UNIT 4

F W większości linijek w tekście jest jedno zbędne słowo. Znajdź je i zapisz w wyznaczonym miejscu po prawej stronie. Jeśli w danej
linijce nie ma zbędnego słowa, zaznacz ją znakiem (✓).

The Importance of Family Meetings

Many experts believe in that family meetings are an ideal opportunity for 0 in
parents and children to communicate and allow everyone a say in the 00 ✓
running of the household. According to the parent educator, Sheila 1 ........................
Boyce, these meetings should be handled just as like a business meeting 2 ........................
except, instead of being handled around the boardroom table, they’re 3 ........................
being held around the kitchen table at a convenient time for the whole 4 ........................
family. Boyce adds these meetings should be as short and never unhappy 5 ........................
experiences. Everyone can express things that are bothering them all but 6 ........................
without showing any more signs of hostility. These meetings are not only 7 ........................
confined to older children, as kids of all ages benefit from them. Children 8 ........................
learn how to speak up in meetings and understand that their opinion 9 ........................
means something else. They learn the democratic process and how to 10 ........................
take up responsibility for the decisions being made. If young people are 11 ........................
part of the decision-making process, then they are more likely to follow 12 ........................
them through. Overall, family meetings can strengthen bonds between 13 ........................
children and parents, provide for an opportunity to set rules and 14 ........................
consequences as well as define family goals. So far find a time and date 15 ........................
and sit down for one of the much most important meetings of your life, 16 ........................
the family meeting!

4 Growing Concerns

one in three houses reporting burglary in the last year.

Lead-in (p. 7)
Der.: housebreaker (n)
4.1 neighbourhood crime watch = a group of people 4.4 shelter /`«eltºr/ (n) = a building that provides a place
in a neighbourhood who watch over the area to stay for the homeless / schronisko, noclegownia
and report any crimes or criminal activities e.g. In winter, city shelters are full of homeless people
to the police / straż sąsiedzka who do not want to stay out.
e.g. Our neighbourhood crime watch has done 4.5 truancy /`tr∂ºnsi/ (n) = the practice of children
a great deal to eliminate crime in the area. staying away from school without permission /
4.2 drought /dr¬t/ (n) = a long period of time in which wagary
no rain falls / susza e.g. Truancy is a growing problem in deprived inner
e.g. The government imposed restrictions on the use city areas of London such as Hackney and Brixton.
of water during the summer drought. Der.: truant (n)
4.3 housebreaking /`h¬sbrΩkæ…/ (n) = the crime 4.6 lay off /`leæ `≥f/ (phr v) = not to employ any longer,
of entering sb’s house by force / włamanie usually when there is not enough work to do /
do domu lub mieszkania zwolnić z pracy
e.g. The crime of housebreaking has reached e.g. The factory laid off 50% of its workers
epidemic proportions in certain inner city areas with during the recession.

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4.7 invasion of privacy = sb or sth interfering e.g. Could you keep an eye on my suitcase for five
in one’s life without one’s permission / minutes, please?
naruszenie prywatności 4.16 anonymity /¿±n≥`næmæti/ (n) = keeping one’s identity
e.g. I caught her in my bedroom reading my diary and secret from others / anonimowość
considered it a gross invasion of my privacy. e.g. Some writers use a pseudonym to seek
4.8 harsh /h≤«/ (adj) = cruel, showing no sympathy / anonymity.
surowy, ostry, bezlitosny Der.: anonymous (adj)
e.g. Because of reduced profits, the firm has had 4.17 hooligan /`h∂lægºn/ (n) = a young person who
to make the rather harsh decision to lay off many behaves in a noisy and violent way in a public
loyal employees. place / chuligan
Der.: harshness (n) e.g. Hooligans smashed shop windows in the city
4.9 retrain /¿r∞`trΩn/ (v) = to teach sb or be taught new centre after last night’s game.
skills in order to get a new job / 4.18 number plate /`n∑mbº ¿plΩt/ (n) = a sign on the
przekwalifikować (się) front and back of a vehicle that shows its
e.g. After being laid off from his job, Justin had number / tablica rejestracyjna
to retrain to find employment. e.g. One of the cars involved in the crash had
4.10 pressing /`presæ…/ (adj) = (of a problem) that needs diplomatic number plates.
to be dealt with immediately / (o problemie) 4.19 database /`dΩtºbΩs/ (n) = a collection of
naglący, palący information that is stored in a computer
e.g. There is a pressing need to build new houses and can be easily used / baza danych
in areas with a housing shortage. e.g. We don’t appear to have any information
4.11 local authorities /`løkºl ¥`ı≥rætiz/ (n pl) = the concerning your health records on our database.
organisation officially responsible for all the 4.20 surveillance /sº`vΩlºns/ (n) = the careful watching
public services and facilities in a particular area / of sb by the police or army / dozór, inwigilacja
władze lokalne e.g. Police surveillance is being carried out on a house
e.g. The local authorities have granted extra funding in Ragmore Street where an armed gang are thought
for hospitals in the area. to be hiding.
4.12 equality /æ`kw≥læti/ (n) = the same rights and 4.21 face recognition /`fΩs rekºg`n櫺n/ (n) = identifying
responsibilities for all the members of a society, sb by facial features / rozpoznawanie rysów twarzy
group or family / równość e.g. Our computer system uses face recognition
e.g. We are committed to providing equality technology to prevent unauthorised persons from
of opportunities for everyone, which is why we gaining access to our records.
welcome applications from the ethnic minorities. 4.22 software /`s≥ftw≈r/ (n) = computer programs /
Opp.: inequality oprogramowanie
4.13 measure /`meȼr/ (n) = sth that shows that e.g. I use some of the software on my computer such
a situation is serious or has developed as Word, PowerPoint and Excel.
to a great extent / miara, wskaźnik, oznaka 4.23 trafficmaster /`tr±fæk¿m≤stºr/ (n) = an advanced
e.g. Δhe increase in unemployment rates traveller information system which uses sensors
is a measure of the worldwide recession. and cameras to record changes in speed,
number plates, etc / zaawansowany system zbierania
informacji o ruchu drogowym, używający czujników
Reading (pp. 74-75)
i kamer do rejestrowania zmian prędkości, numerów
4.14 monitor /`m≥nætºr/ (v) = to check sb or sth regularly rejestracyjnych itp.
for progress or development / nadzorować, e.g. Trafficmaster has installed speed cameras
monitorować to monitor traffic speeds on main roads.
e.g. We carefully monitor the progress of all newly 4.24 densely populated /`densli `p≥pjulΩtæd/ (adj) = with
trained recruits, so that they become useful a lot of people in a small area / gęsto zaludniony
employees. e.g. With an area of three quarters of a square mile
4.15 keep an eye on sth/sb (idm) = to watch sth or sb and a population of 32,000 inhabitants, Monaco is
carefully to make sure that they are safe and a densely populated country.
not in trouble / mieć kogoś lub coś na oku
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4.25 trace /trΩs/ (v) = to find sb or sth after looking e.g. There will be a probable disruption to traffic due
for them / wyśledzić, wytropić to the World Cup qualifying game between England
e.g. The police are still having difficulty in tracing and Portugal.
the suspect. Der.: probability (n), probably (adv)
4.26 pre-determined /¿pr∞dæ`tªmænd/ (adj) = decided 4.36 valid /`v±læd/ (adj) = accepted by people
by events or people rather than by chance / in authority / ważny, przekonywający, uzasadniony
wcześniej ustalony e.g. Do you have any valid reasons for turning down
e.g. We have set a pre-determined figure on the this position of great responsibility?
number of people from ethnic minorities to be Opp.: invalid /æn`v±læd/ (adj)
accepted for the jobs available. 4.37 boom /b∂m/ (v) = to increase / rosnąć, zwiększać się
4.27 virtual /`vª∏μºl/ (adj) = so nearly true that it can be e.g. Sales of ice cream and soft drinks have boomed
considered as true / wirtualny during the current heat wave.
e.g. Virtual reality shows have had phenomenal 4.38 scan /sk±n/ (v) = to look at pictures or information
popularity throughout the world. carefully because one is looking for sth or sb /
4.28 twitch /twæ∏/ (v) = (of curtains) to move slightly uważnie przeglądać (np. materiały w poszukiwaniu
apart so that one can see what is behind / informacji)
(o kotarze, zasłonie) rozchylać się e.g. I have scanned the contents of this report
e.g. The bell rang, the curtains twitched and I must say I am happy with the results.
and the play began. Der.: scanner (n)
4.29 track /tr±k/ (v) = to follow sb’s or sth’s movements 4.39 camera feed /`k±mºrº ¿f∞d/ (n) = the playback
(e.g. by means of a special device like a radar) / of images or pictures from a camera / materiał
śledzić, tropić zarejestrowany przez kamerę
e.g. Aborigines are able to track people and animals e.g. Scanning camera feed for evidence
over large distances. is a time-consuming task.
