23/10/2024

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 Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION LABORATORY
ENCS2110

Experiment No. 6
Sequential Logic Circuits using Breadboard and IC’s

Prepared by:
Student Name : oday khallaf Student NO:1190546

Partners:
PARTNER1_NAME: Raghad Afaghani Number : 1192423
PARTNER2_NAME : Bessan Hussien Number : 1191991

Instructor: Abdallatif Abuissa

Teaching assistant: Mohammed Balawi

Section:2
Date: 10/12/2023

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 Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment is to teach the 7447 BCD to Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers and the
7490 Decade and Binary Counters, two specialized Integrated Circuits (ICs). The main goals are to
comprehend how seven-segment displays work, identify which pins they belong to, and use these
displays to build decade counters. The 7447 and 7490 ICs as well as the IT-3000 Basic Electricity
Circuit Lab are necessary pieces of equipment for this lab practice. To protect everyone's health and
safety, the experiment places a strong emphasis on following safety procedures and laboratory laws to
the letter. Pre-lab preparation includes a design job for a decade counter circuit, calculations for
suitable resistor values, and theoretical questions on display kinds compatible with the 7447 decoder.
As part of the practical side, testing display lighting putting segment blanking into practice, creating a
decade counter, and finally seeing the counting sequence. The experiment is expanded in the post-lab
activity to include the design of a two-decade counter with extra features including a reset input and
adjustments for a 59-count sequence. Through actual experience with sequential logic circuits, this
exercise improves comprehension of digital electronics in real-world applications ,

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 Table of Contents:
Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents................................................................................................................................ 2
Table of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 3
List of Tables....................................................................................................................................... 4
Table1 : 7447 pin description 2 ....................................................................................................... 4
Table2 : Reset/Count function table 4............................................................................................ 4
Table3 : Data for one decade counter 8 ......................................................................................... 4
Introduction (Theory) ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Seven-Segment Display ................................................................................................................ 1
(a) (b) 3
Note : ................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Counter.......................................................................................................................................... 5
IC 7490 Truth Table........................................................................................................................... 6
IC 7490 Internal Circuit .................................................................................................................... 6
2. Procedure and Discussion: .......................................................................................................... 7
2.1 BCD Counter ................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.1 Testing Lamps in the display ......................................................................................... 7
Results ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Note ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Blanking all segments ..................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2.3 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Implementing one decade counter ................................................................................. 8
0-5 counter ........................................................................................................................................ 11
3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 12
4. References ................................................................................................................................... 13
Abstract: .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... 16

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 Table of Figures:

Figure 1Figure1 : Seven-Segment Display (Source: Lab Manual) ........................................................... 2

Figure 2Figure2 : Common Anode/Cathode displays (Source: Lab Manual) ........................................... 3
Figure 3Figure3 : 7447 pin assignments (Source: Lab Manual) ............................................................... 3
Figure 4 : Summary of IC ......................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 5 : 7490 counter pin assignment (Source: Lab Manual) ................................................................ 5
Figure 6IC 7490 Truth Table ..................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7: IC 7490 Internal Circuit (Source: Etechnog, Online) ................................................................ 6
Figure 8Display-Decoder Connection (Source: Lab Manual) ................................................................... 7
Figure 9: Implementing one decade counter circuit (Source: My Work ) ................................................. 8

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 List of Tables:

Table1 : 7447 pin description .................................................................................................. 2

Table2 : Reset/Count function table ....................................................................................... 4
Table3 : Data for one decade counter ..................................................................................... 8

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 Introduction (Theory)
This laboratory experiment is designed to provide hands-on experience with essential
components of digital systems, particularly focusing on the use of Integrated Circuits (ICs) in
building and understanding sequential logic circuits.

The core of this experiment revolves around two key ICs: the 7447 BCD (Binary-Coded
Decimal) to Seven-Segment Decoder/Driver and the 7490 Decade and Binary Counter. The
7447 IC is pivotal in converting binary-coded decimal inputs into signals that can drive a
seven-segment display, a commonly used electronic display medium for numerical output.
The seven-segment display, with its unique arrangement of LEDs, forms the basis of digital
displays in numerous devices. Understanding its operation and pin configuration is an
essential skill in electronics.

