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Introduction To Computer Networks

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32 views

Introduction To Computer Networks

Uploaded by

iitian.himanshukumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Informatics Practices

CLASS XII
Code No. 065
2020-2021

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS


Topics:
 Definition and Advantages of networking
 Elementary Terminology of Networks
 Structure of a Network
 Types of Network(Based on Geographical Spread)
 Network Devices
 Topology
 Internet
 Website & Web Browser

A. Def:
A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and other
devices which are able to communicate with each other and share hardware
and software resources.
B. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

a. Resource Sharing:

With the help of networking, it is very simple to share all formats of


digital data and peripheral devices among users, programs/applications
connected to the network (irrespective of their geographic location).

b. Improved Communication:

A computer network enables fast and secure communication


between users.

c. Central Storage of Data:

Files can be stored on a central node (the file server) that can be
shared and made available to each and every user in an organization.

d. Reliability:

Reliability implies backing up of information. Due to some reason


equipment crash, and so on, the information gets undermined or
inaccessible on one PC, another duplicate of similar information is
accessible on another workstation for future use, which prompts
smooth working and further handling without interruption.

e. Increases Cost Efficiency

With computer networking, you can use a lot of software products


available on the market which can just be stored or installed in your
system or server, and can then be used by various workstations.

C. ELEMENTARY TERMINOLOGY OF NETWORKS

a. Nodes : The term nodes refers to the computers


that are attached to a network and are seeking
to share resources.

b. Server: A computer that facilitates the sharing


of data, software and hardware resources on
the network.

c. Network Interface Card(NIC): It is a circuit


board installed in a computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the computer.
It is also called network interface controller,
network adapter or LAN adapter.
d. IP Address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a
unique 4 digit hexadecimal number assigned to
each node on a network. IP address settings of a
node can be changed by the user

An IP address is a group of four bytes (or 32 bits) each


of which can be a
number from 0 to 255. A typical IP address looks like
this:
59.177.134.72

D.STRUCTURE OF A NETWORK
A network comprises several components along with
their functionalities that contribute its smooth
functioning.
a. Sender: A device or a computer that send the
data.
b. Receiver: A device or computer that receives
data
c. Message: It is the information to be
communicated. It may be text, image, audio or
video.
d. Transmission Medium: It is a physical path
through which the data flows from the sender
to receiver. It can wired or wireless medium.
e. Protocol: A set of rules that governs the data
transmission. It represents the communication
method which are to be followed by the sending
and receiving devices.

E. TYPES OF NETWORKS
A computer network may span any amount of geographical area. It can be
on a table, in a room, in a building, in a city, in a country, across continents
or around the world. On the basis of area covered computer networks are
classified as:

1. Personal Area Network(PAN)


2. Local Area Network(LAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
4. Wide Area Network(WAN)

Personal Area Network (PAN):

 A PAN is a network of Communicating devices (Computer, Phone,


MP3/MP4 Player, Camera etc.) in the proximity of an individual. It can
cover an area of a few meters radius.

 When you have to transfer songs from one cell phone to another, you set
up a PAN of two phones. When files are transferred from a PC to an MP3
player, a PAN is set up between the two. There can also be multiple
devices in PAN. A PAN can be set up using guided media (USB cable) or
unguided media (Bluetooth, Infrared).

 PAN belongs to a single person or user.

Local Area Network(LAN):

 A LAN is a network of computing/Communicating devices in a room,


building, or campus.
 It can cover an area of a few meters to a few kilometers radius.
Occasionally a LAN can span a group of nearby buildings.
 A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN,
though sometimes one building can contain a few small LANs (Like some
schools have independent LANs in each computer lab.)
 A LAN is owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or
organization.
 A LAN can be set up using wired media (UTP cables, Co-axial cables etc.) or
wireless media (Infrared, radio waves). If a LAN is setup using unguided
media, it is known as WLAN (wireless LAN).
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN):

 A MAN is a network of computing/communicating devices within a city.


 It can cover an area of a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometres
radius.
 A network of schools, or banks, or Government offices etc., within a city,
are examples of MANs.
 A MAN is usually formed by interconnecting a number of LANs and
individual computers.
 All types of communication media (guided and unguided) are used to set
up a MAN.
 A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a
government body or a large corporation.
 A good example of a MAN is the interconnected offices of a state
government.
Wide Area Network(WAN):

 A WAN is a network of computing/communicating devices crossing the limits of a


city, country, or continent.
 It can cover an area of over hundreds of kilometer radius.
 WANs usually contain a number of interconnected individual computers, LANs,
MANs, and maybe other WANs.
 All types of communication media (guided and unguided) are used to set up a
WAN.
 A network of ATMs, BANKs, National Government Offices, International
Organizations' Offices etc., spread over a country, continent, or covering many
continents are examples of WANs.
 The best known example of a WAN is the internet.

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