Der.: tracker (n) 4.40 declare /dæ`kl≈r/ (v) = to say officially and formally
4.30 regulation /¿regjμ`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = a rule made by that sth is true / zadeklarować, ogłosić
a government in order to control the way sth is e.g. The Royal Bank of Scotland has declared
done or the way people behave / rozporządzenie, its profits for the financial year.
przepis Der.: declaration (n)
e.g. The government has just introduced a new set 4.41 mount /m¬nt/ (v) = to place sth firmly on sth else /
of regulations that will monitor chat room users. zainstalować, zamontować
4.31 investigatory /æn`vestægºtri/ (adj) = investigating e.g. The cameras are mounted on tripods and
sth / śledczy wheeled into position hours before the start
e.g. The investigatory committee was set up to look of the show.
into all aspects of the bank’s financial dealings. 4.42 license /`l¡sºns/ (v) = to give sb official permission
4.32 act /±kt/ (n) = a law passed by the parliament / to do sth / przyznać licencję, zezwolić
ustawa e.g. Only certain shops have been licensed to sell
e.g. The act of Parliament prohibiting the sale or use fireworks in an attempt to reduce the number of
of firearms was passed in 1996. accidents from their misuse.
4.33 invisibly /æn`væzæbli/ (adv) = without being seen / Der.: licence (n), licensee (n)
niedostrzegalnie, niewidocznie 4.43 retain /ræ`tΩn/ (v) = to continue to have sth /
e.g. The thief’s hand moved almost invisibly into zachować
the victim’s pocket and quickly stole the wallet. e.g. I have retained an interest in model aeroplanes
4.34 borough /`b∑rº/ (n) = a town or district within since childhood.
a larger town, which has its own council / 4.44 plc /¿p∞ el `s∞/ (abbr) = (used after the name of
miasto lub dzielnica posiadająca samorząd lokalny a company) public limited company / publiczna
e.g. The London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea spółka akcyjna z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością
is one of the wealthiest in the country. e.g. I decided to open an account with
4.35 probable /`pr≥bºbºl/ (adj) = likely to be true / Lloyd’s Bank plc.
prawdopodobny

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4.45 trunk road /`tr∑…k rød/ (n) = a major road that has 4.55 cell congestion /`sel kºn`πes∏ºn/ (n) = too many
been built for travelling long distances / calls in a particular area / zbyt wiele rozmów
droga krajowa w jednym rejonie sieci, przeciążenie sieci w danym
e.g. The accident took place on the A2 London rejonie
to Dover trunk road. e.g. In case of cell congestion our mobiles connect
4.46 digit /`dæπæt/ (n) = any of the ten numbers from 0 to any available base station and you can make
to 9 / cyfra a call anyway.
e.g. Mobile telephone numbers consist of ten digits. 4.56 further/farther/far afield /º`f∞ld/ (idm) = in a distant
Der.: digital (adj) place, not near / dalej, daleko
4.47 transmit /tr±nz`mæt/ (v) = to send messages or data e.g. If you want to explore the island further afield ,
from one place to another using wires, radio you have to hire a good guide.
waves or satellites / transmitować 4.57 keep (close) tabs on sb (idm) = always to know
e.g. The BBC has transmitted its radio programmes where sb is and what they are doing in order
outside Britain since 1932. to control them / trzymać rękę na pulsie, kontrolować
Der.: transmitter (n) e.g. I think we should keep tabs on the quality of John
4.48 remainder /ræ`mΩndºr/ (n) = sth that still stays after Hanson’s work.
the other things have gone / pozostałość, reszta 4.58 fraud /fr¥d/ (n) = the crime of gaining money or
e.g. After James and Frances left, the remainder benefits by tricking or lying to others / oszustwo
of the guests sat chatting until dawn. e.g. Police and credit card companies are constantly
4.49 partial /`p≤«ºl/ (adj) = not complete or whole / looking for ways to eliminate credit card fraud.
częściowy Der.: fraudster (n), fraudulent (adj)
e.g. Though badly affected by arthritis, the old lady 4.59 bill /bæl/ (n) = a formal statement of a new law that
still had partial use of her hands. is discussed and then voted for by the
Opp.: whole parliament / projekt ustawy
4.50 gauge /gΩπ/ (v) = to measure, calculate / oceniać, e.g. A private member’s bill is a piece of proposed
mierzyć, kalkulować legislation brought before the Houses of Parliament.
e.g. The government would like to gauge public 4.60 grant /gr≤nt/ (v) = to allow sb to have sth / udzielić,
feeling over the proposed ban on fox-hunting. przyznać
4.51 cross-reference /¿kr≥s `refºrºns/ (v) = to check e.g. I was not granted access to the company’s files
relevant information that has already been as I didn’t have the security clearance.
compared or is already known / sprawdzić, 4.61 the House of Lords /∫º `h¬s ºv `l¥dz/ (n) = this
porównać z już sprawdzonymi informacjami part of Parliament in Britain whose members are
e.g. We’ll have to cross-reference this information not elected / Izba Lordów
with that held by our Public Relations department. e.g. British Parliament consists of the House
4.52 log on /`l≥g `≥n/ (phr v) = to start using a computer of Commons and the House of Lords.
system / uzyskać dostęp do komputera, zalogować się 4.62 foundation /f¬n`dΩ«ºn/ (n) = an organisation
e.g. Can you send the technician up here as I am which provides money for research or charity /
having difficulty logging on to my computer? fundacja
4.53 call strength indicator /`k¥l stre…ı `ændækΩtºr/ (n) e.g. The Prince’s Trust is a charitable foundation
= a mobile phone indicator showing if it is that provides money to relieve poverty in third-world
possible to make or receive a call / countries.
(w telefonie komórkowym) wskaźnik mocy sygnału 4.63 trawl /tr¥l/ (n) = searching through a large number
e.g. We were so far up in the mountains that the call of similar things / przeszukanie (dużej ilości
strength indicator on my mobile went off. podobnych materiałów)
4.54 topography /tº`p≥grºfi/ (n) = the physical features e.g. We carried out a number of trawls through
of an area (hills, valleys and rivers) / topografia the data given to us in order to find the necessary
e.g. The topography of this part of the world has information.
changed significantly in only a hundred years with 4.64 invasive /æn`vΩsæv/ (adj) = spreading very quickly /
the former port of Headmouth becoming a town ekspansywny, szybko się rozprzestrzeniający
5 miles inland. e.g. I find the rapid spread of surveillance techniques
Der.: topographical (adj), topographer (n) frighteningly invasive to our privacy.
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4.65 capacity /kº`p±sæti/ (n) = ability to do sth / zdolność 4.74 manslaughter /`m±nsl¥tºr/ (n) = the killing of
e.g. I find that my capacity for staying up until late a person by sb who didn’t want to kill them /
has diminished with age. zabójstwo
4.66 deputy /`depjμti/ (n) = the second most important e.g. He was convicted of the lesser charge
person in an organisation / wicedyrektor, wiceprezes of manslaughter for killing his wife.
itp., zastępca 4.75 vandalism /`v±ndºlæzºm/ (n) = damaging public
e.g. The deputy Prime Minister acts as Prime Minister property on purpose / wandalizm
in the latter’s absence. e.g. Former pupils of St George’s comprehensive school
4.67 scuffle /`sk∑fºl/ (v) = to fight for a short time have been convicted of vandalism and sentenced to
in a disorganised way / bić się, tarmosić community service.
e.g. Rival supporters scuffled outside the ground 4.76 litter /`lætºr/ (v) = to throw things untidily around
and on nearby streets after the football match. a place / śmiecić, zaśmiecać
4.68 moot /m∂t/ (v) = to suggest sth for discussion / e.g. People have littered the park with all sorts
poddać pod dyskusję of things, from broken bottles to hamburger wrappers
e.g. The idea has been mooted to turn the theatre into and plastic bags.
a bingo hall, although I strongly believe that it would Der.: litter (n)
deprive the area of cultural focus. 4.77 unintentionally /¿∑næn`ten«ºnºli/ (adv) = by accident /
4.69 forbid /fº`bæd/ (v) = to say that sth must not nieumyślnie
be done / zabronić, zakazać e.g. I’m afraid I unintentionally pressed the wrong
e.g. When I was at boarding school, we were button on my phone and got through to the wrong
forbidden from going outside after certain hours. department.
