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Biology Investigatory Project (On Eye

Diseases)
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The document appears to be a biology investigatory project report submitted by a student named Diya
Choudhury. It investigates eye disorders in children and adolescents. The report includes … Full description

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Vivekananda Kendra
Vidyalaya, Itanagar

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT REPORT

Topic: Eye Disorders in Children

and Adolescents.

Submitted by:
Diya Choudhury
Class: XII-Science
Roll no. : 09

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12
A3ID
E This is to certiy that Diya Choudhury! a
student o class XII "sci.# has successully
CERT
com$leted the research on the $ro%ect titled
“Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents”
under the &uidance o 'r. (rasanta (u)ari
I3ICA
"Sub%ect Teacher# durin& the year *0+,-+ in
$artial ulllment o $hysics $ractical
TE e/amination conducted by AISSCE.

Si&nature o (rasanta (u)ari S.C Di/it

E/ternal E/aminer "iolo&y Teacher# "(rinci$al#

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Acknowledgement
In the accom$lishment o this $ro%ect successully! many
$eo$le ha4e best o5ned u$on me their blessin&s and the
heart $led&ed su$$ort! this time I am utili)in& to than6 all
the $eo$le 5ho ha4e been concerned 5ith $ro%ect.
(rimarily I 5ould than6 &od or bein& able to com$lete
this $ro%ect 5ith success.
Then I 5ould li6e to than6 my iolo&y teacher 'r.
(rasanta (u)ari! 5hose 4aluable &uidance has been the
ones that hel$ed me $atch this $ro%ect and ma6e it ull
$roo success his su&&estions and his instructions has
ser4ed as the ma%or contributor to5ards the com$letion
o the $ro%ect.
Then I 5ould li6e to than6 my $arents 5ho ha4e hel$ed
me 5ith their 4aluable su&&estions and &uidance has
been hel$ul in 4arious $hases o the com$letion o the
$ro%ect. 7ast but not the least I 5ould li6e to than6 my
classmates 5ho ha4e hel$ed me a lot.

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S7. Table o Content

2o. (A8E 2o.

+. Abstract

*. Introduction

. 'ethodolo&y

. Data Collection

,. Data analysis

. Treatment

;. Conclusion

<. iblio&ra$hy

IDE!

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A"#T$ACT OR

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=isual $erce$tion is the ability to inter$ret the

surroundin& en4ironment by $rocessin& inormation that
is contained in 4isible li&ht. The resultin& $erce$tion is
also 6no5n as eyesi&ht! si&ht! or 4ision.
Eyes are the or&ans o 4ision. They detect li&ht and
con4ert it into electro-chemical im$ulses in neurons.
Eyes can be $rone to many diseases and disorders.
This $ro%ect is ocused on eye disorders: ho5 it is caused!
5hy it is caused! ho5 to $re4ent>treat it are inscribed
here.
In addition! a sur4ey 5as ta6en amon& ,0 students! each
ha4in& an eye disorder. The data and other eatures are
attached to the re$ort as 5ell.
=isual $erce$tion is the ability to inter$ret the
surroundin& en4ironment by $rocessin& inormation that
is contained in 4isible li&ht. The resultin& $erce$tion is
also 6no5n as eyesi&ht! si&ht! or 4ision.
Eyes are the or&ans o 4ision. They detect li&ht and
con4ert it into electro-chemical im$ulses in neurons.
Eyes can be $rone to many diseases and disorders.
This $ro%ect is ocused on eye disorders: ho5 it is caused!
A"#T$ACT
5hy it is caused! ho5 to $re4ent>treat it are inscribed
here.
In addition! a sur4ey 5as ta6en amon& ,0 students! each
ha4in& an eye disorder. The data and other eatures are
attached to the re$ort as 5ell.

