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Lect2 Statics-1

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18 views22 pages

Lect2 Statics-1

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ali0000000
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Statics

Chapter 2: Force Vectors

1
Lecture 2
❑ Objectives:
▪ To show how to add forces and resolve them into
components using the Parallelogram Law.
▪ To express force and position in Cartesian vector form and
explain how to determine the vector’s magnitude and
direction.
▪ To introduce the dot product in order to use it to find the
angle between two vectors or the projection of one vector
onto another. Guidance on engineering calculation
procedures and analysis
2
Scalars and Vectors
Scalar: is any positive or negative physical quantity that can be
completely specified by its magnitude. Examples of scalar
quantities include length, mass, and time.
Vector: is any physical quantity that requires both a magnitude
and a direction for its complete description. Examples of vectors
are force, position, and moment.

The length of the arrow represents the magnitude


of the vector, and the angle θ between the vector
and a fixed axis defines the direction of its line of
action. The head or tip of the arrow indicates the

3sense of direction of the vector, Fig. 2–1.


Vector Operations
❑Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar:
 Multiplying a vector by a positive scalar, its magnitude is
increased by that amount.
 Multiplying a vector by a negative scalar changes the
directional sense of the vector.

4
Vector Operations
❑Vector Addition:
When adding two vectors together it is important to account for
both their magnitudes and their directions.
➢ Using the parallelogram law of addition, a resultant vector
R = A + B, finding through the following procedure:

5
❑Vector Addition:
➢ Using the triangle rule, which is a special case of the parallelogram law,
whereby vector B is added to vector A in a “head-to-tail” fashion. The
vectors can be added in either order, i.e., R = A + B = B + A.

➢ As a special case, if the two vectors A and B are collinear, i.e., both have
the same line of action, the parallelogram law reduces to an algebraic or
scalar addition R = A + B, as shown in Fig. 2–5.

6
Vector Operations
❑Vector Subtraction:
➢ The resultant of the difference between two vectors A and B
of the same type may be expressed as
R= A - B = A + ( - B)

7
Vector Addition of Forces
❑ Forces:
Experimental evidence has shown that a force is a vector quantity
since it has a specified magnitude, direction, and sense and it adds
according to the parallelogram law.
➢ Resultant Force: The two component forces 𝑭𝟏 and 𝑭𝟐 acting on
the pin in Fig. 2–7a can be added together to form the resultant
force 𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 , as shown in Fig. 2–7b. From this
construction, or using the triangle rule, Fig. 2–7c, we can apply the
law of cosines or the law of sines to the triangle in order to obtain
the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction.

8
Vector Addition of Forces
➢ The components of a Force: Sometimes it is necessary to
resolve a force into two components in order to study its
pulling or pushing effect in two specific directions.
▪ From the triangle rule, Fig. 2–8c, the law of sines can then be
applied to determine the unknown magnitudes of the
components.

9
Vector Addition of Forces
➢ Addition of Several Forces: If more than two forces are to
be added, successive applications of the parallelogram law
can be carried out in order to obtain the resultant force. For
example, if three forces 𝑭𝟏 , 𝑭𝟐 , 𝑭𝟑 act at a point O, Fig. 2–9,
the resultant of any two of the forces is 𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 and the
resultant of all three forces; i.e., 𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑 .

10
Vector Addition of Forces
➢ Cosine law:

𝑪= 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸

➢ Sines law:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄
= =
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Example 2.4

Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the


screw eye and its direction measured counterclockwise from
the positive x axis?
𝟔𝟎𝒐
𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑵
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒐
𝑭𝑹

𝟗𝟎𝒐 𝝋 x
𝜶
𝟑𝟎𝒐
𝒐
6𝟎𝟎𝑵 𝟔𝟎

18
Example 2.5
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force 𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive
y
x axis.? 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑰b

𝟑𝟎𝒐
𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒐
x
𝝋
𝑭𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒐

𝟒𝟓𝒐
𝟕𝟓𝒐

𝑭𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑰b

19
Example 2.6
Determine the angle of 𝜽 for connecting member A to the plate so that the
resultant force of 𝑭𝑨 and 𝑭𝑩 is directed horizontally to the right. Also,
what is the magnitude of the resultant force?

20
Example 2.7

21
Homework 2
Problems:
2-6,

2-10,

2-13,

2--16,

2-22

22

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