Der.: forbidden (adj), forbiddingly (adv) 4.78 slander /`sl≤ndºr/ (v) = to say untrue things about
4.70 flourish /`fl∑ræ«/ (v) = to be successful, active and sb in order to damage their reputation /
developing quickly and strongly / kwitnąć, zniesławiać, obmawiać, szkalować
doskonale prosperować e.g. He has slandered the good name of this great
e.g. At first, I found it difficult to flourish in my new family for too long and it’s time we took him to court.
surroundings until I found some friends and settled Der.: slanderous (adj), slanderer (n)
down. 4.79 loiter /`l√tºr/ (v) = to stay in a place without
4.71 intrusive /æn`tr∂sæv/ (adj) = disturbing Ône’s mood any purpose / wałęsać się, szwendać
or life / natrętny, narzucający się e.g. Some of the youths were loitering
e.g. At our peaceful demonstration, we found the on the pavement in a rather threatening way.
police presence rather unwanted and intrusive. Der.: loiterer (n)
Der.: intrusion (n), intrusiveness (n) 4.80 with intent = having the intention of doing sth /
umyślnie, celowo
e.g. He was fined for loitering with intent on a public
Language Focus (pp. 76-79)
highway.
4.72 embezzlement /æm`bezºlmºnt/ (n) = the crime 4.81 mug /m∑g/ (v) = to attack sb in order to steal their
of taking and using money illegally from money / napaść kogoś w celach rabunkowych
the organisation or company one works for / e.g. I have just been mugged in broad daylight –
sprzeniewierzenie, defraudacja, malwersacja they’ve taken my handbag which had everything in it!
e.g. Many senior executives were involved in the Der.: mugger (n), mugging (n)
embezzlement of the company’s capital. 4.82 libel /`l¡bºl/ (v) = to write or print sth in a book
4.73 jaywalking /`πΩw¥kæ…/ (n) = the act of walking or newspaper which damages sb’s reputation /
across the street in a careless and dangerous zniesławić na piśmie
way or not at the proper place / nieuważne e.g. I sued the newspaper for libelling my reputation
przechodzenie przez ulicę and received í50,000 in damages and an apology
e.g. Jaywalking can be particularly dangerous from the editor.
in cities like Paris where cars are driven at high speeds. Der.: libellous (adj)
Der.: jaywalker (n) 4.83 trespass on sth /`trespºs/ (v) = to go on sb’s land
without permission / wedrzeć się, wkroczyć na czyjś
teren bez pozwolenia
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e.g. We caught some poachers trespassing on our 4.93 revocation /¿revø`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = a cancellation of
estate; they were about to steal our game birds. a law or an agreement / anulowanie, unieważnienie
Der.: trespasser (n) e.g. There has been a revocation in the law
4.84 legal aid /¿l∞gºl `Ωd/ (n) = money given by the state concerning gambling; from now on gambling
to people who can’t afford to pay for a lawyer / will only be allowed at licensed casinos.
pomoc prawna 4.94 probation /prº`bΩ«ºn/ (n) = a period of time during
e.g. You may be able to seek legal aid with your court which a criminal has to obey the law and be
case if you are unable to afford a lawyer. supervised rather than be in prison / probacja,
4.85 witness /`wætnºs/ (n) = sb who appears in court zawieszenie wykonania wyroku
to say what they know about a crime / świadek e.g. He was on probation for a year and had to report
e.g. Some of the witnesses of the crime came forward to the police station every weekend.
to make statements to the police. Der.: probationer (n), probationary (adj)
4.86 prosecutor /`pr≥sækj∂tºr/ (n) = a lawyer who charges 4.95 parole /pº`røl/ (n) = the release of a criminal before
sb with a crime or tries to prove they are guilty / the official end of their prison sentence after
prokurator, oskarżyciel they have promised to behave well / zwolnienie
e.g. The public prosecutor cross-examined warunkowe
the defendant and principal witnesses. e.g. He will go on parole in a few weeks’ time for good
4.87 constable /`k∑nstºbºl/ (n) = a low-ranking police behaviour in prison.
officer / policjant, dzielnicowy 4.96 capital punishment /`k±pætºl `p∑næ«mºnt/ (n)
e.g. Most police constables are polite and helpful = punishment which involves the legal killing
to the general public. of a criminal who has committed a serious
4.88 probation officer /prº`bΩ«ºn `≥fæsºr/ (n) = sb whose crime such as murder / kara śmierci
job is to supervise and help people who have e.g. Capital punishment still exists in many parts
committed crimes but are not in prison / kurator of the world although it was abolished around forty
sądowy osoby oddanej pod dozór years ago throughout much of Europe.
e.g. You have to report to your probation officer at 4.97 community service /kº`mj∂nºtæ `sªvæs/ (n)
the police station twice a week at the times indicated. = working in the local community without
4.89 solicitor /sº`læsætºr/ (n) = a lawyer who gives legal being paid / prace społeczne
advice, prepares legal documents and cases e.g. Community service is a proper punishment
and represents clients in a lower court of law / for vandalism.
w Wielkiej Brytanii, adwokat występujący jedynie 4.98 minor /`m¡nºr/ (n) = sb who is still legally a child
w sądach niższej instancji (until they reach the age of 18) / nieletni,
e.g. I have just received a letter from my solicitors niepełnoletni
concerning my upcoming court case. e.g. It is illegal for minors to buy cigarettes.
4.90 barrister /`b±ræstºr/ (n) = a lawyer who represents 4.99 prior /`pr¡ºr/ (adj) = previous / uprzedni, wcześniejszy
clients in a higher court of law / w Wielkiej e.g. I was unable to attend the meeting as I had
Brytanii, adwokat uprawniony do występowania a prior appointment to see the dentist.
przed sądem wyższej instancji 4.100 impose /æm`pøz/ (v) = to use Ône’s authority to
e.g. You should get a good barrister to represent force people to accept sth / narzucać, nakładać
you in a case of this importance. e.g. You should impose your authority on the pupils
4.91 Justice of the Peace /`π∑stæs ºv ∫º `p∞s/ (n) = sb and then they might respect you.
who is not a lawyer but can act as a judge 4.101 sentence sb to sth /`sentºns/ (v) = to state in
in a local criminal law court / sędzia pokoju a court of law what sb’s punishment will be /
e.g. After a career in the Civil Service, he became skazać
a Justice of the Peace and presided over minor e.g. The court hereby sentences the defendant to life
cases in court. imprisonment.
4.92 juror /`πΔrºr/ (n) = a member of the jury / (sędzia) 4.102 inmate /`ænmeæt/ (n) = a prisoner / więzień
przysięgły e.g. The prison inmates are allowed half an hour’s
e.g. One of the jurors gives their verdict to the judge exercise in the courtyard every day.
on behalf of the jury.
Der.: jury (n)
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4.103 restrict /ræ`strækt/ (v) = to put a limit / ograniczyć e.g. The phasing out of this product will take place
e.g. The government has restricted the number in the autumn and we shall introduce a new
of asylum seekers to be allowed into the country product in the spring.
to 5,000 per year. Opp.: phasing in
Der.: restriction (n), restrictive (adj) 4.114 humanitarian /hj∂¿m±næ`teºriºn/ (adj) = helping
4.104 right /raæt/ (n) = the legal and moral freedom one those who are suffering / humanitarny
has to do or have sth / prawo (do czegoś) e.g. The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP)
e.g. The Thatcher government of the 1980s is the world’s largest humanitarian organisation.
substantially curbed union rights. Der.: humanitarianism (n)
4.105 imprison /æm`præzºn/ (v) = to lock sb up in prison 4.115 overseas /¿øvº`s∞z/ (adv) = in foreign countries /
for a crime / uwięzić, zamknąć w więzieniu w obcych krajach
e.g. The infamous Kray twins were imprisoned e.g. Sir Kenneth Henderson joined the Diplomatic
for life in 1969. Service straight from Cambridge and has worked
Der.: imprisonment (n) overseas for much of his career.
Opp.: release 4.116 aftermath /`≤ftºm≤ı/ (n) = the situation that
4.106 for life = for the rest of one’s life / dożywotnio results from an important or harmful event /
e.g. The Yorkshire Ripper, a notorious murderer, następstwa
was imprisoned for life in 1981. e.g. The country received humanitarian aid to help
4.107 originate /º`ræπæneæt/ (v) = to begin to happen cope with the aftermath of the earthquake.
or exist / wywodzić się, brać początek 4.117 scarcity /`sk≈sæti/ (n) = not enough of sth
e.g. A lot of English slang originated from troops for those who need it / brak, niedobór, niedostatek
picking up words from the locals in the days when e.g. There is a scarcity of fresh drinking water
India was a British colony. throughout many parts of the developing world.
