Data Structure &

Algorithms 1
CHAPTER 4
STATIC DATA STRUCTURE (PART3):
STRING & STRUCT
Sep – Dec 2023
Outline

 Strings
 Definition
 Declaration
 Example
 Strings in C++
 Struct
 Definition
 Declaration
 Example
 Struct in C++
STRINGS

 CONSTANT String:
It is a sequence of characters enclosed in apostrophes:

 Examples:
 “Give an integer between 1 and 10:”
 “This program gives the Nth term of the FIBO sequence”
 “The equation has no solutions”
STRINGS

 VARIABLE String: Sentence[6]

It is a 1D array of characters:
Sentence H e l l o W o r l d
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

 The access to an element is done by specifying the name of

the string followed by the index in square brackets, IDENTICAL
to that of a one-dimensional array (1D).
STRINGS

A = Title[2]
B = Title[i]
C = Title[i + j]
 Title[2] = k
 Title[i] = Z
 Title[i DIV 2] = V
STRINGS

Remark:
 The maximum length of a string is 255.
 Anadditional position contains the length of the string.
(The length of the string is stored in a char (Byte, i.e., max
= 255) )
 Thedimension of a string is its length, i.e., the number of
characters it comprises. By default, the dimensional
length of a string is 255.
STRINGS

 FORMAT:
String my_string
OR
String my_string [max_size]

 Example:
 String P
 READ (P)
 IF P[i] = ‘A’ THEN count = count + 1
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
String Function Copy(String str, Integer P, Integer N)

Description:
This function returns a sub-string of N characters starting from the position
P of the string str

Example:
STR = Copy (“NationalSchool”, 8, 6) //STR = “School”
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
String Function Concat(Strinf str1, String str2 )

Description:
This function returns the concatenation of two strings str1 and str2

Example:
STR1 = “School”
STR2 = Concat(“National ”, STR1) //STR2 = “National School”
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
Integer Function Pos(Strinf subStr, String str )

Description:
This function returns the first position of the substring SubStr in the string
str. If the substring subStr does not exists in the string str, the
function returns -1.

Example:
p = Pos(“School”, “National School”) //p = 9
p = Pos(“R”, “Program”) //p = -1
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
Integer Function Length(String str )

Description:
This function returns the length of the string str.

Example:
N = Length(“National School”) //N = 15
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
Procedure Delete(Var String str, Integer P, Integer N)

Description:
Delete N characters from str starting from the position P.
If the string contains less than N char from P, delete till the end of the
string.

Example:
String str = “National School”
Delete(str, 8, 7) //str = “National”
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
Procedure Insert(String str2, Var String str1, Integer P)

Description:
Inserts a string str2 into another string str1 at position P.
Example:
String str1 = “Hi! how are you?”
String str2 = “ Mahmoud”
insert(str2, str1, 2) //str1 = “Hi Mahmoud! how are you?”
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
Procedure Str(Integer/Real N, Var String str)

Description:
Convert a numerical value N into a string str.
Example:
Str (2012, str) // str = '2012' ;
Str (14.52, str) // str = '1.4520000000E+01’
STRINGS
Standard Functions & Procedures
Procedure Val(String str, Var Integer N, Var Integer Err)

Description:
Convert a string str to a numerical value N. Additionally, it provides an
error code Err indicating whether the operation was carried out
successfully.
Example:
Val ("2021", n, err) // n = 2021 and err = -1;
VAL ("45A6", n, err) // n=0 and err= 2
n is Integer: Val ("3.14", n, err ) // n = 0 and err = 1
n is Real: Val ("3.14", n, err ) // n = 3.14 and err = -1
STRINGS
Application : Palindrome

Knowing that a palindrome is a phrase that can be read in both

directions, construct the algorithm that allows us to determine if
a phrase is a palindrome or not.

