Gathering Information
Communication:-
Encoding
Decoding
Language
Sender
Receiver
Medium
Feedback
Follow up
Coding- Language
Encoding- Putting your thoughts into language
Decoding- Deciphering the encoded communication which is relayed
Cipher- A code/communication that requires to be solved
Medium- From through which communication is shared
Feedback- Response of the receiver, showing their comprehension
- Necessary to the progress of conversation
Listen- Voluntary & Learned habit
- To comprehend and tune out background noises
Here- Involuntary habit
- Reception of one's ears of all sounds
Small talk follows the IRSF pattern:
Initiate
Respond
Sustain
Follow up
Drawing Inference
Inference- Drawing conclusions from the data received/experienced
- Reading in between the lines
Depends on:-
Tone
Pitch
Body language
Context
Can't let personal opinion/bias hinder your inference
Clauses & Phrases
Predicate- The remaining of a sentence after the subject
Phrases- Predicates with incomplete meaning (Eg: Thelma and Louise)
Clauses- Predicates having complete meaning
- subject + verb
Eg: The kids are running around in the park.
Relative Clause:
Clauses that contain Relative Pronouns, such as 'who', 'whom',
'which', 'whose' and 'that' are known as 'Relative Clauses'
Relative Pronouns are those that define proceeding noun
There is Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
o Defining Relative Clauses: -Particularly points out the
subject from (a) group(s)
-Removal of the relative pronoun
will change the meaning
o Non-Defining Relative Clauses: -Function is to add an
unnecessary detail
-Removal of the relative
clause doesn't change the meaning.
Parts of Speech
Language: Speech, Tongue
Time: Tense
There are 8 parts of speech:
Noun:
a) Proper Noun: A proper noun is a noun that serves as the
name for a specific place, person, or thing. To distinguish
them from common nouns, proper nouns are
always capitalized in English.
b) Common Noun: A common noun is a noun that describes a
type of person, thing, or place or that names a concept.
Pronoun:
a) 1st person: First-person singular pronouns are 'I,' 'me,' 'my,'
and 'mine. ' First-person plural pronouns are 'we,' 'us,' 'our,'
and 'ours
b) 2nd person: you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves
c) 3rd person: he, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its,
itself, they, them, their, theirs, and themselves
Verb:
a) Transitive: Transitive verbs are not just verbs
that can take an object; they demand objects. Without
an object to affect, the sentence that a transitive
verb inhabits will not seem complete. Eg: Please bring
coffee.
b) Intransitive: An intransitive verb is the opposite of
a transitive verb: It does not require an object to act
upon. Eg: They jumped.
Adverb: for Adjectives & Verbs
Adjective (& Article): [includes 'no' and 'yes']
Conjunction: to join or add 2 or more clauses [includes 'either',
'or', 'neither' and 'nor']
Preposition
Interjection: [includes 'oh', 'ah', 'mhmm', 'hmm', 'wow' {verb as
well}, 'woah' and 'ouch']
Phrasal Verbs: -Two different parts of speech which are put together to
form a phrase
-Preposition + Verb
Order of Adjectives:
1. Opinion
2. Size
3. Age
4. Shape
5. Color
6. Origin
7. Material
8. Purpose
Articles: A word that comes before a noun
1. Definite Article: 'The'
2. Indefinite Article: 'A' or 'An'
Active & Passive Voice
In Active Voice, the focus is on the agent.
In Passive Voice, the focus is no the action.
The difference is the agent and execution of the action.
Technical difference is
Active: Subject - Verb - Object
Passive: O (becoming the subject) - V - 'by' - S (becoming the
agent)
Academic Listening
Interaction- To communicate or have a dialogue with two or more
people
Two kinds of conversations:-
Interactional conversations: -Normal conversation with no
gains/exchanges
-Informal
-Not very meaningful
Transactional conversation: -Meaningful exchanges are involved
-Formal, at workplaces or markets
-Transaction of information takes
place
Note-Taking (10 marks)
Note-taking = Done while listening and noting down
Note-making = Using book and notes-taken as reference to make notes
Involves:-
Listening
Decoding
Comprehension
Note-taking/Writing
Three methods:-
Mind-mapping
Outlining (Point system)
Flowchart- usually for processes and events
Titles and Keyword boxes are necessary
Important symbols:-
+ (advantages)
++ (adding more)
- (disadvantages)
*star* (important, double means 'very important')
? (doubt)
() [] (extra info)
= (equals to/means)
≠ (doesn't mean)
∴ (therefore)
→ (leads to)
∵ (because)
d✓ (double check)
Sentences
4 Types of Sentences
1. Assertive: Normal sentences
2. Interrogative: Questions
3. Exclamatory: Sentences having exclamation points or strong emphasis
4. Imperative: Commanding or ordering sentences
Embedded Questions eliminate the rudeness implied by simple questions
Tenses aren't supposed to change
Clauses added include 'May I know', 'Could you please', etc.
Tones
Intonation- Fluctuation and modulation of tone
-Body language and tone gives contextual information
Two Tones
Falling tone- Reflects declaration or assertion
- Used in interrogatives
- Used in formal entreaties
- Not to instigate a reply
Rising tone- Reflects doubt or questioning
- Used in questions for denoting showing affection and genuine
- Used in imperatives also use it for showing career
- Used for tags, like "Isn't she..?" "..right?", that follow a clause
- Essentially to get a response
Semantic- The particular way a sentence can be phrased to give a particular
meaning
Syntax- The order or system that a language follows
Telephone Conversations
Affected by tone and language
Register- Specific language used for a particular context
Types of Register:
1. Formal
2. Casual
3. Intimate (for people close to you)
4. Frozen (used for rituals and legal procedures)
5. Consultative (used between mentors and mentees, semi-formal)
