0. 3.

Two Physics Class XII

: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
light ispolaroids
193
emergent
polaroid be rotated ofso that
maximum
are kept parallelByto each other so that the
maximum intensity? the intensity. what angle, one of te
intensity of emergent
4. Formula of momentum of the matter waves is :
hc
light fals to half the ()p
Solution: Gi
Then, from the v en,Malus law, (iüi) p mc
s The wavelength of a photon is 5000 (iv) Å.
p=
i)1-32 x 1027 Its momentu wi be :
2-32 x 10-28 metre/sec, () 15x 10 kg
(i) kg x metre sec, metesec.
Cos =
Ans. 1. (ii), 2. (111), 3. (ii), 4. (), 5.).(iv) 5 x 10 kg x metre'se.
Fillinthe Blanks
= cos-I = 45° 1. de-Broglie wavelength is to the mass of the
Angle of rotation = 45°, 2. The wavelength
corresponding to threshold frequencyparticle
wavelength. is caiied
Ans. 3. The concept of photon was first given by
4. 1eV= ... joule.
UNIT 7 5. Photoelectric effect was explained by
6. The number of photo electrons
of incident radiation.
emited per second depend on the
7. Rest mass of electron is

DUALNATURE OF RADIATION 8. A is associated with each moving particle.

Ans. 1. inversely proportional, 2. threshold, 3. Planck, 4. I6 x(2019)
10-19
AND MATTER " True/False
5. Einstein, 6. intensity, 7.9-1 x 1031 kg, 8. wave.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Photon is smallest bundle of energyand momentum.

2. Electron volt (eV) is the unit of charge.
3. de-Broglie waves are electromagnetic waves.
Multiple Choice Questions 4. The number of electrons produced in photoelectric effect depends
1. upon the intensity of incident radiation.
Photoelectric effect was discovered by : photoelectric effect.
5. Lenard did experiment study of4.theTrue,
(i) W. Smith, Ans. 1. True. 2, False. 3. False, 5. True.
(ii) Einstein,
(iii) Hertz, (iv) Marconi. Match the Pairs
2. The relation between the photon
is :
energyE and its momentum p (i)
B*

1. de-Broglie wavelength ,
related to photo (n) 655 x 10 34
(i)EP (i) E= PC ko Einstein's equation
electric effect (ii)
(iii)E=pc, (iv) E=pc. 3. Minimum energy for electron (2019)
3. When photons of energy 6eV fall on the surface of ametal then emission (iv) work function
the maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is 4eV. The 4. Energy of photonconstant
stopping potential will be: Planck's 2022) (vi) unit of energy
()2volt., (i) 4 volt, 5, Value of ,5 ’(0), 6.
6. Electron volt (v), 3. -’(iv) 4 ’ -’ (vi).
(iii)6 volt, (iv) 10 volt. -iü), 2. ’
Ans. I.
 19%6
Pariksha Adhyayan Physics :Class XIu Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 197
" Answer in one word/sentence
0. 3. Explain the meaning of threshold wavelength in the
1. How does de-Broglie shotoelectric effect.
particle ? wavelength depend on the Ans. The maximum wavelength of incident light which can emit te
de-Broglie wavelength varies inversely with the momentum
of a
Ans. lectrons from the metal surface is called thresholdIwavelength.
particle.
2. The mass of a
moving particle is m momentum of a 0. 4. What do you mean by work function in relation to
shotoelectric effect ?
formula for de-Broglie wavelengthand.
velocity isv, then write Ans. The minimum energy required to bring a free electron from
Ans. de-Broglie wavelength à = h orior of a metal to its surface is called the work function of that metal.
3. my 0. 5. What is the importance of threshold frequency in the
The threshold wavelength of ghotoelectric effect ?
if the lithium is8000 . What will hannen
incident ight has a wavelength longer than the Ans. Electrons cannot be emitted from the metal by the light which
wavelength ?
Ans. The electrons will not be emitted.
aboeeney less than threshold frequency, whatever may be ts intensity.
0. 6. What is stopping potential ? (2020, 22)
4. What is the relation between work Ans. The negative potential applied on anode of
function and threshola ioh the nhotoelectriccurrent becomes zero, is called thephotoelectric cell at
wavelength ? stopping potential.
Ans. Work function W = hc, 0. 7. What is the effect of intensity of incident light on stopping
where o is threshold wavelength. potential?
S. The Planck's constant is h and Ans. There is no effect of intensity of incident light on stopping
write the formula for frequency of a photon is u then
Einstein's photoelectric equation. potential because the energy of emitted electrons does not depend upon the
Ans. hu= huo t 2 ntensity of light.
mVmar · Q.8. What is the effect of frequency of incident light on stopping
6. Namne the phenomenon which shows the quantum nature of potential ?
electromagnetic radiation. Ans. The value of stopping potential changes on changing the
Ans. Photoelectric effect. frequency of incident light, because the energy of emitted electrons depends
7. Write the relation between energy and frequency of radiation. upon the frequency of light. On increasing the frequency of incident ight, the
(2020, 23) stopping potential increases.
Ans. E = hu. Q.9. What are matter waves ?
8. What is threshold frequency ? (2022, 23) Or
Ans. See Very Short Answer Q. No. 2. What are de-Broglie waves ? Write the de-Broglie wavelength
(2023)
equation. with each moving
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Ans. According to de-Broglie, a wave is associated wave has
de-Broghe wave. This
particle which is called matter wave or
Q. 1. What is photoelectric effect ? Write Einstein photoelectrie wavelength à = h
here his Planck's
constant andp is the momentum of
equation. (2023) p'
Ans. When a light of low wavelength falls on asurface of metal then {he moving particle. emit eBectrons in photoelectrie
electrons are emitted from the surface of metal. This phenomenon is called Q. 10. Do all incident photons
effect ? collisons insida
1
whose enerY atter their
photoelectric effect. Einstein equation: -mvmax h(u-Do) Ans.No, only those photons thanthe work tunction of metal emit electrons.
What is meant by threshold frequency in the photoelectri he metal, is cqualto or greater
characteristis of matter waves. (2022)
\Q2. Q. 11, Write any
two assoviaked with"moving' material particles
effect ? wavesare
which emits the Ans. (1)Matter
Ans. The minimum frequency of incident light only. electromagnetie in narure
electrons from the metal surface is called the threshold frequency o (2)Matter
waves are not
metal.
 198 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 199
Pariksha Adhyayan Physics :Class XII
0. 12. Write the two laws of h=huo +Eg
Ans. See Answer to Short Answerphotoelectric effect. i.e.,