4.108 out of sight = where sth cannot be seen / Opp.: abundance
poza zasięgiem wzroku 4.118 rarity /`r≈ræti/ (n) = sth that is very uncommon /
e.g. The ship sailed out of sight in the early rzadkość
light of dawn. e.g. Wild orchids have become a rarity since
Opp: in sight the introduction of commercial scale farming.
4.109 mission statement /`m櫺n `stΩtmºnt/ (n) 4.119 break out of /`breæk `¬t ºv/ (phr v) = to escape /
= an official statement of the aims uciec, wyrwać się
of an organisation / hasło przewodnie e.g. It is believed that seven inmates have broken out
e.g. The mission statement of our party is “Peace and of a psychiatric hospital in Berkshire.
Welfare.“ 4.120 make/take a stand on/against = to make a strong
4.110 committed to sth /kº`mætæd/ (adj) = saying that one effort to defend oneself or one’s opinion about
will definitely do sth / zobowiązany, oddany jakiejś sth / zdecydowanie wystąpić za czymś lub przeciwko
sprawie czemuś
e.g. The government is committed to providing better e.g. It is important that we make a stand against
health care and education. certain practices in our company.
Der.: commitment (n) 4.121 make amends = to show that one is sorry about
4.111 leading /`l∞dæ…/ (adj) = the most important doing sth to sb by doing sth to please them /
or successful in a particular area / czołowy zadośćuczynić, wynagrodzić, naprawić szkody
e.g. Michael Burleigh is a leading Cambridge historian e.g. I would like to make amends for my rude
and academic. behaviour the other day, so I suggest you come
4.112 conservation /¿k≥nsº`vΩ«ºn/ (n) = protection, round to my house for dinner.
preservation from being lost or destroyed / 4.122 do one’s bit = (informal) to do one’s share
ochrona of a task / wykonać swoją część pracy, zrobić swoje
e.g. Mike’s a Greenpeace activist, dedicated to the e.g. We should all try and do our bit to recycle
conservation of wildlife. as much as possible.
4.113 phasing out /`feæzæ… `¬t/ (n) = gradual extinction / 4.123 pass a law = to formally agree to a new law or to
stopniowe eliminowanie, wycofywanie approve it / zatwierdzić przepis, wprowadzić prawo

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e.g. A law has been passed to prohibit the carrying 4.133 bridge the generation gap = to reduce or get rid
of knives or any potential weapon in public. of the differences between generations/
4.124 do/serve time = to spend time in prison / przezwyciężyć konflikt pokoleń
odsiadywać wyrok e.g. I found it difficult to bridge the generation gap
e.g. Frankie Frazier, a notorious London criminal, between my father and me; there were so many
served time in prison for murder and armed robbery. things we disagreed upon.
4.125 serve sb with (a legal document) = to give or send 4.134 the law of the jungle = a situation which has no
sb an official document / doręczyć komuś laws or rules to govern the way people behave /
dokument, np. wezwanie do sądu prawo dżungli
e.g. He was served with a court order that prevented e.g. It’s the law of the jungle in that firm, mate; you’ll
him from going within 200 metres of his ex-wife’s have to use some pretty dirty tricks to get to the top.
house. 4.135 rob Peter to pay Paul = to take or borrow money
4.126 plead /pl∞d/ (v) = to officially state whether sb is from somewhere else to pay a debt that one
guilty or innocent of a crime / przyznać lub nie can’t pay on their own / wziąć pieniądze od jednej
przyznawać się do winy w sądzie osoby, aby móc spłacić pożyczkę wziętą od innej
e.g. My client pleads not guilty to all the charges e.g. You’ll still be in debt if you rob Peter to pay Paul,
given. so I suggest you cut down on your spending.
4.127 reach a verdict = to achieve a particular decision 4.136 make a killing = to make a large profit very quickly
at the end of a trial / uzgodnić wyrok and easily / zarobić szybko ogromną ilość pieniędzy,
e.g. Has the jury reached a verdict yet? zbić kasę
Idioms e.g. I made a killing on my British Telecom shares;
I bought them at 50 pence a share and they
4.128 foot the bill (for sth) = to pay for sth / zapłacić,
went up to 80 pence within a month!
pokryć rachunek
4.137 charity begins at home = people should deal with
e.g. At the end of the meal, John was very kind and
the needs of those close to them before they
footed the whole bill – it must have been expensive,
think about helping others / najpierw należy
there being twelve of us!
pomyśleć o najbliższych, a dopiero potem pomagać
4.129 Ôn the fringes of society = separated or apart
innym
from society / na marginesie społeczeństwa
e.g. I’ve always believed that charity begins at home.
e.g. Homeless people are often forced to become
After all, I’ve got my family to think about and I can’t
beggars and live on the fringes of society.
be worrying about the rest of the world as well.
4.130 take the law into one’s own hands = to punish
sb or put a situation right instead of waiting 4.138 boast about sth /bøst/ (v) = to talk about what
for the police to take action / samemu wymierzyć one has done very proudly and in a way that
sprawiedliwość annoys, irritates or offends others / chwalić się
e.g. When his wife was murdered, he took the law czymś
into his own hands: he sought out and shot the e.g. He is always boasting about his father having
culprit. a Rolls Royce and a country house – it’s quite irritating
4.131 kill two birds with one stone = to achieve two at times.
things you want rather than just one / Der.: boastful (adj)
upiec dwie pieczenie na jednym ogniu 4.139 devastate /`devºsteæt/ (v) = to damage sth or sb
e.g. When you go to visit aunty Gwen, do pop in very badly or destroy it totally / zniszczyć,
to see granny on the way. By doing so, you will be spustoszyć
killing two birds with one stone. e.g. The city was devastated in the earthquake.
4.132 throw oneself on the mercy of the court = to put Der.: devastation (n)
oneself in a situation where the court will have 4.140 inner city /`ænº ¿sæti/ (n) = the areas in or near the
the complete control to decide whether city centre where there are social and economic
to punish or forgive one / zdać się na łaskę sądu problems / centralnie położone dzielnice miast
e.g. By telling the truth and pleading guilty, you can zamieszkane przez biedotę
throw yourself on the mercy of the court and you e.g. Many inner city areas have undergone renewal
may get a lighter sentence. programmes in an attempt to boost their prosperity.
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4.141 prevail /præ`veæl/ (v) = to be normal or most 4.151 military law /`mælætri ¿l¥/ (n) = the rules which
common / przeważać, dominować organise and control the army / prawo wojenne
e.g. Common sense prevailed and she agreed to sell e.g. Military law is very strict in cases where soldiers
the house and buy a cottage instead – after all, have gone absent without leave.
the house was far too big for her alone. 4.152 native /`neætæv/ (adj) = having to do with a particular
Der.: prevailing (adj), prevalent /`prevºlºnt/ (adj) country / (o prawie) rodzimy, danego kraju
4.142 vagrant /`veægrºnt/ (n) = a homeless and jobless e.g. The native laws of Singapore are very strict
person who begs or steals in order to live / about dropping litter in public places.
włóczęga 4.153 swear /sweºr/ (v) = to promise in a serious way
e.g. Many vagrants live in cardboard city under that one will do sth / przysiąc
Waterloo Bridge in central London. e.g. I swear I shall tell the truth, the whole truth
Der.: vagrancy (n) and nothing but the truth, so help me God.
