Germany

Germany,[e] officially the Federal Republic of

Germany,[f] is a country in Central Europe. It lies between Federal Republic of Germany
the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the Bundesrepublik
south. Its sixteen constituent states have a total population of Deutschland (German)
over 82 million in an area of 357,569 km2 (138,058 sq mi),
making it the most populous member state of the European
Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia
to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France,
Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The
nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main Flag
Coat of arms
financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the
Ruhr. Anthem: "Das Lied der Deutschen"[a]
("The Song of the Germans")
Settlement in what is now Germany began in the Lower 1:21
Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the
Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic tribes
have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since
classical antiquity. A region named Germania was
documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of
Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire.
During the 16th century, northern German regions became
the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the
Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman
Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in
1815.

Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state Show globe

Show map of Europe
commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Show all
Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North Location of Germany (dark green)
German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the – in Europe (light green & dark grey)
German Empire. After World War I and the German – in the European Union (light green)
Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn Capital Berlin[b]
transformed into the Weimar Republic. The Nazi rise to and largest city 52°31′N 13°23′E
power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian
Official languages German[c]
dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end
of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Demonym(s) German
in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate Government Federal parliamentary
polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of republic[4]
Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the • President Frank-Walter Steinmeier
German Democratic Republic, known as East Germany, • Chancellor Olaf Scholz
while Berlin continued its de jure Four Power status. The
Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the Legislature Bundestag, Bundesrat[d]
European Economic Community and the European Union,
Area
while the German Democratic Republic was a communist
• Total 357,569 km2
Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the
(138,058 sq mi)[6] (63rd)
fall of the communist led-government in East Germany,
• Water (%) 1.27[5]
German reunification saw the former East German states
join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990. Population
• 2022 census 82,719,540[7]
Germany has been described as a great power with a strong • Density 236/km2 (611.2/sq mi)
economy; it has the largest economy in Europe. As a global (58th)
power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a • Total $6.017 trillion[8] (5th)
developed country, it offers social security, a universal health • Per capita $70,930[8] (19th)
care system, and tuition-free university education. Germany
GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, NATO
• Total $4.710 trillion[8] (3rd)
and OECD, and a founding member of the European Union,
• Per capita $55,521[8] (16th)
G7 and G20. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO
World Heritage Sites (54), with the second-most cultural Gini (2023) 29.4[9]
sites (51). low inequality

HDI (2022) 0.950[10]

very high (7th)
Etymology Currency Euro (€) (EUR)

The English word Germany derives from the Latin Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
it for the peoples east of the Rhine. [12] The German term Date format Day, month, year · Year,
Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ('the German lands'), month, day
is derived from deutsch (cf. Dutch), descended from Old Drives on right
High German diutisc 'of the people' (from diot or diota
'people'), originally used to distinguish the language of the Calling code +49
common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. ISO 3166 code DE
This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz 'of
Internet TLD .de
the people' (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived
from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European
*tewtéh₂- 'people', from which the word Teutons also originates.[13]

History

Prehistory
Pre-human ancestors, the Danuvius guggenmosi, who were present in Germany over 11 million years ago,
are theorized to be among the earliest ones to walk on two legs.[14] Ancient humans were present in
Germany at least 600,000 years ago.[15] The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was
discovered in the Neander Valley.[16] Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the
Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,[17]
the 40,000-year-old Lion Man,[18] and the 41,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels.[19][20] The Nebra sky
disk, created during the European Bronze Age, has been attributed to a German site.[21]

Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire

The Germanic peoples are thought to emerge from the Jastorf culture
during the Nordic Bronze Age or early Iron Age.[22][23] From southern
Scandinavia and northern Germany, they expanded south, east, and
west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic
tribes.[24][25] Southern Germany was inhabited by Celtic-speaking
peoples, who belonged to the wider La Tène culture. They were later
assimilated by the Germanic conquerors.[26]
Basilica of Constantine in Trier
Under Augustus, the Roman Empire began to invade lands inhabited
(Augusta Treverorum), built in the
by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of
4th century
Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. In 9 AD, three Roman
legions were defeated by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg
Forest.[27] The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania,
and is thus considered one of the most important events in European history.[28] By 100 AD, when Tacitus
wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus),
occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden-Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse
and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces.[29][30][31]

Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.[32] After the invasion of the Huns in
375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks
established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is
today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.[29]

