MTH 104

Lecture # 11-14
Calculus and Analytic
Geometry
Dr. Tanvir Akbar Kiani, Tenured Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics
First Floor,Faculty Block I
 Techniques of differentiation

dy df ( x ) dc
= = = 0.
dx dx dx
Examples
d (1) d (−5) d ( 2)
= 0.
= 0, = 0,
dx dx dx
 Techniques of differentiation

y = f ( x) = x n

d
x  = nx
n n −1

dx
Examples
d
x  = 2 x = 2 x
2 2 −1

dx
d
x  = 5x
5 4

dx
 Techniques of differentiation
d
dx
 
1
2
1
2
1
x = x = x =
2
1
2
−11
2 x
−1
2

d
x  = − 7 x
−7 −7 −1
= −7 x −8

dx
d
x  = 8x
8 7

dx
 Techniques of differentiation

dy d (cf ( x )) df ( x )
= =c
dx dx dx
Examples

d (4 x ) 4d ( x ) 4(3x
3 3

) = 12 x
= =
3−1 2

dx dx
Techniques of differentiation
d  12  d  12 
−x =− x

dx  
 dx  
= −12 x11

d   d 1 
  =  
dx  x  dx  x 
d
=  x  −1

dx
= −x −2
 Techniques of differentiation

dy d d d
=  f ( x )  g ( x ) =  f ( x )  g ( x )
dx dx dx dx

d d d
2 x + x  = 2 x  + x 
Examples 6 −9 6 −9

dx dx dx
= 2(6 x ) + ( −9 x )
5 −9 −1

= 12 x − 9 x
5 −10
Techniques of differentiation

d
1 − 2 x  = 1 − 2 x 
d d
dx dx dx
= 0-2  
d
dx
x
1
2

1−1

= -2  x
2

 2
1
=−
x
 Techniques of differentiation
y = 3 x + 2 x − 5 x + 9.
8 3

solution dy d
= 3x + 2 x − 5 x + 9
8 3

dx dx
d d d d
= 3x  + 2 x  − 5 x + 9
8 3

dx dx dx dx
= 3(8 x ) + 2(3 x ) − 5(1) + 0
7 2

= 24 x + 6 x − 5
7 2
 Techniques of differentiation
Example At what points, if any does the graph of

y = x − 3x + 4
3

have a horizontal tangent line?

solution dy d
=  x − 3 x + 4
3

dx dx
= 3x − 3
2

dy
= 0  3x − 3 = 02

dx
x −1 = 0
2

x =1
2

x = 1
 Techniques of differentiation

dy d
=  f ( x ) g ( x ) 
dx dx
dy d d
= f ( x )  g ( x )  + g ( x )  f ( x ) 
dx dx dx
 Techniques of differentiation

y = (4 x − 1)(7 x + x )
2 3

dy d
solution
= (4 x − 1)(7 x + x )
2 3

dx dx
d d
= (4 x − 1) 7 x + x + (7 x + x ) 4 x − 1
2 3 3 2

dx dx
= ( 4 x 2 − 1)( 21x 2 + 1) + ( 7 x3 + x ) ( 8 x )

= 84 x + 4 x − 21x − 1 + 56 x + 8 x
4 2 2 4 2

= 140 x − 9 x − 1
4 2
Techniques of differentiation

dy d  f ( x )
= 
dx dx  g ( x ) 
d d
g ( x )  f ( x ) − f ( x ) g ( x )
dy dx dx
=
dx g ( x )
2
 Techniques of differentiation
4x +1
Example Find dy/dx if y=
x −5
2

Derivative of Derivative of
solution
dy d  4 x + 1
numerator denominator
= 
dx dx  x − 5 
2

d d
( x − 5) 4 x + 1 − (4 x + 1) x − 5
2 2

= dx dx
( x − 5)
2 2
Techniques of differentiation

( x − 5)4 − (4 x + 1)2 x
2

=
( x − 5) 2 2

4 x − 20 − 8 x − 2 x
2 2

=
( x − 5) 2 2

− 4 x − 2 x − 20
2

=
( x − 5) 2 2
 Higher order derivatives

f , f , f , f     f
(4) (n)

If y=f(x) then

dy d
y = =  f ( x )
dx dx
d y d d  d
 f ( x )
2 2

y = =  ( f ( x )) =
dx dx  dx
2
 dx
2

d y d
 f ( x )
3 3

y = =
dx dx
3 3
 Higher order derivatives

A general nth order derivative

d y d
 f ( x ) = f
n n

= (n)
(x)
dx dx
n n

and
d yn

= f (n)
(x )

dx n
 Example Find y if y = ax + bx + c where a, b, c
4 2

are constants.
Solution
dy d
y = = ax + bx + c
First 4 2
Order
derivat
ive
dx dx
d d d
Second order
derivative
= (ax ) + (bx ) + (c )
4 2

dx dx dx
= 4ax + 2bx
3

d y d 2

y = = (4ax + 2bx ) 3

dx dx 2
 d y d
2 2
d 2

y = = (4ax ) + (2bx)3

dx dx2
dx
2 2

= 12ax + 2b
2

Third order
derivative
 d y 2

Example Find where y = 6 x − 4 x 5 2

dx 2

Solution dy d
= 6 x − 4 x  5 2

dx dx
= 6(5 x ) − 4(2 x ) 4

= 30 x − 8 x
4

d y d
2

= (30 x − 8 x ) 4

dx dx 2

= 120 x − 8 3

d y
2

= 120(1) − 8 = 112
dx 2
 Derivative of trigonometric functions
d d
1. (sin x ) = cos x 4. (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
dx dx

d d
2. (cox ) = − sin x 5. (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx dx

