ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 387

5
00

ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv
Programming Language

æ ˆcÉvMÉvg Avgiv KwÁ·DUvGi AmsLÅ ŠewPòÅgq KvR KGi ^vwK|

æ Abyev`K ˆjLvGjwLi KvR, Mvb ˆkvbv, wfwWI ˆ`Lv, ˆMBg
æ AÅvjMwi`g
ˆLjv, MÉvwdÝ AviI KZ Kx| ‰B mKj KvR Kivi
cÉavb cÉavb kõ

æ ˆdÑvPvUÆ
æ ˆWUv UvBc RbÅ Avgiv wf®² wf®² mdUIqÅvi ev ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi
æ PjK Kwi| ‰B ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv ŠZwi nGjv KxfvGe? gƒjZ ˆcÉvMÉvg
æ aË‚eK ŠZwi Kiv nq ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi mvnvGhÅ| ‰ AaÅvGq Avgiv
æ AcvGiUi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ Rvbe ‰es ‘wm’
æ jywcs
æ AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv Avqî Kie|

cvV cwiK͸bv
‰ AaÅvGqi cvVàGjv cGo hv hv wkLe
cvV 1, 2 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv I ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv
cvV 3, 4 wewf®² DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv
æ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv
cvV 5 PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv
æ wewf®² Õ¦Gii ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv
cvV 6 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb I ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii
æ eÅenvwiK : ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb cÉ`kÆb avcmgƒn
æ ˆcÉvMÉvg AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ cÉÕ§Z Kiv cvV 7-10 AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ
æ ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉÕ§Z Kiv cvV 11, 12 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWj
cvV 13, 14 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg
cvV 15, 16 ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z ˆWUv UvBc
cvV 17-19 ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z aË‚eK I PjK
cvV 20 ivwkgvjv I wK-IqvWÆ
cvV 21-23 BbcyU / AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
cvV 24 eÅenvwiK wbG`Ækvejx I wKQy ˆcÉvMÉvg
cÉÅvKwUm
cvV 25, 26 KG´ŸÈvj I Kw´£kbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
cvV 27, 28 jyc I jyGci eÅenvi
cvV 29, 30 AÅvGi I AÅvGii eÅenvi
cvV 31, 32 dvskb I dvskGbi eÅenvi
 388 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 1 I 2 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv I ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv

5.1 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv (Concept of Program)

KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi Kivi gƒj DGókÅ nGœQ mgmÅv mgvavb Kiv| ˆKvb mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆevaMgÅ fvlvq wbG`Æk ˆjLv nq hv ˆmvmÆ ˆKvW bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰i…c mvwie«¬ myk†›Lj ‰K MyœQ wbG`Æk gvjvi
mgwÓ¡GK ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| KwÁ·DUvi ‰ wbG`Ækgvjv mgƒnGK chÆvqKÌwgKfvGe cvjGbi gvaÅGg wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi mgvavb
KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg mgmÅv mgvavGbi DGóGkÅ eÅen†Z KZàGjv wbG`ÆGki mgwÓ¡GK ejv nq ˆcÉvMÉvg|
KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii weGkl aiGbi ˆKŒkjGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs eGj| whwb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs KGib ZvGK
ˆcÉvMÉvgvi eGj| ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ˆh fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvwgs KGi ZvGK ejv nq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv ev ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv| gƒjZ
avivevwnKfvGe wjwLZ Kgv´£ ev wbG`ÆkmgƒnGKB ˆcÉvMÉvg ejv nq|
weLÅvZ BsGiR Kwe jWÆ evBiGbi KbÅv AÅvWv jvfGjm (Ada Lovelace) eviGbvwj
bÁ¼i (Bernoulli Number) eÅenvi KGi avivevwnKfvGe wnmvGei RbÅ ‰KwU
ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KGib| Zuvi wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU cÉ^g ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe weGewPZ nq ‰es
‰RbÅ ZuvGK cÉ^g ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ejv nq| cieZxÆGZ ‰ KvGRi Õ¼xK‡wZ Õ¼i…c AÅvWv
jvfGjm bvGg ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi bvgKiY Kiv nq hv ‰Wv (Ada) bvGg cwiwPZ|
5.2 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv (Programming Language)
gGbifve cÉKvGki gvaÅg nGœQ fvlv| Š`bw±`b RxeGb Avgiv ciÕ·Gii mvG^
ˆhvMvGhvM ev wewf®² iKg mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ bvbv iKg fvlv eÅenvi Kwi|
Avgiv ‰GK AcGii mvG^ fve wewbgGqi RbÅ ˆhgb wewf®² fvlv eÅenvi Kwi,
ˆZgwb KwÁ·DUviGK AvgvG`i cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Ækvejx ˆ`qvi RbÅ weGkl aiGbi
fvlv eÅenvi Kiv nq| gvbyGli fvlv KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGibv, KwÁ·DUvi ˆevGS wPò : AÅvWv jvfGjm
[R¯Ã: 10 wWGmÁ¼i, 1815
KwÁ·DUvGii wbRÕ¼ fvlv| ‰me fvlvB gƒjZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv| KwÁ·DUvGii fvlvq g†ZzÅ: 27 bGfÁ¼i, 1852]
eÅen†Z eYÆ nGœQ 0 ‰es 1| KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb wKQy wbw`ÆÓ¡ msGKZ I
wPn× eÅenvi KGi weGkl wbqgvbymvGi mvwRGq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RbÅ eÅen†Z ‰ mKj msGKZ,
wPn× I wbqgàGjvGK ‰KGò ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv eGj| ˆhgb gvbyGli gGaÅ fvlvi wf®²Zv AvGQ, ˆZgwb KwÁ·DUvGiI
AGbK aiGbi fvlv eÅen†Z nq| ZGe fvlv hvB ˆnvK bv ˆKb, Zv 0 ‰es 1 w`GqB KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGZ nq|
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ gvbyGli ˆhvMvGhvGMi gvaÅg nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii fvlv| KwÁ·DUvGii fvlv nGœQ gƒjZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi
fvlv| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv ejGZ Avgiv eywS KZàGjv wbG`Æk hv KwÁ·DUviGK wbq¯¨Y KiGe ‰es KwÁ·DUvi Kx
aiGbi KvR KiGe, ˆWUv ˆKv^vq ivLGe, djvdj Kx nGe BZÅvw` wbaÆviY Kiv|
ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyhvqx ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlvGK cuvPwU cÉRG¯Ã (Generation) fvM Kiv hvq| h^v
1. cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (1945) : ˆgwkb fvlv (Machine language)
2. w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (1950) : AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv (Assembly language)
3. Z‡Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (1960) : DœPZi fvlv (High level language)
4. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (1970) : AwZ DœPZi fvlv (Very high level language)
5. cçg cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (1980) : Õ¼vfvweK ev bÅvPvivj fvlv (Natural language)|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 389

cÉGqvM cÉR¯Ã ˆjGfj

K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv I bÅvPvivj jÅvãyGqR| ˆhgb : Prolog, LISP 5GL
High Level
ˆWUvGeR| ˆhgb : SQL 4GL

weævb I MGelYv| ˆhgb : FORTRAN,

eÅemvq cÉGqvM| ˆhgb : COBOL, 3GL Mid Level
eüwea cÉGqvM| ˆhgb : BASIC, C

ˆgwkb fvlv ˆ^GK wKQyUv D®²Z| ˆhgb : Assembly language 2GL

Low Level
KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb fvlv| ˆhgb : Machine language 1GL

wPò : wewf®² cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv

5.3 ˆgwkb fvlv ev hvw¯¨K fvlv (Machine Language)
meÆcÉ^g 1945 mvGj ˆgwkb fvlv Pvjy nq| ‰wUGK KwÁ·DUvGii cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv ejv nq| KwÁ·DUvGii
wbRÕ¼ fvlv nGœQ ˆgwkb fvlv| ‰wU KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgŒwjK fvlv| ˆgwkb fvlvq ÷aygvò 0 ‰es 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq
eGj ˆKvGbv wbG`Æk KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi eySGZ cvGi| ‰wUi gvaÅGg mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv
hvq| ˆgwkb fvlvq weU, evBU I ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈm eÅenvi Kiv nq| myZivs ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆhme wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq
ZvG`i Pvi fvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
ˆhgb- 1. MvwYwZK (Arithmetic) : ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY, fvM
2. wbq¯¨Y (Control) : ˆjvW (Load), ˆÕ¡vi (Store) I RvÁ· (Jump)
3. BbcyU-AvDUcyU (input output) : co (Read) I ˆjL (Write)
4. cÉZÅÞ eÅenvi (Direct use) : AviÁ¿ (Start), ^vgv (Halt) I ˆkl (End)
myweav:
1. ˆgwkb fvlvi meGPGq eo myweav nGœQ mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq|
2. ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni RbÅ Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq bv dGj `Ë‚Z KvR KGi|
3. ˆgwkb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvGg AwZ A͸ ˆgGgvwi cÉGqvRb nq|
4. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii MVb fvGjvfvGe eySGZ nGj ‰B fvlv RvbGZ nq|
Amyweav:
1. ˆgwkb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg mvaviYZ ˆevSv hvq bv|
2. ÷ay 0 I 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq eGj ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv KÓ¡mvaÅ|
3. ‰ fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ cÉPzi mgq jvGM ‰es fzj nevi mÁ¿vebv Lye ˆewk ^vGK|
4. fzj nGj Zv ˆei Kiv ‰es ò‚wUgyÚ Kiv Lye KwVb|
5. ‰K aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
 390 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