4.143 debt /det/ (n) = a sum of money that one owes / Fixed phrases with against
dług
e.g. I am doing some overtime this month to pay off 4.154 do sth against one’s better judgement = to do
my debts. sth although one knows it’s not right /
Der.: debtor (n) zrobić coś wbrew sobie, wbrew rozsądkowi
4.144 delinquent /dæ`læ…kwºnt/ (n) = a young person who e.g. I lent him a large sum of money against my
repeatedly commits minor crimes / młodociany better judgement; I knew he wouldn’t be able
przestępca to pay me back.
e.g. Some of the local juvenile delinquents have 4.155 do sth against sb’s wishes = to do sth although
repeatedly vandalised the phone box. They should others don’t want you to / zrobić coś wbrew
be forced to pay for it to be mended! czyjejś woli
Der.: delinquency (n) e.g. My grandson has gone against my wishes
4.145 light /laæt/ (adj) = (Ôf punishment) less severe and refuses to attend the family reunion.
or serious / (o karze lub wyroku) łagodny 4.156 do sth against one’s principles = to do sth that is
e.g. Having pleaded guilty of all the offences, against one’s own beliefs / zrobić coś wbrew
the defendant got off with a relatively light własnym zasadom
sentence of one-year community service. e.g. Voting for the Conservative party goes against
4.146 rage /reæd»/ (n) = strong anger which is difficult my principles, as I have been a lifelong socialist.
to control / wściekłość, szał 4.157 race against the clock = to work very hard and fast
e.g. Frank was speechless with rage when his wife in order to do sth before a certain time /
damaged his new car. prowadzić wyścig z czasem
4.147 assault /º`s¥lt/ (v) = to attack / napaść e.g. We had to race against the clock to get there
e.g. Δhe player verbally assaulted the referee and was on time.
later given a three-match ban and a heavy fine. 4.158 go against the establishment = not to support
4.148 legal advisor /`l∞gºl ºd`v¡zºr/ (n) = an expert who those who are responsible for running a country,
advises others in matters that relate to the law / society or organisation / być w opozycji wobec
doradca prawny establishmentu
e.g. We are going to call in our legal advisors e.g. During his time as an opposition MP, Churchill
to help deal with this tricky case. often went against the establishment.
4.149 court case /`k¥t ¿keæs/ (n) = a trial in court / sprawa 4.159 go against the law = not to follow or obey
sądowa the law / łamać prawo, działać niezgodnie z prawem
e.g. My court case is going to be held next month: e.g. You may be going against the law by driving over
I’ll probably get a fine for speeding and driving the speed limit.
without due care and attention. 4.160 win against all odds = to succeed in sth that
4.150 court Ôrder /`k¥t ¿¥dºr/ (n) = a legal instruction seems impossible to achieve / zwyciężyć na przekór
stating that sth must be done / nakaz sądowy okolicznościom
e.g. He has received a court order instructing him e.g. Barnet Town won against all odds by beating
to pay child maintenance costs of a hundred Sheffield United, a team 48 places higher in the
pounds a week. football league.
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4.161 be enraged = be extremely angry / wściekać się e.g. Care-givers are often undervalued and underpaid
e.g. Animal Rights activists are enraged that in society.
the government has not yet banned fox-hunting. 4.172 voice /v√s/ (v) = to say what one thinks or feels /
4.162 renowned /ræ`n¬nd/ (adj) = well-known, famous / wyrazić (np. opinię)
sławny, słynny, znany e.g. It’s time for each of us to voice our opinions
e.g. Rachmaninov was a renowned Russian pianist on the matter.
and composer. 4.173 violation /¿v¡º`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = the breaking
4.163 philanthropist /fæ`l±nırºpæst/ (n) = sb who freely of a promise or agreement / naruszenie, złamanie,
gives money and help to people who need it / pogwałcenie
filantrop e.g. You may be in violation of your contract
e.g. George Soros, the millionaire philanthropist, has if you reveal company secrets.
donated much needed financial aid to Eastern Europe. Der.: violator (n)
4.164 state-run /`stΩt¿r∑n/ (adj) = operated or provided for 4.174 mph /¿em p∞ `ei∏/ (abbr) = miles per hour /
by the government of a country / państwowy mil na godzinę
e.g. The state-run coal mining and steel industries e.g. You have to keep to a 60 mph speed limit.
were privatised in the 1980s. 4.175 sensitise sb to sth /`sensºt¡z/ (v) = to make sb
Opp.: privately-run more aware of sth / uczulić, uwrażliwić
4.165 donation /dø`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = sth that sb gives e.g. Young people should be sensitised to the dangers
to an organisation or a charity / darowizna, datek of smoking.
e.g. Would you like to make a donation to Children 4.176 debate /dæ`bΩt/ (n) = a discussion on a subject on
in Need, madam? which people have different views / debata
4.166 play truant = to stay away from school without e.g. We had an interesting debate on crime in class
permission / wagarować recently.
e.g. When I was at school, I never played truant Der.: debater (n), debatable (adj)
although some of my classmates sometimes spent 4.177 offence /º`fens/ (n) = an act that breaks a certain
the day at the amusement arcade. law and requires a certain punishment /
4.167 poverty /`p≥vºti/ (n) = the state of being extremely przestępstwo, wykroczenie
poor / bieda, ubóstwo e.g. He was convicted of several firearms offences
e.g. There is a great deal of poverty in third-world and jailed for ten years.
countries. Der.: offender (n)
Opp.: wealth 4.178 healthcare /`helı¿k≈r/ (n) = the service of providing
4.168 culprit /`k∑lpræt/ (n) = sb who has done sth wrong medical care / opieka zdrowotna
or commited a crime / winowajca, sprawca e.g. The cost of healthcare is mounting every year.
e.g. If the culprit who sprayed paint on my office door 4.179 civil liberties /`sævºl `læbºtiz/ (n pl) = the rights of
doesn’t own up, I shall punish the whole school. a person to say, think and do what they want
4.169 juvenile /`π∂vºn¡l/ (adj) = referring to a child or as long as they respect other people’s rights /
young person not old enough to be considered prawa i wolności obywatelskie
an adult / młodociany e.g. Some countries have poor civil liberties
e.g. Statistics show that juvenile crime is on the and human rights records.
increase. 4.180 shoplifting /`«≥plæftæ…/ (n) = stealing from a shop
Opp.: adult by hiding things in a bag or clothes / kradzież
4.170 third-age /¿ıªd`Ωπ/ (adj) = of the old age / związany artykułów ze sklepu
ze starością e.g. Many department stores hire store detectives
e.g. According to recent figures, the number of third- to prevent shoplifting on their premises.
age employees has substantially increased. Der.: shoplifter (n)
4.181 juvenile delinquency /`π∂vºn¡l dæ`læ…kwºnsi/ (n)
= criminal behaviour by young people who are
Listening & Speaking (pp. 80-81)
not adults / przestępczość nieletnich
4.171 care-giver /`k≈¿gævºr/ (n) = sb who gives love and e.g. Juvenile delinquency is on the increase
support to others and looks after them / opiekun, in deprived inner city areas.
osoba dająca ciepło i wsparcie innym
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4.182 commiserate with sb /kº`mæzºrΩt/ (v) = to show 4.192 linger /`læ…gºr/ (v) = to stay somewhere for a long
pity or sympathy to others when sth unpleasant time / ociągać się, zostać dłużej
has happened to them / współczuć, litować się e.g. She lingered for a while longer on the platform
e.g. We congratulate the lucky winners, but let’s not of the station as she waved goodbye to her sister.
forget the unlucky losers with whom we 4.193 gleaming /`gl∞mæ…/ (adj) = shining / błyszczący, lśniący
commiserate. e.g. The yellow Rolls Royce sat gleaming by the curb.
Der.: commiseration (n) 4.194 five-a-side /`f¡vº`s¡d/ (n) = mostly indoor football
played by teams of five / halowa odmiana piłki
Reading (pp. 82-83)
nożnej z drużynami po pięciu zawodników
4.183 magistrate /`m±πæstrΩt/ (n) = a judge in the lower e.g. We have a game of five-a-side football every
courts of law who deals with minor crimes / Saturday evening.
sędzia pokoju 4.195 usher /`∑«ºr/ (v) = to lead sb where they should go /
e.g. The magistrates handed out a stiff sentence wprowadzić, zaprowadzić (na miejsce)
of two years in prison to the offender. e.g. As soon as we entered the cinema, we were
4.184 magistrates court /`m±πæstrΩts `k¥t/ (n) = a place ushered to our seats.
where minor crimes are dealt with / sąd pokoju Der.: usher (n), usherette (n)
e.g. Minor cases such as driving offences are dealt with 4.196 dock /d≥k/ (n) = the place in a courtroom where
at magistrates courts. the person who has committed a crime stands
4.185 minor /`m¡nºr/ (adj) = less important or serious / or sits / ława oskarżonych
nieznaczny, drobny e.g. The defendant sat in the dock waiting
e.g. He was convicted of a series of minor offences, for the verdict to be given.
such as shoplifting, and given community service. 4.197 in mitigation = so as to make a crime easier
4.186 domestic violence /dº`mestæk `v¡ºlºns/ (n) to understand and excuse / na swoją obronę,
= violence between family members / na swoje usprawiedliwienie
przemoc domowa e.g. In mitigation of his crimes, he said that he had
e.g. Many abused children are victims of domestic always been a fine upstanding member of society.
violence. 4.198 shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders to show
4.187 Judgement Day /`π∑πmºnt ¿dΩ/ (n) = the day Ône is not interested and doesn’t care
at the end of the world when God will judge about sth / wzruszyć ramionami
everyone who has ever lived / dzień Sądu e.g. I asked him if he knew about the result of the
Ostatecznego game and he simply shrugged his shoulders
e.g. On Judgement Day, we shall all be judged uninterestedly.