East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire

Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in
843.[33] The eastern successor kingdom of East Francia stretched from
the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North
Sea to the Alps.[33] Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire emerged
from it. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major
duchies.[34] In 996, Gregory V became the first German Pope,
appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy
Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and
Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the East Francia in 843
emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.[35]

Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the
south and east (Ostsiedlung).[36] Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns,
prospered in the expansion of trade.[37] The population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315,
followed by the Black Death of 1348–1350.[38] The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional
structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.[39]
Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the
basis for the democratization of knowledge.[40] In 1517, Martin Luther incited
the Protestant Reformation and his translation of the Bible began the
standardization of the language; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the
"Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince
was to be the faith of his subjects (cuius regio, eius religio).[41] From the
Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict
devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.[42][43]

The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial

Estates.[42] The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms
(approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a
stronger Imperial Diet.[44] The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown
from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of the
Martin Luther, born in
Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Eisleben in 1483,
Maria Theresa ruled as empress consort when her husband, Francis I, became challenged the indulgences
emperor.[45][46] of the Catholic Church,
giving rise to the
From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and the Reformation and
Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Protestantism.
Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of
Poland.[47][48] During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the
Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities
were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806
the Imperium was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony
in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.[49]

German Confederation and Empire

Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the
German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The
appointment of the emperor of Austria as the permanent president
reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence.
Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal
movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian
statesman Klemens von Metternich.[50][51] The Zollverein, a tariff
union, furthered economic unity.[52] In light of revolutionary
movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the
revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German question.
King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor,
but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed The German Confederation in 1815
constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.[53]

King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck
successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the
Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded
Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the
German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in
1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the
King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.[54][55]

In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany,

Bismarck's foreign policy as chancellor of Germany secured Germany's
position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.[55]
Berlin Palace, the main residence of
However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course,
the House of Hohenzollern
leading to friction with neighbouring countries.[56] A dual alliance was
created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple
Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against
Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[57] At
the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German
South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun.[58] Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to
include holdings in the Pacific and China.[59] The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day
Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as
punishment for an uprising;[60][61] this was the 20th century's first genocide.[61]

The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to
attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million
German soldiers were killed,[62] a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution
(November 1918), Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a
federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the
Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise
of Adolf Hitler.[63] Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial
possessions in Africa and the Pacific.[64]

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany

On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar
Constitution.[65] In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized
power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow
the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial
centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period
of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new
currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation
and liberal cultural life.[66][67][68]

The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich

Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which
caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932.[69] The Nazi Party led by Adolf Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi
Hitler became the largest party in the Reichstag after a special election in 1932 Germany from 1933 to
and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1945
1933. [70] After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the
first Nazi concentration camp opened.[71][72] On 23 March 1933, the Enabling
Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution,[73] and marked the beginning of
Nazi Germany. His government established a centralised totalitarian
state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased
the country's rearmament.[74] A government-sponsored programme for
economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which
was the Autobahn.[75]

In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and

introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other
minorities.[76] Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in
1935,[77] remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938,
annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in A map of German-occupied Europe
violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939.[78] in 1942 during World War II with
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, areas controlled by the German
the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish Reich shown in bold black
people.[79]

In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe
into German and Soviet spheres of influence.[80] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland,
beginning World War II in Europe;[81] Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September.[82] In
the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg,
and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in
the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet
Union. By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but
following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the Allied reconquest of North Africa and invasion of
Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern
Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German
counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany signed the surrender
document on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe[81][83] and Nazi Germany. Following the end of
the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.[84][85]

In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including
interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. The regime systematically murdered
6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 disabled, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands
of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents.[86] Nazi policies in
German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles,[87] 1.3 million
Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war.[88][84] German military
casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million,[89] and around 900,000 German civilians died.[90] Around
12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-
quarter of its pre-war territory.[91]

East and West Germany

After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies de jure abolished the German state and partitioned Berlin and
Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the
United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of
Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German
Democratic Republic (GDR) (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR). They were informally
known as West Germany and East Germany.[92] East Germany selected
East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a
provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution
was temporary.[93]

West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with

a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a
major recipient of reconstruction aid under the American Marshall
Plan.[94] Konrad Adenauer was elected the first federal chancellor of
The Berlin Wall during its fall in 1989
Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth
and the Brandenburg Gate
(Wirtschaftswunder) beginning in the early 1950s.[95] West Germany (background) was one of the first
joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European developments in the end of the Cold
Economic Community.[96] On 1 January 1957, the Saarland joined West War, leading ultimately to the
Germany.[97] dissolution of the Soviet Union.