5.4 AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv (Assembly Language)

AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi cÉPjb ÷i‚ nq 1950 mvj ˆ^GK| AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK mvsGKwZK (Symbolic) fvlvI ejv nq|
w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGi ‰B fvlv eÅvcKfvGe cÉPwjZ wQj| ˆgwkb fvlvi gGZv AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq 0 I 1
eÅenvi bv KGi KZKàGjv weGUi mgwÓ¡ wbGq MwVZ BsGiwR eGYÆi mvnvGhÅ weGkl ˆKvGW KwÁ·DUviGK wbG`Æk
ˆ`Iqv nq| AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi ˆÞGò wbG`Æk I ˆWUvi AÅvGWÈm evBbvwi ev ˆnÝv msLÅvi mvnvGhÅ bv w`Gq msGKGZi
mvnvGhÅ ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰B msGKZGK eGj mvsGKwZK ˆKvW (Symbolic Code) ev ˆbGgvwbK (Nemonic)| ‰wU
AGbKUv mnRGevaÅ|
ˆhgb: ‘ˆhvM’ ev Addition KivGK ˆjLv nq ADD
‘weGqvM’ ev Subtraction KivGK ˆjLv nq SUB
‘àY’ ev Multiply ˆK ˆjLv nq MUL
‘fvM’ ev Division ˆK ˆjLv nq DIV BZÅvw`|
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq cÉwZwU wbG`ÆGki PviwU Ask ^vGK| K. ˆjGej, L. Ac-ˆKvW, M. AcvGi´£ I N. KGg´Ÿ|
ˆjGej AcGKvW AcvGi´£ KGg´Ÿ
ˆjGej: ˆjGeGj wbG`ÆGki mvsGKwZK wVKvbv ^vGK| ˆhgb- RvGÁ·i mgq cieZÆx wbG`ÆGki wVKvbv ˆjGeGj ˆ`Iqv
nq, ZGe ˆjGej me mgq bvI ^vKGZ cvGi| ˆjGeGji 1-2wU AÅvjdvwbDGgwiK eYÆ ^vGK| ‰B eGYÆi gGaÅ ˆKvb
duvK ^vGK bv| wbG`Æk ˆbGgvwbK (ˆhgb LDA) I ˆiwRÕ¡vGii bvg ˆjGej wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
AcGKvW: ‰GZ wbG`Æk ˆbGgvwbK ^vGK| ‰ ˆbGgvwbKàGjv wewf®² KwÁ·DUvGi wewf®² nGZ cvGi, wbGÁ² DGÍÏL Kiv
nGjv|
wbG`Æk
cƒYÆic
… I DœPviY eÅvLÅv
ˆbGgvwbK
LDA Load Accumulator- cÉavb ˆgGgvwii ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ AeÕ©vGbi msLÅv AÅvwKDgyGjUGi
ˆjvW AÅvwKDgyGjUi ivLvi wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq|
ADD ADD-AÅvW `ywU AcvGi´£-‰i gGaÅ ˆhvM Kivi wbG`Æk eySvGbv nq|
CLR CLEAR-wKÑqvi AÅvwKDgyGjUi Lvwj Kivi Kgv´£|
STA Store Accumulator- AÅvwKDgyGjUGi ˆWUv msiÞY Kivi wbG`Æk|
ˆÕ¡vi AÅvwKDgyGjUi
SUB SUBtract-weGqvM `ywU AcvGi´£-‰i gGaÅ weGqvM Kivi wbG`Æk eySvGbv nq|
MUL MULtiply-àY `ywU AcvGi´£ ‰i gGaÅ àY Kivi wbG`Æk eySvGbv nq|
DIV DIVide-fvM `ywU AcvGi´£ ‰i gGaÅ fvM Kivi wbG`Æk eySvGbv nq|
OR OR-Ai `ywU AcvGi´£ ‰i gGaÅ jwRKÅvj Ai AcvGikb eySvq|
JMU JUMP-RvÁ· wbtkZÆfvGe ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb hvIqvi wbG`Æk|
INP INPUT-BbcyU ˆWUv ev wbG`Æk MÉnY KGi ˆgGgvwii wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb ivLv|
OUT OUTPUT-AvDUcyU ˆgGgvwii ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ welqGK AvDUcyGU cvVvGbvi wbG`Æk|
STP STOP-^vgv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ^vgvGbvi wbG`Æk|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 391
AcvGi´£: AcGKvW hvi Dci KvR KGi ZvGK AcvGi´£ eGj| AcvGiG´£i AeÕ©vGbi wVKvbv eySvGbvi RbÅ
mvaviYZ AvjdvwbDGgwiK eYÆ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb A, B, X, Y, AM, XY BZÅvw`|
g¯¦eÅ: KGg´Ÿ ev g¯¦eÅ wbG`ÆGki ˆKvb Ask bq| g¯¦eÅ AvmGj cÉGZÅK wbG`ÆGki eÅvLÅv hv ciewZÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ev
AbÅ ˆKD ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mwVK A^Æ mnGR eySGZ cvGi| AcvGi´£ wdGΣi ci ˆKvjb (t) ev ˆmwgGKvjb (;) w`Gq
g¯¦eÅ ˆjLv hvq|
D`vniY: A I B ˆhvM KGi C AeÕ©vGb ivLGZ nGe| ‰LvGb A ev B ‰i AeÕ©vGbi AÅvGWÈmGKI h^vKÌGg A ev
B ejv nq| wbGP A I B ˆhvM KGi C AeÕ©vGb ivLvi RbÅ AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
CLR AÅvwKDgyGjUi Lvwj Kiv|
INP: A A msLÅvwUGK BbcyU ˆ^GK cÉavb ˆgGgvwi A AeÕ©vGb ivLv|
INP: B B msLÅvwUGK BbcyU ˆ^GK cÉavb ˆgGgvwi B AeÕ©vGb ivLv|
LDA: A AÅvwKDgyGjUGi A ivLv|
ADD: B B ˆK AÅvwKDgyGjUGii msLÅvi mvG^ ˆhvM KGi ˆhvMdj AÅvwKDgyGjUGi ivLv|
STA : C AÅvwKDgyGjUGii msLÅv C AeÕ©vGb ivLv|
OUT : C djvdj C PjGKi gvaÅGg cÉ`kÆb Kiv|
STP ^vgv|
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvGi mivmwi eySGZ cvGi bv| ‰RbÅ ‰ RvZxq ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq
i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nq| ‰ i…cv¯¦Gii KvGR weGkl ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK
ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv nq ZvGK AÅvGmÁ¼jvi eGj| wbGÁ²i wPGò AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn cÉwKÌqv ˆ`LvGbv
nGjv@
AÅvGmÁ¼wj ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlv AÅvGmÁ¼jvi AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg

AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi myweav:

 AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv hvw¯¨K fvlvi Zzjbvq AGbK mnR|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ Kg mgq jvGM|
 ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈGmi weeiGYi `iKvi nq bv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg cwieZÆb Kiv mnR|
 ˆgwkGbi Afů¦ixY MVb mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv hvq|
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi Amyweav:
 ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi mgq ˆcÉvMÉvgviGK ˆgwkb mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ^vKGZ nq|
 fzj ò‚wU ˆei Kiv KÓ¡mvaÅ eÅvcvi|
 wf®² wf®² ˆgwkGb wf®² wf®² AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eÅenvi KiGZ nq|
 Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq|
 mivmwi ˆgwkb eySGZ cvGi bv|
 392 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

hvw¯¨K fvlv I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ:

cv^ÆGKÅi welq hvw¯¨K fvlv AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv
1. msæv evBbvwi msLÅv 0 I 1 w`Gq ŠZwi fvlvGK mswÞµ¦ mvsGKwZK wPn× ev mnvqK bvg w`Gq
hvw¯¨K fvlv eGj| wjwLZ fvlvGK AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eGj|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv hvw¯¨K fvlv mswÞµ¦ AvKvGi ˆjLv hvq| ‰ fvlv Lye Kg mgGq iPbv Kiv hvq|
3. wbfÆi ‰ fvlv KwÁ·DUvi wbfÆi fvlv| ‰ fvlv h¯¨wbfÆi fvlv|
4. wf®² wf®² ‰ fvlvq ‰K KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ wf®² wf®² hG¯¨i RbÅ wf®² wf®² AÅvGmÁ¼wj
KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi PvjvGbv hvq bv| fvlv eÅen†Z nq|
5.5 gaÅg Õ¦Giifvlv (Mid Level Language)
ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi gGaÅ ˆjv-ˆjGfj I nvB-ˆjGfj Dfq fvlvi ŠewkÓ¡Å we`Ågvb ZvGK gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv eGj|
KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi wbq¯¨Y I wmGÕ¡g ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi RbÅ weU chÆvGqi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv nGœQ gaÅg Õ¦Gii
fvlv| ‰ fvlvq DœPZi fvlvi myweav cvIqv hvq| Avevi wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlvqI ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv hvq| gaÅg Õ¦Gii
KGqKwU fvlv nGjv C, FORTH, Macro-Assembler|
gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlvi myweav:
1. ‰B fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆevSv ˆcÉvMÉvgviG`i KvGQ mnRmvaÅ|
2. ˆhGKvGbv aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGi wbeÆvn Kiv mÁ¿e|
3. ‰Kevi wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg cieZÆxGZ cwieZÆb Kiv mnR|
4. fzj nIqvi mÁ¿vebv Kg ^vGK ‰es fzj msGkvab Kiv mÁ¿e|
gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlvi Amyweav:
1. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq|
2. ‰ fvlv ˆgwkb mivmwi eySGZ cvGibv|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn KiGZ ˆgwkb fvlvi Zzjbvq ˆewk mgq jvGM|
4. DœPZi fvlvi Zzjbvq ‰B fvlv KwVb|

KvR :
AvBwmwU mÅvi KÑvGm ejGjb AGbK AvGM 0 ‰es 1 eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nZ| Avevi wewf®²
cÉKvi mvsGKwZK wPn× eÅenvi KGiI ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nZ|
cÉk²: DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv `ywUi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆGKÅ weGkÏlY Ki|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 393

cvV-3 I 4 wewf®² DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv

5.6 DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv (High Level Language)

ˆgwkb I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ‰gbwK ‰ aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg
mnGR ˆevSv KÓ¡Ki| ‰mKj Amyweav ˆ^GK iÞvi RbÅ ciewZÆGZ DœP Õ¦Gii fvlvi D«¿e NGU| DœPZi fvlv ev nvB
ˆjGfj fvlvi mvG^ gvbyGli fvlvi (ˆhgb: BsGiwR) wgj AvGQ| nvB ˆjGfj fvlv gvbyl mnGRB `Ë‚Z wjLGZ, ejGZ
I gGb ivLGZ cvGi| ‰B Õ¦Gii fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg wewf®² aiGbi ˆgwkGb eÅenvi Kiv mÁ¿e| A^Ævr, ‰B fvlv
KwÁ·DUvi msMVGbi wbq¯¨GYi EGa»Æ, ‰ KviGY ‰me fvlvGK DœPZi fvlv ejv nq| ‰wU gvbyl mnGR eySGZ
cviGjI KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi eySGZ cvGi bv eGj Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ ‰GK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi
wbGZ nq| D`vniY: Qbasic, Pascal, C/C++, JAVA BZÅvw`|
5.6.1 DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi cÉKviGf` (Classifications of High Level Language)
wewf®² fvlvi cÉGqvM ˆÞò wewf®²| cÉGqvGMi wfwîGZ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvGK mvaviYZ wbÁ²wjwLZ `yB fvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
 mvaviY KvGRi fvlv (General Purpose Language)
 weGkl KvGRi fvlv (Special Purpose Language)
ˆhme fvlv me aiGbi KvGRi DcGhvMx KGi ŠZwi Kiv nq Zv mvaviY KvGRi fvlv bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆhgb
BASIC, PASCAL, C BZÅvw`| Avi ˆhme fvlv weGkl weGkl KvGRi DcGhvMx KGi ŠZwi Kiv nq Zv weGkl
KvGRi fvlv bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆhgb@ COBOL, ALGOL, FORTRAN BZÅvw`|
DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi eÅenvi:
 eo ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KiGZ
 e†nr ˆWUv cÉGmwms ‰i ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KiGZ
 ˆhme ˆÞGò cÉPzi ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb ˆmme ˆÞGòi mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KiGZ
 RwUj MvwYwZK wnmve wbKvGki mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KiGZ
 AÅvwµÏGKkb cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KiGZ
 wewf®² aiGbi AGUvGgwUK cÉGmm KG´ŸÈvj KiGZ|
myweav: 1. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv mnR I wjLGZ Kg mgq jvGM|
2. fzj nevi mÁ¿ebv Kg ^vGK ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ò‚wU msGkvab KivI mnR|
3. ‰ fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii msMVb mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ^vKvi cÉGqvRb ˆbB|
4. ‰K gGWGji KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ gGWGji KwÁ·DUvGi PGj|
Amyweav: 1. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvq mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq bv|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvgGK Abyev` KGi KwÁ·DUviGK eywSGq w`GZ nq|
3. ˆewk ˆgGgvwi cÉGqvRb nq|
 394 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wbGP wKQy DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv: #include<stdio.h>