Example:
 Engage le jeu que je le gagne
 Name now one man
STRINGS
Application : Palindrome

Modular breakdown:
 We are going to build a module that checks if a given string is a
palindrome.
 We will also need the standard functions:
 Length, the length of our initial string
 Upercase, convert everything to uppercase since we do not know if
the characters are in uppercase, lowercase, or a mix of both
 Ord: to determine the alphabetical order number of a character in
the ASCII list in order to consider only characters ranging from the
65th to the 90th position ('A', 'B', 'C', ..., 'Z').
STRINGS
Application : Palindrome

Construction of PALIND
Analysis
The basic idea is:
FUNCTION
• To rewrite the original string
String Ph Boolean forwards (Str1) and backward
PALIND (Str2) while removing all
characters other than alphabetic
Return True if Ph is palindrome characters.
• Then, if Str1 equals Str2, the two
strings are identical, indicating a
palindrome.
STRINGS
Application : Palindrome

 We start with two empty character strings, Str1 and Str2:

 Traverse the original string Ph (i ranging from 0 to Length(Ph-1)).
 If Ph[i] is an alphabetic character (from A to Z),
If (ORD(Upercase(Ph[i])) >= 65) AND (ORD(Upercase(Ph[i])) <= 90),

 Str1 = Str1 + Upercase(Ph[i]) (writing it forward),

 Str2 = Upercase(Ph[i]) + Str2 (writing it backward).
 If Str1 == Str2, then Ph is a palindrome.
STRINGS
Application : Palindrome

Boolean FUNCTION PALIND (String Ph)

Variables
String Str11, Str2
Integer i
BEGIN
Str1 = ‘’
Str2 = ‘’
FOR i FROM 0 To Length (Ph) - 1 DO
IF (ORD(Upercase (Ph[i])) >= 65) AND(ORD (Upercase (Ph[i])) <= 90) THEN
Str1 = Str1 + Upercase(Ph[i])
Str2 = Upercase(Ph[i]) + Str2
ENDIF
END FOR
IF (Str1 == Str2) THEN PALIND = TRUE
ELSE PALIND = False
END
STRINGS in C++
Template class basic_string
 String manipulation (copying, searching, etc.)
 Include <string>
 string initialization
 string s1( "Hello" ); // constructor
 string s2( 8, 'x’ ); // repeated char
 8 'x' characters
 string month = "March“ // assignment op
 string s; // Default empty string
 Char arr = {‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’};
 string s(arr, 5); //with char array
STRINGS in C++

No implicit conversion from int or char

 The following definitions are errors
 string error1 = 'c';
 string error2( 'u' );
 string error3 = 22;
 string error4( 8 );
 However, can assign to one char if
declared
s = 'n';
STRINGS in C++
string features
 Not necessarily null terminated
 length member function: s1.length()
 Use [] to access individual characters: s1[0]
 0 to length-1
 string not a pointer
 Many member functions take start position and length
 If length argument too large, max chosen
 Stream extraction
 cin >> stringObject;
 getline( cin, s)
 Delimited by newline
STRINGS in C++
String Assignment and Concatenation

Assignment
 s2 = s1;
 Makes a separate copy
 s2.assign(s1);
 Same as s2 = s1;
 myString.assign(s, start, N);
 Copies N characters from s, beginning at index start
 Individual characters
 s2[0] = s3[2];
STRINGS in C++
String Assignment and Concatenation
 Range checking
 s3.at( index );
 Returns character at index
 Can throw out_of_range exception