East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military
control by the Soviet Union via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to
be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro) of the communist-
controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service.[98] While
East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat
of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.[99] The
Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a
symbol of the Cold War.[100]

Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's
Ostpolitik.[101] In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria,
causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had
devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an
effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but
this actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process culminating in the Two Plus Four Treaty
under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990,
with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR.[102] The fall of the Wall in 1989
became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, German reunification and
Die Wende ("the turning point").[103]

Reunified Germany and the European Union

United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its
memberships in international organisations.[104] Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again
became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city)
retaining some federal ministries.[105] The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and
modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.[106][107]

Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht
Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007,[108] and co-founding the eurozone.[109] Germany sent a
peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a
NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.[110][111]
In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009, the German government
approved a €50 billion stimulus plan.[112] Among the major German political projects of the early 21st
century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition (Energiewende) for a
sustainable energy supply, the debt brake for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate
(pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry
4.0.[113] During the 2015 European migrant crisis, the country took in over a million refugees and
migrants.[114]

Geography
Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe.[4] It borders
Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and
Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the
Netherlands to the west. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea
and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers
357,569 km2 (138,058 sq mi).[6] Elevation ranges from the mountains
of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet)
in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest
and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of
central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point:
in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at 3.54
metres or 11.6 feet below sea level[115]) are traversed by such major
rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources
include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural
gas, salt, and nickel.[4] A physical map of Germany

Climate
Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north and west to continental in the
east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast
with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern
regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the
temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme
temperatures.[116]

From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C
(37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.[117] Average monthly precipitation
ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in
February 2020.[118] Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June
2019.[119]

Biodiversity
The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic
mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and
mixed forests.[120] As of 2016, 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested
and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.[121]
Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe.
According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other
deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are
conifers, particularly spruce and pine.[122] There are many species of
ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild
boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small
numbers of the Eurasian beaver.[123] The blue cornflower was once a
German national symbol.[124]
Berchtesgaden National Park in
The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park,
Bavaria
the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park,
the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich
National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest
National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park.[125] In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves,[126]
and 105 nature parks.[127] More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany.[128] The Berlin Zoo,
which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species
in the world.[129]

Politics
Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative
democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested
in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal
Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together
form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected
through direct elections using the mixed-member
proportional representation system. The members of the
Bundesrat represent and are appointed by the
governments of the sixteen federated states.[4] The
German political system operates under a framework
laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the
Frank-Walter Steinmeier Olaf Scholz
Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally President Chancellor
require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and (representative head of state) (head of government)

the Bundesrat; the fundamental principles of the

constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal
structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.[130]

The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with
representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention),
an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates.[4] The
second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (President of the
Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the
body.[131] The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the
Bundespräsident after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the Bundestag.[4] The
chancellor, currently Olaf Scholz, is the head of government and exercises executive power through his
Cabinet.[4]
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social
Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However,
the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/The Greens have also been junior partners in
coalition governments. Since 2007, the democratic socialist party The Left has been a staple in the German
Bundestag, though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal
election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in
the parliament for the first time.[132][133]

Constituent states
Germany is a federation and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as
Länder.[134] Each state (Land) has its own constitution,[135] and is largely autonomous in regard to its
internal organisation.[134] As of 2017, Germany is divided into 401 districts (Kreise) at a municipal level;
these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.[136]

Schleswig-Holstein

Hamburg Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern
Bremen

Lower Saxony Berlin

Saxony- Brandenburg
North Rhine- Anhalt
Westphalia Saxony
Thuringia
Hesse

Rhineland-Palatinate

Saarland
Bavaria
Baden-
Württemberg
 Area[137] Nominal GDP[138] Nominal
Population GDP per
Share
State Capital (Census Billions capita
2 2 of
km mi 2022)[7] EUR
GDP
EUR
(2023)
(%) (2023)[139]

Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,751 13,804 11,104,040 615.071 14.92 54,339