Q. 13. What is thermionic emissionlype Question No. 1, hu= huot 2 my max [:: E7= m²mard
? or
1
Ans. The process by which free electrons are = hu - hUa
of metal when external heat emitted from the (2019) max

Q. 14. Write any two

energy is applied is called thermionic surface
emisei This is Einstein's equation.
Ans. (1) Reproduction applications
of
of sound, (2) Asphotoelectric
a counter.
cell.
(2020) 0.3. Establish de-Broglie's wave equation.
Ans. We know that the energy of a photon of frequency v and
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS wavelength à is
E=hu ...(1)
0. 1. What is Here h is Planck's constant.
effect. photoelectric effect ? Write the laws of photoelectrie But if the moving mass of photon is m and c is the speed of light then
relation
Or by mass-energy equivalence
What is photoelectric effect ? Write its main E= mc' ...(2)
laws. mc'= hu [From eqns. (1 )and (2)]
Or Thus
mC'C= hu
Write four laws of photoelectric effect. or

Ans. Photoelectric effect-See Very Short pc hu[: me =p(Momentum of photon)]

Lawsof photoelectric effect These laws Answer Type Q. No. 1. hu
(1)The photoelectric emission occurs only are as follows:
p=
when the
incident light on the metal surface is greater than a definite frequency of the h
(threshold frequency). Photoelectrons are not emitted minimum value
true for photons
of incident light is below threshold frequency, when the frequency This is de-Broglie's wave equation. This equation is
light may be. however high the intensity of and other matter particles.
frequency, (i) work
(2) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is directly Q. 4. Explain the meaning of (i) threshold
function, in the photoelectric effect.
proportional to the frequency of incident light. Answer lype Q. Nos. 2and 4
(3)The number of electrons emitted is proportional to the intensity of Ans. See Answer to Very Short stopping potentisl in reference to
of
Q. 5. Explain the meaning stopping potential depend on ) the
incident light. the
photoelectriceffect. How does intensity
(4) Electrons are emitted from the metal surface as soon as the light ofiincident light, and (ii) nature
falls on it. frequency of incident light,(i)
of material of emitter ?
potential-See Answer to Very Short Answer Type
Q. 2. Establish Einstein's relation mmas = ho - ho with Ans. Stopping
respect to photoelectric emission. Q. No. 6. potential on the frequency of incident
() DependenceVeryof stopping
Answer lipe Q. No. 8.
Or Short
Ight-seeAnswer to poteatial on the intensity of incident
Establish Einstein's photoelectric equation. Dependence of stopping
Answer lipe O.No. 7.
(iü) Ver Short
Ans. Let the frequency of the incident photon on the metal surtace b ght-See Answer lo potential on the nature of materia! of
u. Hereu> Vo ofstopping ight on changing the
(üi) Dependencefrequency ofincident the enmitting
The energy of this photon hu is used in two ways : emitter-For a definitepotentialchanges. Morethe work function of emitting
electron from material the stopping potential andless work function of emitting
(1) In the form of work function hu, in bringing the stopping potential.
interior of the metal to its surface. material, lessisthe
thestopping
electron material, more is
emitted
(2) In the form of kinetic energy (Ex), in moving an
of mass with velocity v.