On the other hand, the 7490 IC, a decade and binary counter, introduces students to the
concept of counting sequences in digital circuits. This counter is instrumental in creating
applications where counting or timing is required, such as in clocks, timers, and frequency
counters.

And We used IT-3000 Basic Electricity Circuit Lab, 7447 BCD to Seven-Segment
Decoders/Drivers and 7490 decade and binary Counters to build different counters with seven-
segment displays with the aim of proving our knowledge background about this sequential
circuits and to understand the function of the seven-segment display and how to find its pin
assignment. [1]

1.1 Seven-Segment Display

The seven-segment display is a cornerstone in the realm of digital electronics, widely recognized for its
simple yet effective method of displaying numerical information. This type of display consists of seven
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) arranged in a specific pattern, which resembles the number "8." These
segments are labeled from 'a' to 'g', allowing for the representation of numbers and certain letters by
illuminating specific combinations of these segments.

There are two main types of seven-segment displays based on their internal connection: Common
Anode and Common Cathode. In a common anode display, all the anodes of the LED segments are
connected together and typically tied to a positive voltage source. To light up a segment, a low (or
ground) signal is applied to its cathode. Conversely, in a common cathode display, all the cathodes are
connected and usually grounded. Here, a high signal is applied to the anode of the desired segment to
turn it on, The choice between common anode and common cathode types depends on the driving
circuitry, like the 7447 BCD to Seven-Segment Decoder/Driver used in this experiment. This IC is
specifically designed to interface with a seven-segment display, accepting binary-coded decimal inputs
and converting them into signals that activate the appropriate segments.

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 Figure 1Figure1 : Seven-Segment Display (Source: Lab Manual)

There are two types of LED 7-segment displays: common cathode (CC) and common
anode (CA). If one end of each LED inside the seven-segment display is connected to a
common point which is tied to the positive supply (+5v) as in figure 2(a), then it is called a
common anode and in this type, the inputs logic must be low to turn on these LED segments.
Otherwise (if one end of each LED is connected to a common point which is tied to the ground
(0v)), as in figure 2(b), then it is called a common cathode and in this type, the inputs logic
must be high.

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 (a) (b)
Figure 2Figure2 : Common
Anode/Cathode displays (Source: Lab
Manual)

In both configuration, resistors are used to control the brightness of the LEDs (The
greater the resistance, the dimmer the light( and to prevent over current that may burn the
LEDs. BCD-to-Seven-segment Decoder
It is a logic circuit that convert BCD into its suitable form for the seven-segment
display. In this lab, we will use the IC 7447 decoder, which is shown in figure 3.

Figure 3Figure3 : 7447 pin assignments (Source: Lab

Manual)

To help in understanding the 7447 IC, we must study its pin description, as follows:

Table1 : 7447 pin description

Pin name Description
A, B, C, D BCD inputs : D is the MSB (DCBA)
a, b, c, d, e, f, g Decoder output (Active Low)
RBI Ripple Blanking input (Active Low)
BI/RBO Blanking input (Active Low)
Ripple Blanking output (Active Low)
LT Lamp Test input (Active Low)

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 -LT is an active low pin, it is also called Lamp Test input. This input, When pulled low,
will light all the segments regardless of the current 4-bit input being decoded. It is often
actuated at power on or reset to show all the digits are working. If we put it high, then it will
be used for normal operation.

-RBI is an active low pin, it is also called Ripple Blanking input. This input is used in
multi-digit display and should be connected to the RBO of the previous digit (the digit to the
left). In this way, you may avoid showing trailing "0" if not needed as you do in manual number
writing. So, It is used for hiding the 0 output, but if it is high, then it will show the 0 output on
display.