void main(){
5.6.2 wm (C) int a, b, sum;
1970 mvGj AvGgwiKvi ˆej jÅveGiUwii MGelK ˆWwbm wiwP printf("Enter two number :");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
C fvlv D«¿veb KGib| ‰wU wmGÕ¡g ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwiGZ ˆek sum=a+b;
RbwcÉq| “C” ˆK KwÁ·DUvi fvlvi RbK ejv nq| ‰ fvlvi printf("Sum=%d",sum);
}
AGbK msÕ•iY iGqGQ| ˆhgb: C, ANSI C, Turbo C,
Visual C BZÅvw`| cieZÆx cvGV C fvlv wbGq weÕ¦vwiZ wPò: ‰KwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvg
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGqGQ|
5.6.3 wm++ (C++)
C fvlvq bZzb ŠewkÓ¡Å I myweav cÉ`vb KGi ciewZÆ msÕ•iGY #include<iostream.h>
C++ fvlvq cwiYZ nq| 1980 mvGj weqviGb Õ¡ÈvDmÕ¡È~c void main(){
int a, b, sum;
hyÚivGÓ¡Çi (Bjarne Stroustrup) AT & T Bell Laboratory cout<<"Enter two number:";
ˆZ ‰wU ŠZwi KGib| ‰GZ bZyb ˆh myweav msGhvRb Kiv nq Zv cin>>a>>b;
sum=a+b;
nGœQ AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW wdPvi| gƒjZ 1979 mvj ˆ^GK ‰i
cout<<"Sum="<<sum;
MGelYv ÷i‚ nq ‘C DB^ KÑvGkm’ bvGg| ‰ KviGY wm ++ ˆK wm- }
‰i ewaÆZ msÕ•iY ev mycviGmU ejv nq| ˆUÝU ‰wWUi ŠZwi,
wPò: ‰KwU wm++ ˆcÉvMÉvg
KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvi ŠZwi, ˆWUvGeR nÅv´£wjs, KwgDwbGKkb
wmGÕ¡g wWRvBb, wWwÕ¡ÈweDGUW wmGÕ¡g wWRvBb, wiGqj-UvBg wmGÕ¡g wWRvBb I DBG´£vwfwîK ‰ÅvwµÏGKkbmgƒn
wm++ ‰i AbbÅ Ae`vb| wm++ w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ ‰Ý DBG´£v wmGÕ¡g, wKDU BZÅvw`i gZ MÉvwdKÅvj
wWmGµÏ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs| AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i `ywbqvq ‰KwU wKse`w¯¦ ‰es Rvfvi m†wÓ¡i
ˆcÉiYv nGjv wm++| gwRjv dvqvidÝ Avi ˆKÌvwgqvg eËvDRiI wK¯§ ˆewkifvMB wm++ ‰ ˆjLv| 1985 mvj
ˆ^GK ‰i evwYwRÅK eÅenvi ÷i‚ nq|
5.6.4 wfRyqÅvj ˆewmK (Visual Basic)
wek¼LÅvZ mdUIqÅvi wbgÆvZv cÉwZÓ¤vb gvBGKÌvmdU 1991 Sub Main()
mvGj DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg KvÕ¡gvi AÅvwµÏGKkb Dim firstNum As Integer
Dim secondNum As Integer
mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii RbÅ wfRyqÅvj ˆewmK wbgÆvY KGi| ‰wU Dim sum As Integer
gƒjZ ˆewmK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi “MÉvwdKÅvj BDRvi Console.WriteLine("Enter first number:")
firstNum = Console.ReadLine
B´ŸviGdm” fvmÆb| wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs -‰ BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb Console.WriteLine("Enter second number:")
wdPvi msGhvRb Kiv nq, dGj ˆh ˆKD BœQv KiGj secondNum = Console.ReadLine
sum = firstNum + secondNum
wfRyqÅvj ˆewmK eÅenvi KGi A͸ mgGq KvÕ¡gvBRW Console.WriteLine("Sum=" & sum)
AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi| cieZÆxGZ ‰i Console.ReadLine()
End Sub
AGbK fvmÆb ŠZwi nq| eZÆgvGb VB.Net nGœQ fvPÆyqÅvj
wiGqwjwU mgmvgwqK fvmÆb| wPò: ‰KwU wfRyqÅvj ˆewmK ˆcÉvMÉvg
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 395

