Subtopic: 2.1 Linear Motion 2.2 Uniformly Accelerated Motion 2.3 Projectile Motion
Subtopic: 2.1 Linear Motion 2.2 Uniformly Accelerated Motion 2.3 Projectile Motion
2
Kinematics
Description of the motion of objects without consideration of what
causes the motion (mass or force).
1 dimension (1D)
2 dimension (2D) Projectile motion
(linear/straight line)
3
2.1 Linear motion
Distance, 𝒅 Displacement, s
o Is defined as o Is defined as
total path shortest
length distance
traversed in (straight line)
moving from between initial
one location to and final point.
A 3m A 10 m
another. o Vector quantity. B
o scalar o can be positive, 2m 2m 5m
quantity. negative or B
o always zero 3m 10 m
SI unit : m s‒1
5
Instantaneous velocity Average velocity Uniform velocity
Velocity at a specific The rate of change of Constant velocity
instant of time along the displacement over a ( for object moves with uniform
path of motion finite interval of time velocity, its instantaneous
∆𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∆𝑠 𝑠2 −𝑠1 velocity equals to the average
𝑣= lim = 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = velocity at any time)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡2 −𝑡1
1 : initial point ; 2 : final point
∆𝒔 𝟗. 𝟒 𝐦 𝒅𝒔 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕 𝐦
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 𝐯= = = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 6
∆𝒕 𝟒. 𝟑 𝐬 𝒅𝒕 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐬
Acceleration, 𝒂
o Is defined as the rate of change of velocity
o vector quantity
o S.I. unit is m s−2.
7
Acceleration Accelerate in forward direction
(increasing speed /
speeding up) and
deceleration
(decreasing speed/
slowing down)
should not be decelerate in forward direction
confused with the
directions of
velocity and
acceleration
8
Average acceleration, 𝒂𝑎𝑣
o Is defined as rate of change in velocity.
o Direction of 𝒂𝑎𝑣 :
✓ Same direction as direction of motion if an object accelerates
(increase in velocity)
✓ Opposite direction to direction of motion if the object decelerates
(decrease in velocity)
9
Instantaneous acceleration, 𝒂 Uniform acceleration
o Is defined as the acceleration at a o An object moves in a uniform acceleration
particular instant of time. when
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑎= lim = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 t1 t 10
Graphical representation of motion
Displacement−time (𝒔 − 𝒕)
Gradient = velocity, 𝒗
(Slope)
Uniform
o Horizontal line − zero 𝑣 (fast) Stationary or
stop (𝑣 = 0) Uniform 𝑣
velocity /at rest
Displacement, 𝑠
returning to
/stationary/stop starting point
Uniform 𝑣 (𝑎 = 0)
Positive Positive
acceleration acceleration
acceleration, a (m s−2)
Zero Zero
acceleration acceleration
Time, 𝑡 (s)
Negative acceleration
13
EXAMPLE 2.1 SOLUTION
N
An object P moves 30 m to the east after
that 15 m to the south and finally moves O 30 m
W E
40 m to west. Determine the displacement
15 m
of P relative to the original position.
P
10 m 30 m
S
The magnitude of the displacement
is given by
14
EXAMPLE 2.2 SOLUTION
A toy train moves slowly along a straight a) 0 to 6 s : The train moves at a
track according to the displacement, s constant velocity of
against time, t graph in FIGURE 2.1. 0.67 cm s−1.
s (cm) 6 to 10 s : The train stops.
10 to 14 s : The train moves in the
10
same direction at a
8
6 constant velocity of
4 1.50 cm s−1.
2 b) v (cm s−1)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s) 1.50
FIGURE 2.1
a) Explain qualitatively the motion of 0.67
the toy train.
b) Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against
time (s) graph 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s) 15
EXAMPLE 2.2 SOLUTION
A toy train moves slowly along a straight s2 − s1
track according to the displacement, s c) vav =
t 2 − t1
against time, t graph in FIGURE 2.1.
