SCIENCE 8

LEARNING MATERIAL ON HEAT

FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

NOT FOR SALE

Note: Write ALL your answers in your Science Notebook. NO NEED to print this entire
module.

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

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 Concept of Heat and Its Transfer
Heat plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It helps us cook food, powers our
vehicles, and even affects the weather. Heat is a form of energy that transfers between
objects with different temperatures, moving from the hotter object to the colder one.
This transfer of heat can happen in various ways, such as conduction, convection, and
radiation.

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

a. Differentiate between heat and temperature.

b. Explain how heat transfers through conduction, convection, and radiation.
c. Discuss the effect of heat on the state of matter (e.g., melting, boiling).
d. Perform a simple home experiment to observe heat transfer.

Try This! (As you begin answering this module, try to do Activity 1 to diagnose
how far you know!)

Activity 1: Heat Around Us

Look around your home and list down five examples where heat is transferred.

Example: When you boil water in a kettle, warm air rising from a heater, or feeling the
warmth of the sun.

1. _________________________________________

2. _________________________________________

3. _________________________________________

4. _________________________________________

5. _________________________________________

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 Think Ahead!

Given the activity, answer the following questions in your notebook:

1. How did you feel about the activity? Was it easy or challenging?

2. How would life be affected if heat transfer was not possible on this planet?

Great! Now let’s dive deeper into how heat affects our world in the next part of this module!

Read and Ponder!

What is Heat?

Heat is a form of energy that moves from one object to another due to a difference in
temperature. When you touch something hot, heat flows into your hand, making it feel warm.
Heat can change how fast molecules move, and sometimes it can even change the state of
matter (like melting ice).

Difference Between Heat and Temperature

Though they are connected, heat and temperature are different:

• Heat is the energy that transfers because of a temperature difference. It depends on

the speed and number of molecules in an object.

• Temperature measures the average speed of the molecules in an object. Faster

movement means higher temperature.

Temperature Scales
There are three common ways to measure temperature:

• Celsius (°C): The temperature scale used in most countries, including the Philippines.
Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.

• Fahrenheit (°F): Used mainly in the United States. Water freezes at 32°F and boils at
212°F.

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 • Kelvin (K): The scientific temperature scale. 0 K is known as absolute zero, the point
where molecules stop moving.

How Heat Moves (Heat Transfer)

Heat can transfer in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.

1. Conduction
Conduction happens when heat moves through direct contact between solids. For
example, when you heat one end of a metal spoon, the heat moves to the cooler end
through conduction. Imagine touching a metal rod that’s been placed over a fire. The
part of the rod near the fire becomes hot first, and the heat gradually moves to the
cooler part of the rod.

2. Convection
Convection occurs in liquids and gases. When part of a liquid or gas is heated, it rises,
and cooler parts sink, forming a cycle that moves heat around. You can see
convection when water boils, as the hot water rises and cooler water sinks. When
heating a pot of water, you’ll notice bubbles rising from the bottom, and the water
moves in a circular motion. This movement is convection.

3. Radiation
Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves, like sunlight warming the
Earth. It doesn’t require a medium, which means heat can travel through the vacuum
of space. When you sit near a campfire, you feel warmth even though there’s no direct
contact between you and the flames.

Phase Change

Heat can cause substances to change from one state of matter to another. This process is
called a phase change. There are several types of phase changes:

• Melting: Solid to liquid (e.g., ice to water)

• Freezing: Liquid to solid (e.g., water to ice)

• Boiling (or Vaporization): Liquid to gas (e.g., water to steam)

• Condensation: Gas to liquid (e.g., steam to water)

• Sublimation: Solid to gas without passing through a liquid phase (e.g., dry ice turning
into gas)

During a phase change, the temperature of the substance doesn’t change, even though heat is
being added or removed. This is because the energy is used to change the state of the
molecules rather than their temperature.

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Thermal Expansion

When substances are heated, they tend to expand. This is called thermal expansion. When
molecules move faster (due to heat), they take up more space, causing the substance to
expand. For example, metal bridges have small gaps to allow for expansion in hot weather. If
they didn’t, the bridge could buckle as the metal expands.

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

Heat Capacity refers to the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of an object.
Large objects or objects with many molecules take more heat to warm up than smaller ones.
Heating a large swimming pool will take more time and energy than heating a small pot of
water because the pool has a greater heat capacity.

Specific Heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a
substance by 1 degree Celsius. Different materials have different specific heats, which means
some materials heat up faster than others. For example, water has a high specific heat, so it
heats up and cools down slowly. This is why swimming pools and oceans take longer to
warm up than sand on a beach.

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 Try This at Home!

Activity 2: Exploring Heat Transfer

You will need:
• A metal spoon
• A cup of hot water (Please ask assistance from your parent or guardian, if needed.)
• A cup of cold water
• A small ice cube

Instructions:

1. Dip the metal spoon into the hot water and feel how it heats up. This is conduction.
Caution: Kindly ask for assistance from your parent or guardian in handling the cup of
hot water, if needed.

2. Put the ice cube in the cold water and observe how it melts. As the cold-water sinks
and warmer water rises, you are witnessing convection.
3. Stand near a sunny window and feel the warmth from the sun. This is radiation.

Questions (answer in your notebook):

1. What happens to the metal spoon in the hot water? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. How does the ice cube behave in the cold water? What type of heat transfer is
involved?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How do you feel standing near the sunny window? How is the heat transferred to your
skin?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 See if you can do this!

Name:
Section:
Date:

Identify the following. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. The temperature scale used in everyday life in most countries, including the Philippines,
is __________________.
2. When a solid turns into a liquid or a liquid into a gas, this process is called a
__________________.
3. The point at which water boils at normal atmospheric pressure on the Celsius scale is
__________________.
4. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1
degree Celsius is its __________________.
5. Heat transfer that does not require a medium and can occur through a vacuum is known as
__________________.
6. The process by which warm fluids rise and cooler fluids sink, creating a cycle of heat
transfer, is called __________________.
7. The gradual increase in the size of materials when they are heated is called
__________________.
8. The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance is referred to as
__________________.
9. The scale in which absolute zero is the point where all molecular motion stops is
__________________.
10. The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles in a solid is called
__________________.

Congratulations for a job well done!

We hope you learned a lot!

- Sir Ferolino and PSTs ☺☺☺

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