Bavaria Munich 70,550 27,240 13,038,724 768.469 18.65 57,343
Berlin Berlin 892 344 3,596,999 193.219 4.69 51,209
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654 11,449 2,534,075 97.477 2.37 37,814
Bremen Bremen 420 162 693,204 39.252 0.95 56,981
Hamburg Hamburg 755 292 1,808,846 150.575 3.65 79,176
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 8,153 6,207,278 351.139 8.52 54,806
Mecklenburg-
Schwerin 23,214 8,963 1,570,817 59.217 1.44 36,335
Vorpommern
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,593 18,376 7,943,265 363.109 8.81 44,531
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,113 13,171 17,890,489 839.084 20.36 46,194
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,854 7,666 4,094,169 174.249 4.23 41,797
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 992 1,006,864 41.348 1.00 41,617
Saxony Dresden 18,416 7,110 4,038,131 155.982 3.78 38,143
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,452 7,897 2,146,443 78.38 1.90 35,911
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,802 6,101 2,927,542 118.68 2.88 40,090
Thuringia Erfurt 16,202 6,256 2,110,396 75.909 1.84 35,715
Germany Berlin 357,386 137,988 82,719,540 4,121.16 100 48,750

Law
Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law.[140] The
Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for
constitutional matters, with power of judicial review.[141] Germany's specialized supreme court system
includes the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice for civil and criminal cases, along with the Federal
Labour Court, Federal Social Court, Federal Fiscal Court, and Federal Administrative Court for other
matters.[142]

Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches
Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the
protection of the public.[143] With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and
of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated by mixed tribunals where lay judges (Schöffen) and
professional judges preside together.[144][145]

As of 2016, Germany's murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000.[146] In 2018, the overall
crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.[147]
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 2017, and LGBT rights are generally protected in the
nation.[148]

Foreign relations
Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad[149] and
maintains relations with more than 190 countries.[150] Germany is a
member of NATO, the OECD, the G7, the G20, the World Bank and the
IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its
inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all
neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a
more unified European political, economic and security Germany hosted the 2022 G7
apparatus.[151][152][153] The governments of Germany and the United summit at Schloss Elmau in
States are close political allies.[154] Cultural ties and economic interests Bavaria.

have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.

[155]After 1990, Germany and Russia worked together to establish a "strategic partnership" in which
energy development became one of the most important factors. As a result of the cooperation, Germany
imported most of its natural gas and crude oil from Russia.[156][157]

Germany's development policy functions as a distinct sector within its foreign policy framework. It is
formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the
implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of
the international community.[158] It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United
States.[159]

Military
Germany's military, the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence), is organised
into the Heer (Army and special forces KSK), Marine (Navy), Luftwaffe
(Air Force) and Cyber- und Informationsraum (Cyber and Information
Domain Service) branches.[160] In absolute terms, German military
spending in 2023 was the seventh-highest in the world.[161] In response
to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Chancellor Olaf Scholz
announced that German military expenditure would be increased past A German TPz Fuchs armoured
the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of personnel carrier
100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro
military budget for 2021.[162][163] In 2023, military spending according
to NATO criteria amounted to $73.1 billion, or 1.64% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of
2%. In 2024, Germany reported $97.7 billion to NATO, exceeding the NATO target of 2% at 2.12% of
GDP.[164]

As of May 2024, the Bundeswehr has a strength of 180,215 active soldiers and 80,761 civilians.[165]
Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments
abroad.[166] Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially
suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[167][168] Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of
service without restriction.[169] According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,
Germany was the fifth-largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2019 to 2023.[170]
In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the
Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr.[171] The role of the Bundeswehr is
described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional
Court in 1994, the term "defence" has been defined not only to include protection of the borders of
Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of
Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017, the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in
foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations
against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.[172][173]

Economy
Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour
force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation.[175][176]
It is the world's third-largest exporter and third-largest importer,[4]
and has the largest economy in Europe, the world's third-largest
economy by nominal GDP[177] and the fifth-largest by PPP-adjusted
GDP.[178] Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards
amounts to 121% of the EU27 average.[179] The country's service sector
Frankfurt, a leading business centre
contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, with
in Europe and the seat of the
Germany having the largest manufacturing sector in Europe, and
European Central Bank[174]
agriculture 1% as of 2017.[4] The unemployment rate published by
Eurostat amounts to 3.2% as of January 2020, which is the fourth-
lowest in the EU.[180]

Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers.[181] In
2017, the country accounted for 28% of the eurozone economy according to the International Monetary
Fund.[182] Germany introduced the common European currency, the euro, in 2002.[183] Its monetary
policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.[184][174]

The automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the
world,[185] and is the sixth-largest by production as of 2021. Germany is home to Volkswagen Group, the
world's second-largest automotive manufacturer by vehicle production.[186]

The top ten exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical

goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals,
transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and
plastics.[188]

Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by

revenue in 2023, the Fortune Global 500, 32 are headquartered in
Then-chancellor Angela Merkel at
Germany.[189] 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the the 2013 Electromobility Summit in
DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Berlin. All new cars sold in Germany
Stock Exchange.[190] Well-known international brands include must be zero-emission vehicles
Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Porsche, Opel, Siemens, from 2035.[187]
Allianz, Adidas, Puma, Hugo Boss, SAP SE, Bosch and Deutsche
Telekom.[191] Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the
leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union.[192] Germany is recognised for its
large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the Mittelstand model.[193] These
companies represent 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled hidden champions.[194]

Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy,[195] with the country
ranking fourth in research and development expenditure since 2005.[196] In 2018, Germany ranked fourth
globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published[197] and third in the
quality-adjusted Nature Index in 2023.[198] Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck
Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association.[199] Germany
is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.[200]

Infrastructure
With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the
continent.[201] Its road network is among the densest in Europe.[202]
The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no general
federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles.[203] The
Intercity Express or ICE train network serves major German cities as
well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to
300 km/h (190 mph).[204] The largest German airports are Frankfurt
Airport, Munich Airport and Berlin Brandenburg Airport.[205] The Port An ICE 3 train on the Cologne–
of Hamburg is the third-busiest port in Europe and one of the twenty Frankfurt high-speed rail line, with
largest container ports in the world.[206] operating speed up to 300 km/h
(190 mph)
In 2019, Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of
energy.[207] All nuclear power plants were phased out in 2023.[208]
Germany meets its power demands using 40% renewable sources, and
has been called an "early leader" in solar and offshore wind.[209][210]
The country is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other
treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water
management.[211][212][213] Germany's household recycling rate is
among the highest in the world—at around 65%.[214] The country's
greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth-highest in the EU
in 2018, but these numbers have been trending downward.[215][216] The
Windmills behind Lisberg Castle
German energy transition (Energiewende) is the recognised move to a
sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable
energy, with the country being called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".[217][218][210]
Germany has reduced its primary energy consumption by 11% between 1990 and 2015[219] and set itself
goals of reducing it by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2050.[220]

Tourism
Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German
GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.[221] As of 2022,
Germany is the eighth-most-visited country.[222] Its most popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral,
the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche,
Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and
Sanssouci Palace.[223] The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's
second-most popular theme park resort.[224]

Demographics
Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria
With a population of 84.7 million according to the 2023 German
census,[225] Germany is the most populous country in the European
Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia,[4][g] and the nineteenth-most populous
country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (590
inhabitants/sq mi). The fertility rate of 1.57 children born per woman (2022 estimates) is below the
replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world.[4] Since the 1970s, Germany's
death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration
rates since the beginning of the 2010s. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an
average age of 47.4 years.[4]

Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as national minorities

because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for
centuries:[226] There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of
Schleswig-Holstein;[226] the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the
Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live
throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in
Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of
Lower Saxony.[226]
A bilingual street sign in both
After the United States, Germany is the second-most popular
German and Lower Sorbian in
immigration destination in the world.[227] In 2015, following the 2015 Cottbus (Chóśebuz) in Brandenburg
refugee crisis, the Population Division of the United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to
the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million
migrants.[228] Refugee crises have resulted in substantial population increases.[229] For example, the major
influx of Ukrainian immigrants following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, meaning over 1.06 million
refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.[230] As of 2019, Germany ranks seventh
among EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 13.1%.[231] In
2022, there were 23.8 million people, 28.7 percent of the total population, who had a migration
background.[232]

Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's
largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.[233]

