Paddington Academy
A-LEVEL AP2 PAPER 1 MS
1. (a) (i) 2Na + 2NH → 2NaNH
3 2 + H 2
(or multiples)
1
(ii) (Missing ‘H’ penalise once only) [NOT dot-and-cross diagrams]
1
[NOT 90° / 180° angles] (need 2 lp & ‘bent’ shape)
1
(iii) 107°
1
(iv) More lone pairs on NH , than on NH
2
–
3
1
Lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs
Must be comparison
(Mark separately)
[NOT repulsion between atoms or between bonds]
1
(b) (i) Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound / substance / species / entity / molecule
1
(ii) Mg N O
1
(0.675) 0.667 1.37 4.06
1 2 6 MgN O 2 6
(Mark M1 first. If any wrong A used = CE = 0)
r
(Accept Mg(NO ) for M3 if above working shown)
3 2
1
[9]
2. (a) 242
Units not essential
1
(b) Bond is shorter or bonding pair closer to nucleus
Allow Cl is a smaller atom
Allow fewer electron shells
do not allow smaller molecules
1
So attraction (between nucleus and) (to) bond pair is stronger
Allow shared pair (or bonding electrons) held more tightly
Mention of Cl loses M2
–
1
(c) Net attraction between the chlorine nucleus and the extra electron
Allow Cl ion more stable than Cl
–
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(d) (i) step 1 Ag(s) → Ag(g) only change
1
step 2 Ag(s) → Ag (g) + e only change
+ –
1
step 3 ½Cl (g) → Cl(g) only change
2
This step can be first, second or third
1
(ii) 127 + 289 + 732 + 121 – 364
1
= 905 kJ mol –1
–905 scores 1 mark only
1
(e) (i) Ions can be regarded as point charges (or perfect spheres)
Allow no polarisation
OR only bonding is ionic
OR no covalent character
1
(ii) Greater
Electronegativity argument or mention of intermolecular,
CE =0
1
Chloride ions are smaller than bromide
Mark independently but see above
1
They are attracted more strongly to the silver ions
Mark independently
1
(iii) AgCl has covalent character
Ignore reference to molecules
1
Forces in the lattice are stronger than pure ionic attractions
Allow stronger bonding OR additional/extra bonding
1
[15]
3. (a) Particles are in maximum state of order
(or perfect order or completely ordered or perfect crystal or
minimum disorder or no disorder)
(entropy is zero at 0 k by definition)
1
(b) (Ice) melts
(or freezes or changes from solid to liquid or from liquid to
solid)
1
(c) Increase in disorder
1
Bigger (at T )2
1
Second mark only given if first mark has been awarded
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(d) (i) Moles of water = 1.53/18 (= 0.085)
1
Heat change per mole = 3.49/0.085 = 41.1 (kJ mol ) –1
(allow 41 to 41.1, two sig. figs.)
(penalise –41 (negative value), also penalise wrong units but
allow kJ only)
1
(ii) ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
1
(iii) ΔH = TΔS or ΔS = ΔH/T
(penalise if contradiction)
1
ΔS = 41.1/373 = 0.110 kJ K (mol ) (or 110 (J K (mol ))
–1 –1 –1 –1
(allow 2 sig. figs.)