for our time on the earth. 4.199 mumble /`m∑mbºl/ (v) = to speak quietly and
4.188 public gallery /`p∑blæk `g±lºri/ (n) = the place unclearly with the result that the words
in a courtroom where anybody can sit and are difficult to understand / mamrotać
watch the trial / (w sądzie) galeria dla publiczności e.g. Teenagers never speak clearly – they always
e.g. We sat in the public gallery to observe mumble their words.
the court proceedings. 4.200 shuffle /`«∑fºl/ (v) = to walk without lifting one’s feet
4.189 petty theft /¿peti `ıeft/ (n) = the act of stealing properly off the ground / szurać nogami, człapać
things that are not considered to be very e.g. The old tramp shuffled along the pavement,
valuable (e.g. car radios) / drobna kradzież looking for a bench to sleep on for the night.
e.g. He has been involved in petty theft all his life 4.201 sigh /s¡/ (v) = to let out a deep breath as a way
and was recently arrested for shoplifting. of expressing disappointment or tiredness /
4.190 squat /skw≥t/ (adj) = short and thick / przysadzisty westchnąć
e.g. A rather squat man sat beside a tall woman e.g. He sighed with relief as the jury pronounced him
on the seat in front of me and the difference was quite not guilty.
comical. 4.202 confer /kºn`fªr/ (v) = to discuss sth with sb in order
4.191 mean business (idm) = to be serious about sth / to make a decision / konferować, naradzać się
nie żartować, mówić serio e.g. After having conferred on the case for a week,
e.g. Turn off the TV and do your homework the jury finally reached a verdict of not guilty.
right now – and I mean business! Der.: conference (n)
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4.203 without due care = carelessly / nieostrożnie, 4.214 statute /`st±∏∂t/ (n) = a law made by the
nieuważnie, niedbale government and formally written down /
e.g. He was charged with driving without due care ustawa, statut
and attention and received a fine of í150. e.g. The independence of the BBC is guaranteed
4.204 faulty /`f¥lti/ (adj) = not working properly / wadliwy, by statute.
zepsuty Der.: statutory (adj)
e.g. The brakes on this car are faulty; I’ll have to have 4.215 defendant /dæ`fendºnt/ (n) = sb accused of breaking
them fixed at the garage. the law and tried in court / pozwany, podsądny,
4.205 bald tyre /`b¥ld `t¡ºr/ (n) = a tyre with a worn-out oskarżony
surface which is not safe to use / łysa opona e.g. The defendant was found guilty of burglary
e.g. Bald tyres are very dangerous on wet roads. and sentenced to five years in prison.
4.206 tax disc /`t±ks ¿dæsk/ (n) = a small round piece 4.216 about sb’s person = on sb / przy kimś, w czyimś
of paper on cars and motorcycles which proves ubraniu
that the owner has paid road tax / naklejka e.g. We searched the suspect and found some stolen
potwierdzająca, że właściciel pojazdu zapłacił podatek items about his person.
drogowy 4.217 brandish /`br±ndæ«/ (v) = to hold sth like a weapon
e.g. You have to display your tax disc in the front in a threatening way / wywijać, wymachiwać
windscreen of your car. (bronią)
4.207 MoT certificate /¿em ø `t∞ sº`tæfækºt/ (n) e.g. The robber brandished his gun and told
= a certificate required by the Ministry the cashier to hand over the money.
of Transport (MoT) that says a vehicle is in good 4.218 bladed article /`blΩdæd `≤tækl/ (n) = sth with a sharp
condition / świadectwo przeglądu technicznego edge (like a knife) / ostry przedmiot
e.g. I have a brand new car and an appropriate e.g. He took out something that looked like a bladed
MoT certificate. article from his pocket and told the shopkeeper
4.208 multistorey /m∑ltæ`st¥ræ/ (n) = a building with several to hand over all the money in the till.
floors where cars can be parked / parking 4.219 conveyor belt /kºn`vΩº belt/ (n) = here: a series
wielopoziomowy of events showing the negative side of human
e.g. Multistoreys seem a good solution in city centres, nature / dosł. pas transmisyjny, taśma; tu: pasmo
where there is little free space left. zdarzeń ukazujących negatywną stronę natury ludzkiej
4.209 oddly /`≥dli/ (adv) = surprisingly / dziwnie, zadziwiająco e.g. The endless conveyor belt of petty thieves and
e.g. I found the way my teacher spoke oddly amusing. muggers took up the day’s court proceedings.
4.210 stall /st¥l/ (v) = (of a vehicle or an engine) 4.220 addictive /º`dæktæv/ (adj) = making Ône want more
to suddenly stop / (o pojeździe lub silniku) of sth / uzależniający
zatrzymać się, zgasnąć e.g. These reality programmes are really quite
e.g. I hate it when my car stalls at the traffic lights. addictive; I can’t stop watching them.
4.211 dual carriageway /`dj∂ºl `k±ræπwΩ/ (n) = a road 4.221 fate /fΩt/ (n) = destiny / przeznaczenie, los
with two lanes of traffic in each direction and e.g. If you decide to go abroad for a year,
a strip of land in the middle / droga dwupasmowa, your fate is in your own hands.
droga szybkiego ruchu 4.222 ultimate /`∑ltimºt/ (adj) = most extreme /
e.g. The accident on the London bound A4 dual tu: jedyny w swoim rodzaju
carriageway is likely to cause delays for several hours. e.g. The travel agency called our trip “The Ultimate
4.212 pull sb up /`pμl `∑p/ (phr v) = to tell sb they have Adventure” but only on the spot did we discover what
done sth wrong / udzielić upomnienia it really meant.
e.g. The police pulled me up for driving at night with 4.223 unedited /∑n`edætæd/ (adj) = not prepared in any way
the lights off. to be shown / nie zmontowany, nie zredagowany
4.213 jump the lights = to go through red lights / e.g. This is the unedited version of his novel – we hope
przejechać na czerwonym świetle to publish it next month.
e.g. The police caught me jumping the lights 4.224 soap /søp/ (n) = (informal) soap opera / opera
and I was stopped and given a caution. mydlana, serial telewizyjny
e.g. The number of soaps on TV is overwhelming.

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4.225 stock type /`st≥k t¡p/ (n) = a common type of 4.237 restore /ræ`st¥r/ (v) = to cause sth or sb to be
person / typowy przykład in a particular situation again / przywrócić
e.g. John is a stock type lorry driver – fat and do pierwotnego stanu, odnowić
unshaven. e.g. We have had the painting restored in time
4.226 brawler /`br¥lºr/ (n) = a tough person who likes for the exhibition.
getting into fights / awanturnik Der.: restoration (n), restorative (adj)
e.g. He has got himself a reputation of a brawler; 4.238 guilty plea /`gæltæ ¿pl∞/ (n) = a statement made by sb
he’s always involved in fights. who admits he committed a crime / przyznanie się
4.227 roadhog /`rødh≥g/ (n) = sb who drives too fast do winy
and is dangerous to others / pirat drogowy e.g. He offered a guilty plea and received a light
e.g. You roadhog! Can’t you see where you’re going? sentence.
You completely cut me off! 4.239 case-hardened /¿kΩs `h≤dºnd/ (adj) = having so
4.228 yippee /`jæp∞/ (excl) = an expression used when much experience that one is not easily affected
one is very pleased / Hurra! by things that may affect others / nieczuły,
e.g. Yippee! We’ve scored a goal! uodporniony
4.229 in absentia = in sb’s absence, when sb is not e.g. Many magistrates become case-hardened with
present / pod nieobecność, podczas nieobecności years of hearing tales of abuse and domestic violence.
e.g. He didn’t turn up for the trial and so he was 4.240 modest /`m≥dæst/ (adj) = fairly small in amount /
sentenced to two years in prison in absentia. skromny, niewielki
4.230 articulate /≤`tækjμlºt/ (adj) = able to express one’s e.g. I would say we’re not rich, but I do receive
thoughts and ideas easily and well / potrafiący a modest income that allows us to go on
jasno wyrażać myśli, dobrze się wysławiający holiday a couple of times a year.