Largest cities or towns in Germany

Federal Statistical Office of Germany - Destatis (Census 2022)[234]
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
 North Rhine-
1 Berlin Berlin 3,596,999 11 Essen 571,039
Westphalia
2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,808,846 12 Dresden Saxony 557,782
3 Munich Bavaria 1,478,638 13 Nuremberg Bavaria 522,554
North Rhine- Lower
4 Cologne 1,017,355 14 Hanover 513,291
Westphalia Saxony
North Rhine-
5 Frankfurt Hesse 743,268 15 Duisburg 501,415
Westphalia
Berlin Munich
North Rhine- North Rhine-
6 Düsseldorf 611,258 16 Wuppertal 356,768
Westphalia Westphalia
Baden- North Rhine-
7 Stuttgart 610,458 17 Bochum 354,288
Württemberg Westphalia
North Rhine-
8 Leipzig Saxony 598,899 18 Bielefeld 330,072
Hamburg Westphalia
North Rhine- North Rhine- Cologne
9 Dortmund 598,246 19 Bonn 321,544
Westphalia Westphalia
Baden-
10 Bremen Bremen 575,071 20 Mannheim 313,693
Württemberg

Religion
According to the 2022 census, Christianity is the largest religion at
49.7% of the population; 23.1% identified as Protestant and 25.1% as
Catholic.[235]

Islam is the second-largest religion in the country.[236] In the 2011

census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52 million people) gave their religion as
Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate
number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism)
Cologne Cathedral, a UNESCO
are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the World Heritage Site
question.[237] In 2019, there were an estimated 5.3–5.6 million
Muslims with a migrant background[h] (6.4–6.7% of the population), in
addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant background.[238] Most of the Muslims are
Sunnis and Alevis from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other
denominations. Other religions each comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.[236]

In 2011, formal members of the Jewish community represented no more than 0.2% of the total German
population, and 60% of them resided in Berlin.[239] An estimated 80 to 90 percent of these Jews in
Germany are Russian-speaking immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who came to Germany from the
1980s onwards.[240][241]

A study in 2023 estimated that 46.2% of the population are not members of any religious organization or
denomination.[242] Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be
predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan
areas.[243][244]

Languages
German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany.[245] It is one of 24 official and
working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European
Commission, alongside English and French.[246] German is the most widely spoken first language in the
European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.[247]

Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian,
Romani, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for
Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish,
Italian, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian and other Balkan languages, as well as Russian.
Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one
foreign language and 27% in at least two.[245]

Education
Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily
organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education
is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which
school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years depending on
the state. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.[248]
Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students
pursue academic or vocational education.[249] A system of
apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung leads to a skilled qualification
which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students
in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run Heidelberg University, Germany's
oldest institution of higher learning
trade school.[248] This model is well regarded and reproduced all
and generally considered one of its
around the world.[250] most renowned

Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students

traditionally study without fee payment.[251] The general requirement for attending university is the
Abitur. According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for
international study.[252] The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world,
with Heidelberg University (established in 1386), Leipzig University (established in 1409) and the
University of Rostock (established in 1419) being the oldest.[253] The Humboldt University of Berlin,
founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model
for many Western universities.[254][255] In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven
Universities of Excellence.

Health
Germany's system of hospitals, called Krankenhäuser, dates from
medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal
health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the
1880s.[257] Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a
balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health
insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups
to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), Germany's health care system was 77% The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in
government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013.[258] In 2014, Lübeck, established in 1286, is a
Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.[259] precursor to modern hospitals.[256]
Germany ranked 21st in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with 78.7 years for men and 84.8 years for
women according to the WHO, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). In 2019,
the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.[260] Obesity in Germany has been
increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German
population was overweight or obese.[261]

Culture
Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and
popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular, and its
scientists, writers and philosophers have played a significant role in the
development of Western thought.[262] Global opinion polls from the
BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive
influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.[263][264]

Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as the

Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, A German Christmas market in
Dresden
Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other
practices.[265][266] As of 2023, UNESCO inscribed 54 properties in
Germany on the World Heritage List.[267] There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined
by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der
Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day).[268]

Music
German classical music includes works by some of the world's most
well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach
and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque
period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition
between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix
Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were
significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his
operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic
and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are
important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.[269]

In 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, and

fourth-largest in the world.[270] German popular music of the 20th and
21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop,
Ludwig van Beethoven, one of the
Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk most famed composers of classical
music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music music, was born in Bonn in 1770.
gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream
pioneering in this genre.[271] DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have
become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).[272]

Art, design and architecture

German painters have influenced Western art. Albrecht
Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and
Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of
the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the
Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of
Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max
Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in
the 20th century; Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue
Reiter (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of C.D. Friedrich, Franz Marc, Roe Deer in
expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity Wanderer above the the Forest (1914)
arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Sea of Fog (1818)
Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art
include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.[273]