5.6.5 Rvfv (Java)

mvb gvBGKÌvwmGÕ¡Ggi ŠZwi AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs import java.util.Scanner;
fvlv nGœQ Rvfv| ‰wU KÑvm ˆeRW I mÁ·ƒYÆ AeGRÙ public class JavaProgram
{
IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv| 1991 mvGji ˆkGli w`GK
public static void main(String args[])
ˆRgm Mmwjs -‰i ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰K`j weGklæ KZ‡ÆK Rvfv {
fvlvi Drcwî| cÉ^Gg ‰i bvg wQGjv OAK| gƒjZ ‰wU int a, b, sum;
OAK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi cieZÆx msÕ•iY hv 1995 mvGji Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Ryb gvGm evRvGi AvGm| mvb gvBGKÌvwmGÕ¡g OAK System.out.print("Enter Two Numbers:");
a = scan.nextInt();
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ŠZwi KGiwQGjb gƒjZ nÅv´£GnΣ BGjÙÌwbK b = scan.nextInt();
wWfvBGmi (nvGZ enbKvix BGjÙËwbK h¯¨) RbÅ| sum = a + b;
KviYekZ ‰wU RbwcÉqZv cvq wb| cieZÆxGZ bvg cwieZÆb System.out.print("Sum=" +sum);
KGi ‰GZ WWW ‰i wdPvimgƒn msGhvRb Kiv nq| }
}
dGj B´ŸviGbUfzÚ h¯¨mgƒGn Rvfv µÏvUdgÆ bvGg bZyb ‰KUv
cwiGek ŠZwi nq| hv me aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wPò: ‰KwU Rvfv ˆcÉvMÉvg
mvGcvUÆ KGi|
DECLARE
5.6.6 IivKj (Oracle) Var1 integer;
Var2 integer;
ˆWUvGeR msKÌv¯¦ mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii meGPGq eo cÉwZÓ¤vb Var3 integer;
IivKj KGcÆvGikb| 1977 mvGj ‰W IqvUm I ee BEGIN
gvBbviGK mvG^ wbGq Oracle ŠZwi KGib jÅvwi ‰wjmb| Var1:=&var1;
IivKj ‰KwU RDBMS ˆcÉvMÉvg| wmwKDwiwUi w`K w`Gq Var2:=&var2;
meGPGq kwÚkvjx I ˆewk ˆWUv aviYÞg RDBMS nGœQ Var3:=var1+var2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Var3);
IivKj| END;
wPò: ‰KwU IivKj ˆcÉvMÉvg
BEGIN
5.6.7 AÅvjMj (Algol) integer a;
1958 mvGj BDGivwcqvb I AvGgwiKvb KwÁ·DUvi integer b;
integer sum;
weævbxG`i ˆhŒ^ DG`ÅvGM AÅvjMj (ALGOrithomic
READ Int(a);
Language) ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvãyGqR ŠZwi nq| ‰wU eÅenvi READ Int(b);
nGZv gƒjZ MGelYvi RbÅ| AbÅvbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvGK sum:=a + b;
AÅvjMwi`Ggi eYÆbvi KvGR mnGhvwMZv KiZ| PRINT Int(sum)
END
wPò: ‰KwU AÅvjMj ˆcÉvMÉvg
5.6.8 ˆdviUÇvb (Fortran) INTEGER a,b,sum
DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi gGaÅ meGPGq Avw`gZg fvlv nGœQ PRINT *, 'Enter Two Numbers:'
READ *, a,b
ˆdviUÇvb (FORmula TRANslation)| 1953 mvGj sum = a + b
AvBwe‰g (IBM) ‰i MGelK Rb eÅvKvm IBM 704 PRINT *, 'Sum=' , sum
ˆgBb ˆdÌg KwÁ·UvGii RbÅ ‰wU ŠZwi KGib| MvwYwZK END
RwUj wnmve- wbKvGki myweavi RbÅ ŠZwi Kiv nGqwQj|
‰wU cÉGKŒkj msKÌv¯¦ MGelYvi KvGR ‰LGbv ˆek RbwcÉq| wPò: ‰KwU ˆdviUÇvb ˆcÉvMÉvg
 396 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