d d
3. (tan x ) = sec x
2
6. (cot x ) = − csc x
2

dx dx
 d y 2

Example
y = sin x cos x find .
dx 2

Solution
dy d
= sin x cos x
dx dx
d d
= sin x cos x + cos x sin x
dx dx
= sin x(− sin x) + cos x(cos x)
= − sin x + cos x
2 2

d y d
2
d
= (− sin x ) + (cos x )
2 2

dx dx2
dx
Example Show that y = x sin x is a solution t o
y + y = 2 cos x
solution
y + y = 2 cos x (1)
Differentiating two times y = x sin x w. r.t x
dy d
y = = ( x sin x )
dx dx
= x cos x + sin x
d d d
y = ( x cos x + sin x ) = ( x cos x ) + (sin x )
dx dx dx
 y = − x sin x + cos x + cos x
= − x sin x + 2 cos x
Substituting the valuse of y and y into (1)

− x sin x + 2 cos x + x sin x = 2 cos x

2 cos x = 2 cos x
L.H.S=R.H.S
 
2 f 
Example Given that f ( x ) = sin x tan x show that   = 2
4
f ( x ) = sin x tan x
2

f ( x ) = (sin x ) tan x
2

 f ( x ) = sin 2 x sec 2 x + tan x ( 2 (sin x )(cos x ) )

1 sin x  2(sin x )(cos x ) 
= sin x2
2 +  
cos x cos x  1 
= tan x + 2 sin x
2 2

 2   2  
 f   = tan   + 2 sin  
4 4 4
2
 1 
= 1 + 2  =2
 2
 Chain rule

Consider d
( x + 1)
2 100


dx
let y = ( x + 1) and u = x + 1
2 100 2

then y = u 100

dy du
= 100u 99
and = 2x
du dx
dy dy du
= 
multiply rates
dx du dx
= 100u  2 x 99

= 100( x + 1)  2 x2

= 200 x( x + 1) 2
 Chain rule

y = f ( g ( x)) and u = g ( x)

Then y=f(u) and dy dy du

= 
dx du dx
Alternatively
d
 f ( g ( x )) = ( f  g ) ( x ) = f ( g ( x ))g ( x )
dx

Derivative of outside
function Derivative of
Example inside function

dy
Find if y = cos( x ) 3
 Let u=x 3
Then y = cosu

dy
= − sin u
du
And
du
= 3x 2 Rates of
change
dx
multiply

dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
= ( − sin u )  (3 x )2

= −3 x sin x 2 3
 Example
d d d
tan x = tan x = (2 tan x) tan x = 2 tan x sec x
2 2 2

dx dx dx
Derivative of
outside function Derivative of
inside function

d
 x +1 = x + 1 = x + 1 (x + 1)
d 1 d1 −1
2 2 2 2 2
2

dx dx 2 dx
1 x
=  2x =
2 x +1 2
x +1 2
 More examples
5
1) f ( x) = (3x − 5 x )
2 7 2) f (t ) =
(7t − 9)2
Solution 1)
2 du
Let u = 3 x − 5 x  = 3 − 10 x
dx
7 dy
Then y =u  = 7u 6
du
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
dy
= 7u 6  (3 − 10 x )
dx
= 7 (3 x − 5 x 2 ) 6 (3 − 10 x )
 5
2) f (t ) =
(7t − 9)2
du
Let u = 7t − 9  = 7
dt
= 5u − 2  dy = −10u − 3
5
y=
u2 du

dy dy du
= 
dt du dt
= −10u − 3  7
dy
dx

= −70(7t − 9) − 3
dy
dt
 Generalized derivative formulas

d du
 f (u ) = f (u ) where u = g ( x)
dx dx
Some examples are:

d  r
u = ru r − 1 du d
sin u  = cos u du
dx  
 dx dx dx
d
cos u  = − sin u du d
tan u  = sec 2 u du
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
cot u  = − csc u
2 sec u  = sec u tan u
dx dx dx dx
d
csc u  = − csc u cot u du
dx dx
 Example
d d
1. sin(2 x) = cos 2 x dx  2 x = 2cos 2x
dx

d  1  d
=  + − 
−1
2.
x 2 x3
3
dx  x + 2 x − 3  dx
3

2 d −

= −  x 3 + 2 x − 3  x 3 + 2 x − 3
  dx  
= −  x + 2 x − 3 3x + 2
−2
3 2

3x + 2 2

=−
 x + 2 x − 3
2
3
 d y
2

Example Find if y = sin(3x )2

dx 2

Solution dy d
= sin(3x ) 2

dx dx
d
= cos(3 x ) 3x2 2

dx
= 6 x cos(3 x ) 2

d y d
2

=  6 x cos(3x ) 2

dx dx 2

d d
= 6 x  cos ( 3x ) + cos(3x ) 6 x 
2 2

dx dx
 d d
= 6 x  cos ( 3x ) + cos(3x ) 6 x 
2 2

dx dx
 d  6cos(3 x )
= 6 x  − sin(3x ) ( 3x ) +
2
2 2

 dx 
= 6 x  −6 x sin(3x ) + 6cos ( 3x
2 2
)
d y
2

= −36 x sin ( 3x ) + 6cos ( 3x

2 2 2
)
dx 2
Example Differentiate (
y = ln x 2 − 1 )
(
y = ln x 2 − 1 ) Use the Chain
Rule
1
y = 2
(
x −1
(2 x)
)
2x
y = 2
x −1
x
Example Differentiate y =
x ln x
y= Use the Quotient
ln x Rule
1
ln x(1) − x  
y =  x
( )
2
ln x
ln x − 1
y =
( ln x )
2