Flow Control

Decisions
C++ if, if...else and Nested if...else

• In computer programming, we use the if...else statement to run one block of code under
certain conditions and another block of code under different conditions.

• For example, assigning grades (A, B, C) based on marks obtained by a student.

• if the percentage is above 90, assign grade A

• if the percentage is above 75, assign grade B

• if the percentage is above 65, assign grade C

Forms of if-else statement in C++

C++ if Statement
The syntax of the if statement is:

if (condition)

// body of if statement

The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ).

If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is executed.

If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is skipped.
Note: The code inside { } is the body of the if statement.
 Example 1: C++ if Statement
Program to print positive number entered by the user If the user enters
a negative number, it is skipped
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;
// checks if the number is positive
if (number > 0)
{
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << number << endl;
}

cout << "This statement is always executed."; return 0;

return 0;
}

C++ if...else Statement

The if statement can have an optional else clause. Its syntax is:

if (condition)
{
// block of code if condition is true
}
 else
{
// block of code if condition is false
}
The if..else statement evaluates the condition inside the parenthesis.

If the condition evaluates true, the code

inside the body of if is executed the code

inside the body of else is skipped from

execution If the condition evaluates false,

the code inside the body of else is

executed the code inside the body of if is

skipped from execution

Example 2: C++ if...else Statement

 • In the above program, we have the condition number >= 0. If we enter
the number greater or equal to 0, then the condition evaluates true.

• Here, we enter 4. So, the condition is true. Hence, the statement inside
the body of if is executed.

C++ if...else...else if statement

• The if...else statement is used to execute a block of code among two
alternatives. However, if we need to make a choice between more than
two alternatives, we use the if...else if...else statement.

• The syntax of the if...else if...else statement is:

Here,

If condition1 evaluates to true, the code block 1 is executed.

If condition1 evaluates to false, then condition2 is evaluated.

If condition2 is true, the code block 2 is executed.

If condition2 is false, the code block 3 is executed.

Example 3: C++ if...else...else if

// Program to check whether an integer is positive, negative or zero
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;
if (number > 0)
{
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << number << endl;
}
else if (number < 0)
{
cout << "You entered a negative integer: " << number << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "You entered 0." << endl;
}
 cout << "This line is always printed.";

return 0;
}
• In this program, we take a number from the user. We then use the
if...else if...else ladder to check whether the number is positive,
negative, or zero.
• If the number is greater than 0, the code inside the if block is
executed. If the number is less than 0, the code inside the else if block
is executed. Otherwise, the code inside the else block is executed.

C++ Nested if...else

• Sometimes, we need to use an if statement inside another if statement. This is
known as nested if statement.
• Think of it as multiple layers of if statements. There is a first, outer if statement,
and inside it is another, inner if statement. Its syntax is:

// Outer if Statement
if (condition 1)
{
// statements
// inner if statement
if (condition2)
{
// statements
}
}

Notes:
We can add else and else if statements to the inner if statement as required.
The inner if statement can also be inserted inside the outer else or else if statements
(if they exist). We can nest multiple layers of if statements.
Example 4: C++ Nested if
C++ program to find if an integer is positive, negative or zero using nested if
statements

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
int num;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
// outer if condition
if (num != 0) {
// inner if condition
if (num > 0) {
cout << "The number is positive." << endl;
}
// inner else condition
else {
cout << "The number is negative." << endl;
}
}
// outer else condition
else {
cout << "The number is 0 and it is neither positive nor negative." << endl;
}
cout << "This line is always printed." << endl;
return 0;
}

In the above example,

We take an integer as an input from the user and store it in the variable num.
We then use an if...else statement to check whether num is not equal to 0.
If true, then the inner if...else statement is executed.
If false, the code inside the outer else condition is executed, which prints "The number is 0
and it is neither positive nor negative."
The inner if...else statement checks whether the input number is positive i.e. if
num is greater than 0.
If true, then we print a statement saying that the number is positive.
If false, we print that the number is negative.
Note: As you can see, nested if...else makes your logic complicated. If possible, you
should always try to avoid nested if...else.

Practice Questions
1. write a program to Check Whether Number is Even or Odd

2. write a program to Check Whether a character is Vowel or Consonant.

 3. write a program Find Largest Number Among Three Numbers.

4. Take input from user and Check the year is leap year or not using if else

structure. 5. Program to Find All Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Hint:

For a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 (where a, b and c are coefficients), it's

roots is given by following the formula.

Practice Question If-Else

1. Take values of length and breadth of a rectangle from user and check if it is square or
not.

#incl
ude
<iost
ream
>
using
name
spac
e std;
int
main
()
{
int
length,breadth;
cout<<"Enter
length"<<endl;
cin>>length;
cout<<"Enter
breadth"<<endl;
cin>>breadth;
if(length==breadt
h)
{
cout<<"It is a square"<<endl;
}
else
{ cout<<"It is a
rectangle"<<en
dl;
}
return 0;
}
2. Take two int values from user and print greatest among them.

#incl
ude
<iost
ream
>
using
name
spac
e std;
int
main
()
{
int num1,
num2; cout <<
"Enter two
numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >>
num2; if
(num1 > num2)
{
cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
}
else if (num1 == num2)
{
cout << "Both numbers are equal" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << num2 << " is greater than " << num1 << endl;
}
 return 0;
}
3. 3. A shop will give discount of 10% if the cost of purchased quantity is more than
1000.
Ask user for quantity
Suppose, one unit will cost 100.
Judge and print total cost for user.
#include
<iostream
> using
namespac
e std; int
main()
{
int quantity,price;
cout << "Enter
quantity" << endl;
cin >> quantity;
price =
quantity*
100; if
(price>10
00)
{
cout << "Total cost is " << price-(price*.1) << endl;
}
Else
{
cout << "Total cost is " << price << endl;
}
return 0;
}