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OR

IT$%D&CTI%
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E?E

E?E
 The human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity
(socket, or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull.
 The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the
sclera, the choroid, and the retina.
 The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it is visible
as the "white" of the eye. n the center of the visible sclera and
IT$%D&CTI%
pro!ecting slightly, in the manner of a crystal raised above the


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human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity
 The
(socket, or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull.
 The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the
sclera, the choroid, and the retina.
The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it is visible
as the "white" of the eye. n the center of the visible sclera and
pro!ecting slightly, in the manner of a crystal raised above the
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surface of a watch, is the cornea, a transparent membrane that acts
as the window of the eye. OR
 delicate membrane, the page
Unlock this con!unctiva, covers
a"er an ad 10 the visible portion of
the sclera.
 #nderneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the choroid,
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composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the
tissues.
Download now
 $ear the center of the visible20 ofportion
22 of the eye, the  Search document
choroid layer 
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forms the ciliary body, which contains the muscles used to change
the shape of the lens (that is, to focus).

 The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a diaphragm that
regulates the si%e of the pupil.
surface of a watch, is the cornea, a transparent membrane that acts
as theiris
 The window
is theofarea
the eye.
of the eye where the pigmentation of the
 delicate
choroid membrane,
layer, usuallythe con!unctiva,
brown or blue,covers the visible
is visible becauseportion of
it is not

the sclera.
covered by the sclera.
#nderneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the choroid,
 The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it is dilated
composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the
and contracted by muscular action of the iris, thus regulating the
 tissues.
amount of light that enters the eye.
$ear the center of the visible portion of the eye, the choroid layer
 &ehind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but solid ellipsoid
forms the ciliary body, which contains the muscles used to change
body that focuses the light on the retina, the third and innermost
 the shape of the lens (that is, to focus).
layer of tissue.
The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a diaphragm that
 The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods and cones,
 regulates the si%e of the pupil.
and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve
as
Theit iris
entersis the
the rear
areaofofthe
theeyeball from the
eye where the brain. #nlike the
pigmentation of two
the
outer
choroidlayers of the
layer, eye, the
usually retina
brown or does
blue,not e'tend to
is visible the front
because of not
it is the
 eyeball.
covered by the sclera.

The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it is dilated
and contracted by muscular action of the iris, thus regulating the
 amount of light that enters the eye.

&ehind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but solid ellipsoid
AD body that focuses the light on the retina, the third and innermost Download to read ad-free
 layer of tissue.

The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods and cones,
and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve
as it enters the rear of the eyeball from the brain. #nlike the two
outer layers of the eye, the retina does not e'tend to the front of the
eyeball.
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 &etween the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small
OR
spaces filled with aueous humor, a thin, watery fluid.
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 The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the
eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a !ellylike substance.

SOME COMMON EYE DISORDERS


• Myopia (Nearsightedness)
&etween the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small
$earsighted
 spaces filled with aueous humor, a thin, watery fluid.
individuals typically
have problems seeing
The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the
well at a distance and
eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a !ellylike
are substance.
forced to wear
glasses or contact
lenses. The
nearsighted eye is
usually longer than a
normal eye, and its
•
cornea may also be
SOME COMMON
steeper. Therefore,EYE
whenDISORDERS
light passes through the cornea and lens, it is
focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
blurred.

$earsighted
individuals typically
• Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) have problems seeing
well at a distance and
are forced to wear
glasses or contact
lenses. The
nearsighted eye is
usually longer than a
normal eye, and its
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steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is
focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear
blurred.
•

Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)

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3arsi&hted indi4iduals ty$ically
de4eOR lo$ $roblems readin& u$
close. The arsi&hted eye is
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usually sli&htly shorter than a
normal eye and may ha4e a
@atter cornea. Thus! the li&ht o
distant ob%ects ocuses behind
the retina unless the natural lens
can com$ensate ully. 2ear
ob%ects reuire e4en &reater
ocusin& $o5er to be seen clearly and thereore! blur
more easi ly.

3arsi&hted indi4iduals ty$ically

Conjunti!itis de4elo$ $roblems readin& u$
close. The arsi&hted eye is
usualliny sli&htly shorter than a
on!unctivitis is a condition
which the tissue that linne
osrmthael eye and may ha4e a
eyelids and covers the@atter
cornea cornea. Thus! the li&ht o
becomes inflamed. ditstanist ob%ects ocuses behind
sometimes called "pink the
eye"retina
or unless the natural lens
can
"red eye." t can cause redness,
com$ensate ully. 2ear
ob%ects reuire e4en &reater
itching, burning, tearing,
ocusin& $o5er to be seen clearly and thereore! blur
discharge, or a feeling of
more easi ly.
something in the eye. on!unctivitis occurs in people of all ages
and can be caused by infection, e'posure to chemicals and irritants,
or allergies.