-BI/RBO : BI is an active low pin, also called a blanking input, it can be used as input
to turn off all segments. RBO is an active low pin , also called ripple blanking output , we use
it with RPI when it is activated and the input of DCBA is 0000 , this allow us to drive the input
to another 7 segment display. If BI is low, all 7 segments are off, regardless of any other inputs
(such as A, B, C, or D). If BI is high, and LT is low, all 7 segments are on. This function can
be used to see if all the LED segments are working. Finally , when A, B, C, D and RBI are all
low, and LT is high, then all 7 segments are off. In this situation, the RBO goes low (response
condition).

-At last, if we need to implement normal operation without blanking, the three inputs:
LT, RBI and BI/RBO should be active low (connected to +5v).

Figure 4 : Summary of IC

Note : As the decoder output (a, b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g) of 7447 display decoder is active low,
and the three inputs: LT, RBI and BI/RBO should be connected to +5V, so the

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 appropriate display type is common anode. Because the positive edge on common
anode is connected together on (5v).

1.2 Counter
In this lab, we used the IC 7490 counter which is an Asynchronous mod-10 Counter IC. It
is also known as BCD Counter, Decade Counter, and mod-10. These names are given based
on the Functionality and Working Principle of IC 7490. [8]

Figure 5 : 7490 counter pin assignment (Source: Lab

Manual)

7490 counter is able to count from 0 to 9 cyclically, and that is its natural mode. That
is, QA, QB, QC and QD are 4 bits in a binary number, and these pins cycle through 0 to 9. The
reset/ count function table is shown in Table 2.

Table2 : Reset/Count function table

Reset Inputs Outputs
R0(1) R0(2) R9(1) R9(2) QD QC QB QA
H H L X L L L L
H H X L L L L L
X X H H H L L H
X L X L COUNT
L X L X COUNT
L X X L COUNT
X L L X COUNT

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 IC 7490 Truth Table

In figure 6:

We can see the truth table of IC 7490. We

can see that after counting ten numbers (0
to 9) it gets reset and start counting
again.[9]

Figure 6IC 7490 Truth Table

IC 7490 Internal Circuit

Figure 7: IC 7490 Internal Circuit (Source: Etechnog, Online)

In figure 7:

Here, we can see the internal circuit of IC 7490. It consists of four numbers of Master-Slave JK flip-
flops that are internally connected.
The first flip-flop is independent and is driven by the CLKA pin. Another three flip- flops are
connected to the CLKB pin.

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 2. Procedure and Discussion:

2.1 BCD Counter

2.1.1 Testing Lamps in the display

Figure 8Display-Decoder Connection (Source: Lab Manual)

Connections
To build this structure, we used a 7447 decoder and a 7-segment display, and seven resistors. First,
we placed the 7447 chip and the display on the Breadboard. Then we connected between them
using the 7 resistors as shown in figure 8 : a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d, ….., g-g. Next, we connected the pins
4 (BI/RBO), 5 (RBI) and 3 (LT) of the 7447 decoders to +5V, +5V and Ground respectively.

Results
This structure made the 7-segments turned on, which verify that all segments in the display are
working properly.

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 Note
In the lab, we were sure about the first two parts of this experiment, so
we started at the last part (c). So to give some information about this part, I watched this experiment
online and I attached the video in the references.

Discussion
When BI is high and LT is low all 7-segments are on, and this function is used to see if all LED
segments are working.

Blanking all segments

Connections
To construct this structure we made exactly the same connections as in the previous part in figure
8 but with change pin 4 to be connected to the ground instead of +5V.

Results
This structure made the 7-segments turned off.

Discussion
BI can be used to turn off all 7-segments, when pulled low.

Implementing one decade counter

In this part, we built a counter that counts from 0 to 9 according to the circuit that we designed in
part 4 of the pre-lab, which is shown in figure 10.

Figure 9: Implementing one decade counter circuit (Source: My Work )

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 Connections:
To implement this counter, we kept the same previous structure but with connecting the inputs
7490 counters. We connected A (pin 14 of 7490 counters) with a Pulser Switch (SWA) and B (pin
1 of 7490 counters) with the output of the first flip flop (QA) then we connected QA to A, QB TO
B, and so on. Then, we connected VCC in both terminals with two resistors (to avoid burning the
LEDs by preventing over-current) and then to +5V. And finally, to make th

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 chip works as a decade counter we connected R0(2), R0(1), R9(1) and R9(2) to the ground.