German designers became early leaders of modern product design.[274] The Berlin Fashion Week and the
fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.[275]

Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were
precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in
Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser
Renaissance).[273] Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing (Fachwerk)
traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles.[276] When industrialisation spread across
Europe, classicism and a distinctive style of historicism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as
Gründerzeit style. Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco
and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the
home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement
founded by Walter Gropius.[273] Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned
architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper.[277]
Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei
Otto.[278]

Literature and philosophy

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der
Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales
published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level.[279] The Grimms
also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical
principles; their Deutsches Wörterbuch, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary,
was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.[280]
Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann,
Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, and Günter Grass.[281]
The German book market is the third-largest in the world, after the
United States and China.[282] The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most
important in the world for international deals and trading, with a
tradition spanning over 500 years.[283] The Leipzig Book Fair also
retains a major position in Europe.[284]

German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's

contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by
Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich
Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of
Brothers Grimm, who collected and
metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl
published popular German folk tales
Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of
perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic
philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; and the
development of the Frankfurt School have all been very influential.[285]

Media
The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are
the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1
Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some
38 million TV households.[286] Around 90% of German households
have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and
commercial channels.[287] There are more than 300 public and private
radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the
Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German
radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.[287] Germany's Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam
print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. [287]

The papers with the highest circulation are Bild, Süddeutsche Zeitung,
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt.[287] The largest magazines include ADAC Motorwelt and
Der Spiegel.[287] Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.[288]
The Gamescom is the world's largest gaming convention.[289]

German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the
Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam
was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was
particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau.
Director Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945,
many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as Trümmerfilm (rubble film).
East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West
Germany was the Heimatfilm ("homeland film").[290] During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema
directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder
brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.
The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production The Tin
Drum (Die Blechtrommel) in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa (Nirgendwo in Afrika) in 2002, and to The Lives
of Others (Das Leben der Anderen) in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in
other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the
European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the
"Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are
annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.[291]

Cuisine
German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring
regions share some culinary similarities, including with the southern
regions of Bavaria and Swabia, Switzerland, and Austria. International
varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine,
and doner kebab are popular.

Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries

produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and
rolls (Brötchen).[292] German cheeses account for about 22% of all
cheese produced in Europe.[293] In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced
in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their
ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and
Weisswursts.[294]

The national alcoholic drink is beer.[295] German beer consumption per

Bavarian Bratwurst with mustard, a
person stands at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains
pretzel, and German beer
among the highest in the world.[296] German beer purity regulations
date back to the 16th century.[297] Wine has become popular in many
parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions.[298] In 2019, Germany was the ninth-largest
wine producer in the world.[299]

The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a
cumulative total of 300 stars.[300]

Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than
7 million official members, the German Football Association
(Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest single-sport organisation
worldwide,[301] and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the
second-highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in
the world.[302] The German men's national football team won the FIFA
The German national football team
World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014,[303] the UEFA European
after winning the FIFA World Cup for
Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996,[304] and the FIFA
the fourth time in 2014
Confederations Cup in 2017.[305]

Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes
are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and
Audi 13 times (as of April 2024).[306] The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records
during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships.[307] Sebastian Vettel is
also among the most successful Formula One drivers of all time.[308]

German athletes historically have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an
all-time Olympic Games medal count when combining East and West German medals prior to German
reunification.[309] In 1936 Berlin hosted the Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-
Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.[310][311]

See also
Outline of Germany Germany portal

Europe portal
Notes
a. From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third
verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national
anthem.[1]
b. Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional
capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt)
and is the primary seat of six ministries.[2]
c. Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romani, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for
Regional or Minority Languages.[3]
d. The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is
technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two
separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral
legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.
e. Deutschland (German), German: [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]
f. Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German), German: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] [11]
g. Excluding Turkey
h. A migrant background was defined as having been born or having at least one parent born in a country
from a prespecified list of countries with a significant Muslim population, or as having citizenship or
having at least one parent with citizenship of one of these countries.[238]

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External links
Official site of the federal government (https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en)
Official tourism site (https://www.germany.travel/en/home.html)
Germany (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607) from BBC News
Germany (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
Germany (https://data.oecd.org/germany.htm) from the OECD
Germany (https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/germany_en) at the
EU
Geographic data related to Germany (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/51477) at
OpenStreetMap

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