 Concatenation
 s3.append( "pet" );
 s3 += "pet";
 Both add "pet" to end of s3
 s3.append( s1, start, N );
 Appends N characters from s1, beginning at index start
STRINGS in C++
Comparing strings
Overloaded operators
 ==, !=, <, >, <= and >=
 Return bool
 s1.compare(s2)
 Returns positive if s1 lexicographically greater
 Compares letter by letter
 'B' lexicographically greater than 'A'
 Returns negative if less, zero if equal
 s1.compare(start, length, s2, start,
length)
 Compare portions of s1 and s2
 s1.compare(start, length, s2)
 Compare portion of s1 with all of s2
STRINGS in C++
Substrings & Swapping
 Function substr gets substring
 s1.substr( start, N );
 Gets N characters, beginning with index start
 Returns substring

 s1.swap(s2);
 Switch contents of two strings
STRINGS in C++
Characteristics
 Member functions
 s1.size() and s1.length()
 Number of characters in string
 s1.capacity()
 Number of elements that can be stored without reallocation
 s1.max_size()
 Maximum possible string size
 s1.empty()
 Returns true if empty
 s1.resize(newlength)
 Resizes string to newlength
STRINGS in C++
Finding Strings and Characters in a string
 Find functions
 If found, index returned
 If not found, string::npos returned
 Public static constant in class string
 s1.find( s2 )
 s1.rfind( s2 )
 Searches right-to-left
 s1.find_first_of( s2 )
 Returns first occurrence of any character in s2
 s1.find_frist_of( "abcd" )
 Returns index of first 'a', 'b', 'c' or 'd'
STRINGS in C++
Finding Strings and Characters in a string

 Find functions
 s1.find_last_of( s2 )
 Finds last occurrence of any character in s2
 s1.find_first_not_of( s2 )
 Finds first character NOT in s2
 s1.find_last_not_of( s2 )
 Finds last character NOT in s2
STRINGS in C++
Finding Strings and Characters in a string
 s1.erase( start )
 Erase from index start to end of string, including start
 Replace
 s1.replace( begin, N, s2)
 begin: index in s1 to start replacing
 N: number of characters to replace
 s2: replacement string
 s1.replace( begin, N, s2, index, num )
 index: element in s2 where replacement begins
 num: number of elements to use when replacing

 Replacement can overwrite characters

STRINGS in C++
Inserting Characters into a string

 s1.insert( index, s2 )
 Inserts s2 before position index
 s1.insert( index, s2, index2, N );
 Inserts substring of s2 before position index
 Substring is N characters, starting at index2
STRUCT
STRUCT
Definition
In programming, a struct is a collection of elementary
elements, which may vary in types and are referred to
as “member."
 These member are organized under a common
object name.
 Each field can be either a simple element or a
structure itself.
The purpose of a struct is to encapsulate a set of
information related to a specific object within a
unified structure.
STRUCT
Example

Student

ID First_Name Last_name Birthday Grading Address

Day Month Year

Num Road City

STRUCT
Declaration
The declaration of a struct is done by specifying the
keyword “STRUCT," followed by the description of the
fields, and concluded with the keyword “END.“

STRUCT Birthday
Integer day
Integer month
Integer year
END
Variable
Birthday Student_birthday
STRUCT

Initializing a Struct:
MyStruct example = {42, 'A', 3.14}

Accessing:
Use the dot (.) operator to access members.
Integer day = Student_birthday.day

Updating Struct Members:

Modify values using the dot operator.
Student_birthday.day = 5
STRUCT
Declaration in C++
Data struct can be declared in C++ using the following
syntax:

Struct type_name {
member_type1 member_name1;
member_type2 member_name2;
member_type3 member_name3;
.
.
} object_names;
STRUCT
Declaration in C++
Struct type_name {
• type_name is a name for the member_type1 member_name1;
member_type2 member_name2;
structure type member_type3 member_name3;
.
• object_name can be a set of .
valid identifiers for objects that } object_names;

have the type of this structure.

struct product {
• Within braces {}, there is a list int weight;
with the data members, each };
double price;

one is specified with a type

and a valid identifier as its product Milk;
name. product banana, melon;
STRUCT
Declaration in C++

• If objects are specified on the end

of the structure, the name of the
type is optional struct {
• The access to members can be int weight;
accessed directly. double price;
• The syntax for that is simply to insert } apple, banana,
a dot (.) between the object name melon;
and the member name.
apple.weight
apple.price