Conjunti!itis

"m#$yopia
on!unctivitis is a condition in
which the tissue that lines the
eyelids and covers the cornea
becomes inflamed. t is
sometimes called "pink eye" or
"red eye." t can cause redness,
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discharge, or a feeling of
something in the eye. on!unctivitis occurs in people of all ages
and can be caused by infection, e'posure to chemicals and irritants,
or allergies.

"m#$yopia
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mblyopia is the medical term used
OR the vision of one eye is reduced
when
because
Unlock this page a"er anitadfails10to work properly with
the brain. The eye itself looks normal,
but for various reasons the brain
favors the other eye. This condition is
also sometimes called la%y eye.
mblyopia can occur when one eye is
more nearsighted, more farsighted, or
hasmore
Learn more astigmatism

Replay

mblyopia is the medical term used

when the vision of one eye is reduced
because it fails to work properly with
the brain. The eye itself looks normal,
"sthenopia but for various reasons the brain
favors the other eye. This condition is
also sometimes called la%y eye.
mblyopia can occur when one eye is
sthenopia or eye strain manifests
more nearsighted, more farsighted, or
itself through nonspecific symptoms
has more astigmatism
such as fatigue, pain in or around the
eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. *ymptoms
often occur after reading, computer
work, or other close activities that
involve tedious visual tasks.

"sthenopia

sthenopia or eye strain manifests

itself through nonspecific symptoms
such as fatigue, pain in or around the
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eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. *ymptoms
often occur after reading, computer
work, or other close activities that
involve tedious visual tasks.
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OR

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%hoto&eratitis

+hotokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition

caused by e'posure of insufficiently protected eyes to the
ultraviolet (#) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at
high altitudes) or artificial sources. +hotokeratitis is akin to a
Learn more
sunburn of the cornea and con!unctiva, and is not usually noticed
until several hours after e'posure. *y mptoms include increased
tears and a feeling of pain, likened
Replay to having sand in the eyes.

%hoto&eratitis

+hotokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition

caused by e'posure of insufficiently protected eyes to the
'ethodology
ultraviolet (#) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at
high altitudes) or artificial sources. +hotokeratitis is akin to a
sunburn of the cornea and con!unctiva, and is not usually noticed
until several hours after e'posure. *y mptoms include increased
tears and5as
The sur4ey a feeling
ta6en ofonpain, likened
3eb! *0+,toathaving sand inArunachal
Itana&ar! the eyes.
(radesh $articularly at =B= Itana&ar! Chim$u.

Total students 5ere ,0 each ha4in& an eye disorder. The a&e

ran&e is  to +<.

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The sur4ey 5as ta6en on 3eb! *0+, at Itana&ar! Arunachal

(radesh $articularly at =B= Itana&ar! Chim$u.

Total students 5ere ,0 each ha4in& an eye disorder. The a&e

Unlock this
ran&e document
is  to +<. Upload to download
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or subscribe to read and
uestions download.
that 5ere as6ed:
Start your 30 day free trial
OR
+# 2ame and a&e o the $erson
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*# Inormation on thiseye
their a"er anrad 10
pagedisorde
'ethodology
# A&e 5hen the disorder 5as dia&nosed

2o s$ecic tool 5as used. A riend to assist $ro4ed to be

hel$ul.

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Replay

uestions that 5ere as6ed:

+# 2ame and a&e o the $erson
*# Inormation on their eye disorder
# A&e 5hen the disorder 5as dia&nosed

2o s$ecic tool 5as used. A riend to assist $ro4ed to be

hel$ul.
DATA C%((ECTI%

-ata is in the order of increasing age.

SL Name Eye disorder Age when Gender

. eye "ma#e
N disorder $%&
o. was 'ema#e
dee!ed $'&(
+. Ta&ru (ame Amblyo$ia 0 3

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-ata is in the order of increasing age.