e.g. Jane is a highly articulate young woman; Der.: modesty (n)
she ought to become a politician. 4.241 baffling /`b±flæ…/ (adj) = confusing, not easily
Opp.: inarticulate explained / zastanawiający, zaskakujący,
4.231 roundabout /`r¬ndº¿b¬t/ (n) = a place where the nie do rozwiązania
roads meet in a circle / rondo e.g. One of the most baffling court cases of the 19th
e.g. Take the first exit at the roundabout century involved a man who claimed he was the Earl
and you’ll get to Wyndham easily. of Tichbourne; it was discovered that he was in fact
4.232 dock /d≥k/ (v) = to take away, remove / odebrać, a local butcher.
obciąć Der.: bafflement (n)
e.g. My employers threatened to dock my pay 4.242 a fly on the wall (idm) = sb who wants to see or
if I took more time off work. hear what happens in a situation that does not
4.233 mandatory /`m±ndºtri/ (adj) = fixed by law for all involve them / osoba będąca świadkiem sytuacji,
cases / obowiązkowy, nakazany ustawą która jej nie dotyczy
e.g. There is a mandatory fine of í200 for speeding. e.g. I would love to be a fly on the wall and observe
4.234 discharge /`dæst«≤π/ (n) = allowing sb to leave what goes on inside 10 Downing Street.
a place / zwolnienie, wypuszczenie 4.243 misspell /¿mæs`spel/ (v) = to spell sth wrongly /
e.g. He received his discharge papers from the army błędnie coś napisać, zrobić błąd ortograficzny
at the end of the Second World War. e.g. The Guardian newspaper is notorious
4.235 cheer /∏ƒr/ (v) = to shout loudly to show approval for misspelling words; there are spelling mistakes
or to encourage sb / wiwatować, dopingować every week.
e.g. We all cheered the happy couple as they were 4.244 remand /ræ`m≤nd/ (v) = to keep sb in custody until
driven off on their honeymoon. the trial / zatrzymać (w areszcie śledczym)
Der.: cheerful (adj) e.g. The accused was remanded in custody
4.236 acquit /º`kwæt/ (v) = to formally say in court that sb to await trial in six months’ time.
is innocent of committing a crime / uniewinnić 4.245 flush-faced /`fl∑« ¿fΩst/ (adj) = with a red face /
e.g. The accused was acquitted of all the charges zarumieniony, z wypiekami na twarzy
brought against him and immediately set free. e.g. You’re looking a bit flush-faced after all that
Der.: acquittal (n) running around you’ve been doing. Come and sit
down and have a nice cool drink.
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4.246 chap /∏±p/ (n) = a man or boy / facet, gość 4.257 associate /º`søsiΩt/ (v) = to connect sth with sth
e.g. I met a chap on the train the other day who said else in the mind / powiązać, skojarzyć
he was related to the Duke of Northumberland. e.g. I associate the colour red with love and passion
4.247 stern-looking /`stªn¿lμkæ…/ (adj) = looking serious as well as blood and violence; all are related I suppose.
and strict / srogo wyglądający, nieprzystępny Der.: association (n), associative (adj)
e.g. Even though she was a rather stern-looking
woman, she had a heart of gold. English in Use (pp. 84-87)
4.248 robe /røb/ (n) = a loose piece of clothing which
covers the whole body / szata 4.258 stab /st±b/ (v) = to push a knife or sharp object
e.g. Roman emperors always wore purple robes lined into sth or sb / dźgnąć, pchnąć lub ugodzić nożem,
with gold leaf. zasztyletować
4.249 wig /wæg/ (n) = a covering of false hair worn on the e.g. He was stabbed with a knife but managed
head / peruka to recover fully from his injuries in hospital.
e.g. Even though I am going bald, I’d rather not wear Der.: stabbing (n)
a wig; it would look ridiculous. 4.259 console /`k≥nsøl/ (n) = a surface with a number
4.250 layman /`lΩmºn/ (n) = sb who is not trained, of switches or knobs which is used to operate
qualified or experienced in a particular subject a machine / konsola
or activity / laik e.g. There are hundreds of indicators and switches
e.g. The solicitor outlined the case in layman’s terms on the consoles of modern aeroplanes.
so his client could fully understand him. 4.260 sphygmomanometer /¿sfægmømº`n≥mætºr/ (n)
4.251 mitigatory /`mætægºtri/ (adj) = giving an explanation = a device that measures the blood pressure /
that will make a punishment less severe / aparat do mierzenia ciśnienia krwi
łagodzący e.g. I had never heard of a sphygmomanometer
e.g. Mitigatory tales of being abandoned as children before I had my blood pressure taken.
are often heard in court. 4.261 cliff /klæf/ (n) = a high area with a very steep side,
4.252 eulogy /`j∂lºπi/ (n) = a speech that praises sb very especially near the sea / urwisko, klif
much / pochwała, panegiryk e.g. On a clear day, the white cliffs of Dover are visible
e.g. Some of the eulogies that have been heard about from France.
the late novelist Graham Greene have been quite 4.262 slash /sl±«/ (v) = to reduce by a large amount /
touching indeed. drastycznie zmniejszyć lub obniżyć, obciąć
4.253 pillar of the community = sb who plays an e.g. Prices have been slashed in our biggest price
important role and is an active part of the reduction ever!
community / filar społeczności 4.263 deli /`deli/ (n) = a shop or part of a shop which sells
e.g. Sir Nigel Devenish, the London neurologist, food such as cheese and cold meat / sklep lub
is rightly called a pillar of the community. stoisko z nabiałem i wędlinami
4.254 nick /næk/ (v) = to steal / ukraść, zwinąć e.g. For lunch we usually get a sandwich from the deli
e.g. When I was young, I used to nick sweets in the High Street.
from the cake shop but I never got caught. 4.264 order /`¥dºr/ (n) = a request for food or drink
4.255 traffic cone /`tr±fæk ¿køn/ (n) = a plastic object in a bar or restaurant / zamówienie
with a pointed top placed on a road to prevent e.g. May I take your order, please?
drivers from driving or parking there / słupek 4.265 elk /elk/ (n) = a type of large deer with big flat
ostrzegawczy, pachołek antlers / łoś
e.g. Some of the students stole an orange traffic cone e.g. The mission of the Rocky Mountain Elk
and put it on top of the statue in the courtyard. Foundation is to ensure the survival of the elk
4.256 hardened criminal /`h≤dºnd `kræmænºl/ (n) = one and the conservation of its habitat.
who has done many crimes and is no longer 4.266 apprehend /¿±præ`hend/ (v) = to arrest / zaaresztować
sensitive to others around them / zatwardziały e.g. Police in East Sussex have apprehended a suspect
przestępca, kryminalista wanted in connection with the murder of 15-year-old
e.g. Hardened criminals are kept in maximum- Jason Riley.
security prisons such as Parkhurst on the Isle of Wight. Der.: apprehension (n)
Opp.: release
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4.267 matinee /`m±tæneæ/ (n) = the afternoon showing e.g. I took out a personal pension in my twenties
of a play or film / poranek (przedstawienie), seans and I can look forward to a lump sum and a regular
popołudniowy income when I retire in a few years’ time.
e.g. We used to go and see matinee performances 4.277 state pension /`stΩt `pen«ºn/ (n) = the sum of
at 3 o’clock in the afternoon. money one gets from the state government
4.268 address /º`dres/ (v) = (of a problem) to try to when one retires / emerytura państwowa
understand or deal with it / zająć się (problemem) e.g. As well as her state pension of í120 per week, she
e.g. The government is attempting to address receives a small income from her former employers.
the problem of the rising number of unwanted 4.278 in the interim = in the meantime / w tym czasie
teenage pregnancies. e.g. The bank agreed to provide funding for the project
4.269 inadequacy /æn`±dækwºsi/ (n) = not being good and to supply the company with a loan of í 20,000
enough / niedoskonałość, poczucie niższości in the interim.
e.g. She was left with a feeling of profound 4.279 subsidise /`s∑bsæd¡z/ (v) = to provide money or pay
inadequacy when she was turned down a part of sth / dotować, subwencjonować
for a third job in a row. e.g. During the 1970s, the government was forced
4.270 blithely /`bl¡∫li/ (adv) = without serious thought / to subsidise the ailing state industries.
beztrosko, nonszalancko Der.: subsidy (n)
e.g. I was blithely informed by the management that 4.280 shortfall /`«¥tf¥l/ (n) = having less of sth than one
I was surplus to their requirements and given needs / niedostatek
a month’s notice. e.g. We expect a shortfall in profits in the coming
4.271 dismiss /¿dæs`mæs/ (v) = to sack, fire / wyrzucić, zwolnić financial year.
e.g. He was dismissed from his job after having 4.281 burden /`bªdºn/ (n) = a problem or responsibility
worked there for twenty years. that causes sb a lot of worry, hard work
Der.: dismissal (n) or difficulty / brzemię, zmartwienie
4.272 ripe old age = being very old / podeszły wiek e.g. Besides my responsibility to my family,
e.g. At the ripe old age of 85, my father finally I have other burdens to bear.
decided to retire from the family firm. Der.: burdensome (adj)
4.273 gradual /`gr±djuºl/ (adj) = changing in small stages 4.282 activist /`±ktævæst/ (n) = sb who works to bring
over a long period of time / stopniowy about social or political changes / aktywista,
e.g. Many parts of the country will see a gradual działacz
improvement in the weather over the coming e.g. Animal rights activists have been working
weekend. for years to bring about a ban on fox hunting.