(if use value given of 45, answer is 0.12 (or 120 to 121)
(if ΔH is negative in (d) (i), allow negative answer)
(if ΔH is negative in (d) (i), allow positive answer)
(if ΔH is positive in (d) (i), penalise negative answer)
1
Correct units as above (mol not essential)
–1
1
[10]
4. M1 equilibrium moles of CO = 62.8 - 26.2 = 36.6
1
M2 equilibrium moles of H = 146 – 2(26.2) = 93.6
2
M3 total no moles = 36.6 + 93.3 + 26.2 = 156.4
1
M4 partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
1
M5
1
M6
M7 0.022(1) 2.2(l)×10 –8
2.2(l)×10 –14
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M8 MPa –2
kPa –2
Pa –2
1
If no subtraction lose M1, M2 and M3)
(If ×2 missed in M2, lose both M2 and M3)
(If M1 gained but moles of H = 73.2 (i.e. double CO), M2
2
and M3 lost)
(If M1 gained but mol H = 2(146 – 26.2), M2 and M3 lost)
2
(If M1 and M2 correct but M3 lost for CE, penalise M6 also)
(M4 can be gained from the numbers in the expression for
M6 even if these numbers are wrong)
(If K contains [ ] lose M5 but then mark on)
p
(If chemically wrong expression for K , lose M5, M6 and M7
p
(allow M8 conseq on their K )) p
(If divided by 9.5, or not used 9.5 at all, lose M6 and M7 (and
M4))
(If tried to convert to kPa and is factor(s) of 10 out, penalise
in M6 and allow M8 for kPa ) –2
[8]
5. (a) pH = –log[H ] +
[H ]= √1.74 × 10 × 0.15 (or 1.62 × 10 )
+ –5 –3
pH = 2.79 (penalise 1 dp or more than 2dp once in the qu)
1
(b) (i) Solution which resists change in pH /maintains pH
1
despite the addition of (small amounts of) acid/base (or dilution)
1
(ii) CH COO + H → CH COOH
3
+
3
must show an equation full or ionic in which ethanoate ions are
converted to ethanoic acid
1
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(c) (i) if rearrangement incorrect, no further marks
1
(= 2.61 × 10 )–5
pH = 4.58
1
(ii) Ml moles H added = 10 × 10-3 × 1.0 = 0.01
+
M2 moles ethanoic acid after addition = 0.15 + 0.01 = 0.16
1
M3 moles ethanoate ions after addition = 0.10 -0.01 = 0.09
1
M4
1
(= 3.09 ×10 )–5
M5 pH = 4.51
The essential part of this calculation is addition/subtraction of
0.01 moles to gain marks M2 and M3. If both of these are missing,
only mark M1 is available. Thereafter treat each mark independently,
except if the expression in M4 is wrong, in which case both M4
and M5 are lost.
1
[15]
alternative scheme for part (c)(i)
pK = 4.76
a
1
alternative for penultimate mark of part (c)(ii)
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Paddington Academy
6. Penalise pH given to 1 dp first time it would have scored only
(a) (i) K = [H ] [OH ] (1)
w
+ –
(ii) pH = – log [H ] (1) +
or in words or below unless contradiction
(iii) Calculation: [H ] = +
(1)
= 2.34 × 10 –7
pH = 6.63 or 6.64 (1)
Explanation: pure water [H ] = [OH ] (1) + –
5
(b) (i) [OH ] = 0.150
–
[H ] = 10 /0.15 = 6.66 × 10 + –14 –14
or pOH = 0.82
pH = 13.18 (1)
or pH= 13.17
(ii) moles OH = (35 × 10 ) × 0.150 = 5.25 × 10 (1)
– –3 –3 a
moles H = (40 × 10 ) × 0.120 = 4.8(0) × 10 (1)
+ –3 –3 b
excess moles of OH = 4.5 × 10 (1) – –4 c
[OH ] = (4.5(0) × 10 ) × 1000/75 (1)
– –4 d e
= 6.0(0) x 10 -3
[H ] =
+
= 1.66 × 10 or pOH = 2.22 –12
pH = 11.78 (1) f
or 11.77
8
(c) (i) K =
a (1)
(ii) [H ] = 1.80 × 10 × 0.150 = 2.70 × 10 (1)
+ –2 –3
K =
a = 4.86 × 10 (1) mol dm (1)
–5 –3
or = 4.95 × 10 –5
5
Notes
(a) If K includes H O allow 6.63 if seen otherwise no marks likely
w 2
(b) (ii) If no vol, max 4 for a, b, c, f answer = 10.65
If wrong volume max 5 for a, b, c, e, f
If no substraction max 3 for a, b, d
If missing 1000 max 5 for a, b, c, d, f answer = 8.78
If uses excess as acid, max 4 for a, b, d, f answer = 2.22
If uses excess as acid and no volume, max 2 for a,
b answer = 3.35
(c) If wrong K in (i) max 2 in part (ii) for [H ] (1) and conseq units (1)
a
+
but mark on fully from minor errors
eg no [ ] or charges missing
[18]
7. (a) C
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1
A
1
D
1
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Paddington Academy
(b) (i) Bromocresol green
Allow wrong spellings
1
(ii) Purple to yellow
Must have both colours:
Purple start – yellow finish
1
[5]
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