaginative and Yom Haatzmaut (Israel Independence Day).
memorializing characteristics of historical
Formation of Holocaust Memory
reporting through academia at large [4]. The
basis of Holocaust Memory is partially As alluded to in the foregoing, the Holocaust
transmitted via these definitions but also casts an eternal shadow over the present and

Gabriel Mayer | March 2019 | Vol.7 | Issue 03| 01-07 1

 Available online at: www.ijassh.com

future history of the Jewish people [6].It was 2010, there was a general consensus over the
a tragedy beyond description [7] and, in the definition and ideology connoted by
beginning, the only way to discuss it was to Holocaust Memory. At the same time, by
mourn and create commemorative 2008, Marianne Hirsch wrote about
memorialization processes. As early as 1942, postmemory as a way to address what was no
the vast proportion of the tragedy-the Shoah- longer survivor memory or direct archival
began to seep through the mindset of Jews historical research, but the proposition that
and Mordechai Shenhavi first proposed the such memory was now borne by a new set of
necessities of commemorative action individuals [16].
[8].After the end of WWII, the Jews were
scattered throughout Europe, in refugee For some time there was a belief system that
camps and some attempting to find life in held that first and second generation
their old communities [9]. survivors were the bearers of Holocaust
memory somehow transmitted via an
Common knowledge held that during these unexplained transmission route.
early post-war years the survivors were Researchers were demonstrating the
reluctant to talk about the afflictions. phenomenon by meticulous observation of the
However, this was prior to the formation of offspring [17] and what was labeled as
formal commemorative observations. Hasia superb psychosocial research [18]. However,
Diner's research showed that in the US and in retrospect, these are merely
Diaspora, every community, synagogues and lachrymose attempts of storytelling for
other Jewish venues were in constant states purposes of fame and publishing, or, at the
of mourning [10]. These were small and worst, highly suspicious attempts to
scattered efforts and did not have the mass manipulate data for academic gains.
exposure of future events and the influence of
the Holocaust museums to come. Similarly, The truth is that there was no truth to any of
in Israel, the earliest commemorative efforts these [19]. The terminology of generational
were in small clusters of communities [11]. transmission, however, is highly significant
when one looks at what really did happen
The earliest of established communal efforts [20]. The reality is that “For the vast
that would go on to become museums were in majority of contemporary Israelis the
the Ghetto Fighters' Kibbutz, which would go Holocaust is an acquired memory” [21].
on to become a well-known museum. In
Jerusalem, it was Martef Hashoah that was Such a stark statement is more in tune with
the central point of sorrow and the today’s realities and is in no way an
centerpiece of observation of Kiddush antithesis of previously formulated
Hashem [12]. Among the religious groups, definitions of Holocaust Memory. It is a
the mourning rituals took center stage [13]. naturally expected progression of social
In 1953, the Law of Yad Vashem [Martyrs’ evolution and memorialization maturity.
and Heroes] established an official and highly While the Holocaust museums are still
respected impetus for Commemoration of the authoritative depositories of historical
Holocaust [14]. accuracy and the maintenance of trace
memory [22] through artifacts exhibits, their
Yet there was still no Holocaust museum at service today is of the educational variety.
Yad Vashem; that would come years later.
Transitioning Holocaust Memory
However, the recognition that a great deal of
research was necessary for properly At some location in time, let’s say during the
organizing a history that would promulgate early years of the 21st century, the memory of
the project was evident in Ben-Zion Dinur’s the Holocaust [23] entered a comparative
article in the very first issue of “Yad Vashem stage Vis a Vis a multitude of genocides [24].
Studies” [15].Within the next decade or so, As the field of Genocidal Studies grew, the
the proper role of history, remembrance, “uniqueness” placement of the Holocaust
commemoration, as well as public sentiment, began to erode as efforts were being made to
would amalgamate into what would become internationalize its meanings and lessons
legitimate Holocaust Memory. As the "golden [25]. Such efforts inadvertently and
age" of Holocaust museums rose and unavoidably reached the mainstream of the
dominated the 1990's up till approximately political spectrum.

Gabriel Mayer | March 2019 | Vol.7 | Issue 03| 01-07 2

 Available online at: www.ijassh.com

This took on a distinct course in Israel and further partition Jewish ideology [33].
an altogether different direction worldwide. However, not all is lost as regards the
support by the Diaspora of Israel as a nation
Enter Politics
of the Jews and much of this is due to
Inevitably, the forces of politics and power tourism directed toward memorial sites [34].
became dominant and Holocaust Memory In some ways, political controversies invite
was being relegated to convenient venues of visitors who, out of curiosity, want to see
ideology. A major share of this morphosis “what all the fuss is about.”
belongs to Prime Minister Netanyahu and his
Right-wing government coalition, as far as On the other hand, a series of opinion
Israel is concerned. While no one doubts the surveys by the Jewish People Policy Institute
existential threat nature of Israel's hostile indicates that the Diaspora population is well
neighbors [26.] The employment of Holocaust aware of the utilization of Holocaust Memory
Memory is an exploitation of the most by the state to curry favor and balances this
damaging variety. against the backdrop of settlement politics
[35]. The tensions between Left vs., Right
It feeds into the convenient politics of the politics is not lost on Diaspora Jews and they
Right and, not too surprising, provokes a are increasingly becoming wary of the
response from the Left [27]. As mentioned furthering of right-wing ideology in Israel
earlier, the notion of Holocaust Memory was [36].
being appropriated by a multitude of
academics and pseudo-historians for reasons Conclusion
beyond the scope of the present article It is a demonstrable factuality that Holocaust
[28].The cycling and recycling of concepts of Memory, at one time a binding spirit among
memory further feed political ideology. Jews, has veered off the horizon, enveloped
Reinforced via means of cultural motifs by the politics of the Right vs. the Left. The
ranging from literature to art and cinema, current Israeli government is not doing Jews
the public is overwhelmed [29]. any favor. It is a pathetic truth that the
current political leadership of the US and
Recently an increasingly political and right- Israel are marching in sync toward the
shifted public discourse by Prime Minister destruction of any remaining bonds between
Netanyahu succeeded in mobilizing Israeli Jews and the US Diaspora community
supporters for the most recent elections in [37-90].
April of 2019. However, it resulted in
exacerbating the diminishing of support The memory of the Holocaust is a distant
among diaspora Jews who tend to be left past, now reserved for use in the political
leaning [30]. The dividing of Jewry into Right arena and no longer a symbolic Jewish bond
and Left camp are a partial outcome of the based on the age-old traditions of shared
disturbing revisionism of memory and will suffering. It is as if Pesach (Passover) no
define sociopolitical norms for the future longer existed.
[31].These are lasting impressions [32] that

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