Results:
We applied clock pulses to pin 14 using “pulse generator” of the IT- 3000 Basic Electricity Circuit
Lab and the count sequence was as shown in table 3.

Table3 : Data for one decade counter

D1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3

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 Discussion
The previous circuit we built works as a decade counter which has 10
states (counts from 0-9) as it works as a ripple adder because the output of the first flip flop is
connected with the input B, so it adds 1 with every clock pulse. A decade counter counts in a
sequence of ten and then returns back to zero after the count of nine. Obviously to count up to a
binary value of nine, the counter must have at least four flip-flops within its chain to represent each
decimal digit. A decade counter has four flip-flops and 16 potential states, of which only 10 are
used and if we connected a series of counters together we could count to 100 or 1,000 or to
whatever final count number we choose.
Note:
We tested our design by comparing the output results with the truth table
which is already exists in the theory and all results was the same, which means that our experiment
was successful.

We modified the previous circuit to count from 0-5, as follows:

counter
The only difference between this circuit and the previous one, is that pin 2 and pin 3 of IC 7490
became connected to QB QC respectively instead of ground as we want the circuit to reset after
reaching 5. The results are:

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 3. Conclusion

This laboratory experiment on sequential logic circuits using a breadboard and integrated circuits,
specifically the 7447 BCD to Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers and the 7490 Decade and Binary
Counters, has successfully demonstrated the fundamental principles of digital electronics and their
practical applications. Through hands-on experience, students have gained a deeper understanding of
how seven-segment displays function and the intricacies involved in their pin assignment and
operation.

The process of building and observing the working of decade counters with these displays has provided
valuable insights into the practical aspects of digital circuit design and implementation. The experiment
not only reinforced theoretical knowledge but also enhanced problem-solving and analytical skills,
critical in the field of electronics and electrical engineering.

Key learning outcomes include the ability to design and implement functional digital circuits, a
thorough understanding of sequential logic, and the practical application of theoretical concepts. The
experiment also highlighted the importance of following safety protocols and regulations in a
laboratory setting, emphasizing the need for careful handling and operation of electronic components
and equipment.

Overall, this experiment serves as a cornerstone in the education of students in the field of digital
electronics, laying a solid foundation for more advanced studies and applications in this rapidly
evolving discipline. The skills and knowledge acquired through this practical experience are invaluable
and will undoubtedly contribute to the students' future endeavors in technology and engineering.

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 References:
1: Manual for Digital Electronics and Computer Organization Lab, 2023, Birzeit
University.
https://ritaj.birzeit.edu/bzu-msgs/attach/2357784/Digital+lab+manual+2023.pdf

2: GeeksforGeeks .
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/seven-segment-displays/

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 Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION LABORATORY
ENCS2110

Experiment No. 4
Experiment No. 4 - Digital Circuits Implementation using
Breadboard
Prepared by:
Student Name : oday khallaf Student NO:1190546

Partners:
PARTNER1_NAME: Raghad Afaghani Number : 1192423
PARTNER2_NAME : Bessan Hussien Number : 1191991

Instructor: Abdallatif Abuissa

Teaching assistant: Mohammed Balawi

Section:2
Date: 10/12/2023

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 Abstract:

This report encapsulates an educational experiment on Sequential Logic

Circuits using a breadboard and specific Integrated Circuits (ICs). The
primary focus is on the 7447 BCD to Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers
and the 7490 Decade and Binary Counters. The experiment entails
constructing and understanding decade counters linked with seven-
segment displays, crucial in digital electronics. Participants learn to
identify and connect IC pins, test display components, and build counters,
gaining hands-on experience in circuit assembly and troubleshooting. This
practical approach not only reinforces theoretical knowledge but also
hones skills in digital circuit design and problem-solving, vital in
electronics and computer engineering fields.