Der.: gradually (adv) 4.283 be up in arms = to be very angry about sth
4.274 breaking point /`brΩkæ… ¿p√nt/ (n) = the point and protest strongly against it / zaciekle
where one has so many problems and difficulties przeciwko czemuś protestować
that they can’t cope any more because they may e.g. The unions are up in arms about the job cuts.
collapse / punkt krytyczny, granica wytrzymałości 4.284 brew /br∂/ (v) = to make coffee or tea by pouring
e.g. He reached breaking point after his wife left him hot water over tea leaves or coffee / parzyć kawę,
and he lost his job at the same time. herbatę
4.275 meals on wheels = a service that delivers hot meals e.g. To make the perfect cup of tea, pour hot, but not
to those who are either too old or too sick boiling, water over the tea leaves and leave to brew
to cook for themselves / posiłki dostarczane osobom for ten minutes.
zbyt starym lub chorym, aby mogły same gotować 4.285 advocate /`±dvºkºt/ (n) = sb who works for the
e.g. The elderly lady that lives upstairs gets meals on interests of a particular group or company /
wheels delivered to her flat every lunchtime and adwokat, rzecznik, orędownik, zwolennik
evening. e.g. He has always been an advocate of freedom of
4.276 personal pension /`pªsºnºl `pen«ºn/ (n) = the sum speech and equal rights in his country.
of money one gets from a private insurance Der.: advocacy (n)
company when they retire / emerytura wypłacana 4.286 screen /skr∞n/ (v) = to investigate, examine /
przez prywatną firmę ubezpieczeniową przesiać, zbadać

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e.g. The Foreign Office screens all its applicants; e.g. At the end of the Second World War, Germany’s
for instance, criminal records are checked. territory was significantly reduced.
Der.: screening (n) Der.: territorial (adj)
4.287 clerical /`klerækºl/ (adj) = concerned with office 4.298 creed /kr∞d/ (n) = religion / religia, przekonania
work / biurowy, urzędniczy e.g. The Olympic Games unite athletes of all races,
e.g. Clerical work is often dull and tedious, nationalities and creeds.
so I am not going to apply for that job. 4.299 eliminate /æ`læmænΩt/ (v) = to remove sth completely /
4.288 defender /dæ`fendºr/ (n) = sb who argues or acts wyeliminować
in support of another thing or person / obrońca e.g. We aim to eliminate all kinds of discrimination
e.g. Mary Whitehouse was a famous enemy of the from society.
permissive society and a defender of family values Der.: elimination (n)
until her recent death.
4.289 in essence = concerning the most important or Writing (pp. 88-92)
central aspect of an idea, situation or event /
w istocie 4.300 compile /kºm`p¡l/ (v) = to produce by collecting
e.g. Voltaire’s philosophy was in essence a plea pieces of information / kompilować, opracować
for enlightened reason. e.g. The publishers have compiled a selection
4.290 infuse /æn`fj∂z/ (v) = to fill sb or sth with a quality / of the author’s short stories.
natchnąć, napełnić Der.: compiler (n), compilation (n)
e.g. The writer Graham Greene infused his novels 4.301 principal /`prænsæpºl/ (n) = the person who is in
with much subtle irony. charge of a college or school / dyrektor szkoły,
Der.: infusion (n) kolegium
4.291 befriend sb /bæ`frend/ (v) = to make friends with sb e.g. Peter Greenbaum is the principal of St Mark’s
/ zaprzyjaźnić się (z kimś) College.
e.g. He had the peculiar habit of befriending people 4.302 unanimously /j∂`n±næmºsli/ (adv) = as agreed on
on trains. by everybody present / jednogłośnie
4.292 aside /º`s¡d/ (adv) = leaving out of the discussion / e.g. We have unanimously agreed to bring about
poza, oprócz the changes put forward by members of this union.
e.g. Aside from her full-time job, she also has a family 4.303 controversial /¿k≥ntrº`vª«ºl/ (adj) = being
to look after. the subject of intense public discussion,
4.293 supervise /`s∂pºv¡z/ (v) = to make sure that argument or disapproval / kontrowersyjny
an activity is done correctly / nadzorować e.g. The chairman of the football club made
e.g. On our recent school day trip, we had the task the controversial decision to sack the team’s
of supervising fifty teenage children; we made sure popular manager.
they were all safe and didn’t get into any trouble. 4.304 chair /t«≈r/ (v) = to be in charge of a meeting or
Der.: supervisor (n), supervision (n) debate / przewodniczyć (spotkaniu)
4.294 amnesty /`±mnæsti/ (n) = an official pardon given e.g. We have asked Lady Redfern to kindly chair
by the government / amnestia today’s meeting.
e.g. The government has granted an amnesty Der.: chairperson (n)
and released all political prisoners. 4.305 policing /pº`l∞sæ…/ (n) = making sure that law and
4.295 enshrine /æn`«r¡n/ (v) = to protect by law / chronić, order are preserved / utrzymywanie porządku
uświęcić prawem e.g. The local authority has recommended stricter
e.g. The principles of the French constitution are policing in the Downside area.
enshrined in the words: liberty, equality and fraternity. 4.306 lenient /`l∞niºnt/ (adj) = not strict or severe /
4.296 integrity /æn`tegræti/ (n) = firmness in moral łagodny, pobłażliwy, wyrozumiały
principles / prawość, uczciwość e.g. Our parents were fairly lenient towards us
e.g. His moral integrity brought him the respect when we were children and let us play outside
of all who met him. until quite late.
4.297 territory /`terºtri/ (n) = land controlled by Der.: leniency (n)
a particular country or ruler / terytorium

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4.307 twofold /`t∂føld/ (adj) = having two equally e.g. The Halifax building society has anticipated
important parts / podwójny, dwukrotny, mający steady growth in the housing market.
dwie równie ważne strony Der.: anticipation (n), anticipatory (adj)
e.g. If you want to have more money, your actions 4.313 imminent /`æmænºnt/ (adj) = almost certain
should be twofold: cut down on your expenses to happen very soon / nieuchronny
and increase your incomes. e.g. The crowd is waiting for the imminent
4.308 sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to continue or maintain appearance of the Prince and Princess on the balcony.
sth for a period of time / podtrzymać, utrzymać Der.: imminence (n)
e.g. This firm has sustained growth of 5% per annum 4.314 vital /`v¡tºl/ (adj) = necessary, very important /
for the last five years. konieczny, zasadniczy, podstawowy
Der.: sustainable (adj), sustainability (n) e.g. It is vital that you do well in your A levels
4.309 wholeheartedly /¿høl`h≤tædli/ (adv) = completely if you want to get into a good university.
and enthusiastically / całym sercem, całkowicie 4.315 avert /º`vªt/ (v) = to prevent sth from happening /
e.g. I am wholeheartedly in favour of the idea of zapobiec, uchylać, odsuwać
promoting Derek to the position of vice-chairman. e.g. The Cuban missile crisis of 1962 was averted
4.310 deter /dæ`tªr/ (v) = to discourage sb from sth / and the world was saved from nuclear war.
odstraszać, odstręczać 4.316 input /`ænpμt/ (n) = information or resources /
e.g. I was deterred from going to work in that country wkład (informacji, środków lub pracy)
because my wife and children would be unable e.g. Some of your input into the project
to come with me. has been extremely useful indeed.
4.311 forecast /`f¥k≤st/ (v) = to say what one thinks will Opp.: output
happen in the future / prognozować, przepowiadać, 4.317 stray /strΩ/ (adj) = (Ôf an animal) that has wandered
przewidywać away from its home / bezpański, zbłąkany,
e.g. We cannot forecast to you the action of Russia; bezdomny
it is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. e.g. Many of the stray dogs are loveable and harmless
Der.: forecast (n), forecaster (n) creatures so you shouldn’t be frightened of them.
4.312 anticipate /±n`tæsæpΩt/ (v) = to realise sth may
happen in advance and prepare for it /
antycypować, spodziewać się, oczekiwać

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