10 − 0
s (cm) vav =
10
14 − 0
8 vav = 0.714 cm s −1
6
4
2
d) v = average velocity from
10 s to 14 s
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s) s2 − s1
v=
FIGURE 2.1 t 2 − t1
c) Determine the average
10 − 4
velocity for the whole journey. v=
d) Calculate the instantaneous 14 − 10
velocity at t = 12 s v = 1.50 cm s −1 16
EXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION
A velocity-time (v - t) graph in FIGURE 2.2 a) 0 to 5 s : Lift moves upward
shows the motion of a lift. from rest with a
constant acceleration
v (m s −1) of 0.4 ms−2.
4 5 to 15 s : The velocity of the
2
lift increases from
2 m s−1 to 4 m s−1 but
0 the acceleration
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2 decreasing to 0.2 m s−2.
-4
15 to 20 s : Lift moving with
FIGURE 2.2 constant velocity of
4 m s−1.
a) Describe qualitatively the motion 20 to 25 s : Lift decelerates at a
of the lift.
constant rate of
0.8 m s−2.
25 to 30 s : Lift at rest or stationary. 17
EXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION
A velocity-time (v - t) graph in FIGURE 2.2 a) 30 to 35 s : Lift moves downward
shows the motion of a lift. with a constant
acceleration of
v (m s −1) 0.8 m s−2.
4 35 to 40 s : Lift moving downward
2
with constant velocity
of 4 m s−1.
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s) 40 to 50 s : Lift decelerates at a
-2
constant rate of
-4
0.4 m s−2 and comes to
FIGURE 2.2 rest.
18
EXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION
A velocity-time (v - t) graph in FIGURE 2.2 b)
shows the motion of a lift. a (m s−2)
v (m s −1)
0.8
4 0.6
2 0.4
0 0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-4 -0.2
FIGURE 2.2 -0.4
-0.6
b) Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-1) -0.8
against time (s).
19
EXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION
A velocity-time (v - t) graph in FIGURE 2.2 c) v (m s −1)
shows the motion of a lift.
4
v (m s −1) 2
A2 A3
4 0 A1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2 A4 A5
2
-4
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2 Total distance
-4 = area under the graph of v-t
FIGURE 2.2 = A1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5
1 1 1
c) Determine the total distance = ( 2 )( 5) + ( 2 + 4 )(10 ) + ( 5 + 10 )( 4 )
2 2 2
travelled by the lift and its 1
displacement. (10 + 5)(4 ) + 1 (10)(4 )
2 2
d = 115 m 20
EXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION
A velocity-time (v - t) graph in FIGURE 2.2 c) v (m s −1)
shows the motion of a lift.
4
v (m s −1) 2
A2 A3
4 0 A1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2 A4 A5
2
-4
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2 Displacement
-4 = area under the graph of v-t
FIGURE 2.2 = A1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5
1 1 1
= ( 2 )( 5) + ( 2 + 4 )(10 ) + ( 5 + 10 )( 4 )
c) Determine the total distance 2 2 2
travelled by the lift and its 1
displacement. (10 + 5)(− 4 ) + 1 (10)(− 4 )
2 2
S = 15 m 21
EXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION
A velocity-time (v - t) graph in FIGURE 2.2 v2 − v1
d) aav =
shows the motion of a lift. t 2 − t1
−4−4
v (m s −1) aav =
40 − 20
4
aav = −0.4 m s −2
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t(s)
-2
-4
FIGURE 2.2
22
Question 1
Answer : A
23
Question 2
Answer : D 24
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1. Figure 2.3 shows a velocity versus time graph for an object constrained to move along a
line. The positive direction is to the right.
Velocity (m/s) 2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-1
-2
-3
Time (s)
2. A train pulls out of a station and accelerates steadily for 20 s until its velocity reaches 8 m s−1.
It then travels at a constant velocity for 100 s, then it decelerates steadily to rest in a further
time of 30 s.
a. Sketch a velocity-time graph for the journey.
b. Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in each part of the journey.
c. Calculate the average velocity for the journey.