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 Introduction :(Theory)

This report introduces an experiment on Sequential Logic Circuits,

focusing on the practical application of digital electronics principles using
a breadboard and specific Integrated Circuits (ICs). The experiment aims
to bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and practical
implementation in the realm of digital circuitry. Students engage with the
7447 BCD to Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers and the 7490 Decade and
Binary Counters, gaining a comprehensive understanding of these
components. The introduction sets the stage for the subsequent detailed
exploration of seven-segment displays and decade counters, highlighting
their significance in digital electronics. The experiment's hands-on
approach is designed to enhance students' skills in circuit design and
problem-solving, crucial for a deeper grasp of electronic engineering
concepts.

KL-22001 Basic Electricity Circuit Lab:

This kit is a comprehensive set for
electrical circuit experiments, typically including tools like power
supplies, wires, and basic electronic components. It's designed to provide
practical experience in constructing and testing electrical circuits.

Breadboard: A breadboard is a rectangular board with a grid of holes,

allowing for the easy insertion and removal of electronic components and
wires. It's used for prototyping and experimenting with circuit designs
without the need for soldering.

Integrated Circuits (Chips):

IC 7404 (Inverter): This

chip contains multiple inverter gates. Each gate
inverts its input signal; if the input is high (1), the output is low (0), and
vice versa.

IC 7404 (Inverter)truth table :

Input Output
0 1
1 0

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 IC 7408 (2-input AND Gate): This
chip includes 2-input AND gates. An AND
gate outputs a high signal only if both of its inputs are high.

IC 7408 (2-input AND Gate) truth table:

Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

IC 7432 (2-input OR Gate): Contains 2-input OR gates. An OR gate outputs a

high signal if at least one of its inputs is high.

IC 7432 (2-input OR Gate) truth table :

Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

IC 7400 (2-input NAND Gate): This

chip consists of 2-input NAND gates, which
output a low signal only if both inputs are high.
IC 7400 (2-input NAND Gate) truth table :
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

IC 7486 (2-input XOR Gate): Includes

2-input XOR gates. An XOR gate
outputs a high signal if the inputs are different (one high and one low).
IC 7486 (2-input XOR Gate) truth table :
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0

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 Input A Input B Output
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Results:

Verification of Logic Gates:

Describe the functional tests for each IC. For
example, with the IC 7404, each input was tested for its corresponding
inverted output. Similarly, for the IC 7408 (AND gate), all input
combinations were tested to ensure that the output was high only when
both inputs were high.

Full Adder Results:

Explain how the full adder circuit, built using the ICs,
was tested for various input combinations (e.g., 00, 01, 10, 11) and how
the output matched the expected sum and carry values.

Multiplexer Results:
Detail the testing of the 4x1 multiplexer by applying
different inputs and select lines, and observing if the output correctly
represented the selected input line.

Decoder Results:
Discuss the performance of the 2x4 decoder. Indicate how
input combinations resulted in the activation of the correct output line,
verifying the decoder's functionality.

Majority Circuit Using Multiplexer:

If you constructed a majority circuit using
the multiplexer, describe its operation and how the circuit outputted high
when the majority of its inputs were high.

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 From my work in carrying out the experiment in the laboratory:

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 Conclusion:

The experiment successfully demonstrated the basic concepts and practical applications of basic digital
logic gates using integrated circuits. The operation of each gate, as observed in the 7404, 7408, 7432,
7400, and 7486 IC experiments, is in close agreement with theoretical expectations, confirming the
reliability of digital logic in electronics design. Building more complex circuits such as the complete
combiner, multiplexer, and decoder also represents how these basic gates are combined to create
functional digital systems. This hands-on experience not only enhanced my theoretical knowledge of
digital electronics, but also enhanced my practical skills in circuit design and troubleshooting.

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 References:
1: Manual for Digital Electronics and Computer Organization Lab, 2023, Birzeit
University.
https://ritaj.birzeit.edu/bzu-msgs/attach/2357784/Digital+lab+manual+2023.pdf

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