5.6.9 cvB^b (Python)

print("Enter two numbers: ");
cvB^b ‰KwU gvwΟcÅvivwWRg ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv hv ‰KB mvG^ AeGRÙ val1 = int(input());
IwiGqG´ŸW I Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ wdPvi mvGcvUÆ KGi| WvBbvwgK IGqe val2 = int(input());
sum = val1 + val2;
AÅvwµÏGKkbmn AGbK wKQy ŠZwiGZ cvB^b ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv eÅenvi Kiv print("Sum=",sum);
nq| 1991 mvGj ˆb`vijÅv´£-‰i KwÁ·DUvi weævbx àBGWv fÅvb
ˆivmvg ‰B ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ŠZwi KGib| weËwUÇk KGgwW ˆkv “gvwΟ wPò: ‰KwU cvB^b ˆcÉvMÉvg
cvB^b” -‰i bvGg cvB^b fvlvi bvgKiY KGib|
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv I DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv
1. mswÞµ¦ mvsGKwZK wPn× ev Nemonic Code 1. BsGiwR fvlv eÅenvi KGi ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv
w`Gq wjwLZ fvlvGK AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eGj| nq ZvGK DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv eGj|
2. ‰ fvlvi fzj mnGR wbYÆq Kiv hvq bv| 2. ‰ fvlvi fzj wbYÆq Kiv mnR|
3. ‰ fvlv h¯¨wbfÆi fvlv| 3. ‰ fvlv eÅenviKvix wbfÆi fvlv|
4. wf®² wf®² hG¯¨i RbÅ wf®² wf®² AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv 4. ‰ fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆh ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGi
eÅen†Z nq| eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
ˆgwkb fvlv / wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv I DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
ˆgwkb fvlv / wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv
1. KwÁ·DUvi ‰ fvlv mivmwi eySGZ cvGi| 1. KwÁ·DUvi ‰ fvlv mivmwi eySGZ cvGi bv|

2. ‰K gGWGji ˆgwkGbi RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ 2. ˆh ˆKvGbv gGWGji RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ
ˆKvGbv ˆgwkb eySGZ cvGi bv| gGWGji ˆgwkb eySGZ cvGi|
3. ˆgwkb fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvgviGK KwÁ·DUvGii jwRKÅvj 3. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvgviGK KwÁ·DUvGii
MVb mÁ·GKÆ fvj ævb ^vKGZ nq| jwRKÅvj MVb mÁ·GKÆ ævb bv ^vKGjI nq|
4. ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv LyeB KwVb I mgq 4. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv mnR I Kg mgq
mvGcÞ| cÉGqvRb nq|
5. mivmwi evBbvwi fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nGq ^vGK| 5. gvbyGli ˆevaMgÅ fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nq | ZGe
dGj AbyevG`i cÉGqvRb nq bv| Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg «¼viv evBbvwi fvlvq i…cv¯¦i
KGi wbGZ nq|
6. Kg cwigvY jwRK I ˆgGgvwiGZ ‰ fvlvq wjwLZ 6. ‰ fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn KiGZ ˆewk
ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn Kiv hvq| cwigvY jwRK I ˆgGgvwi cÉGqvRb nq|

KvR:
1. ˆKvb Õ¦Gii fvlv wewf®² wWfvBGm eÅenvi KiGZ Amyweav nq bv? eÅvLÅv Ki|
2. ‰B cvGV DwÍÏwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvàGjvi gGaÅ ŠewkÓ¡ÅMZ cv^ÆKÅ wbi…cY Ki|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 397

cvV 5 PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv

5.7 PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (4th Generation Language-4GL)
KwÁ·DUvGi ev wWwRUvj wWfvBGm AwZ mnGR eÅenvGii RbÅ weGkl fvlvGK PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv ev 4GL ejv
nq| ‰wU Non-Procedural fvlv A^Ævr ‰B fvlvq ÷ay eGj w`GZ nq ˆh Kx djvdj cÉGqvRb| KxfvGe KvhÆ
mgvavb KiGZ nGe Zv eÅvLÅv Kivi cÉGqvRb ˆbB| ‰ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlvi RbÅ cÉGmwms ÞgZv ˆewk `iKvi nq| 4GL
‰i mvnvGhÅ mnGRB AÅvwµÏGKkb ŠZwi Kiv hvq eGj ‰GK Rapid Application Development (RAD) UzjI
ejv nq| ˆWUvGeRGK wbq¯¨Y, cwiPvjbv, KzGqwi I wiGcvUÆ ŠZwii RbÅ ‰B fvlv eÅenvi Kiv nq |
D`vniY: SQL (Structured Query language), Visual Basic, Oracle, NOMAD, RPG III, Focus,
Intellect BPM BZÅvw`|
4GL ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å
 ‰wU gyÚ cÉK‡wZi fvlv|
 ˆWUvGeR eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv msiÞY, Abym®¬vb, DGîvjb, ˆWUv cÉGek, gwWdvB, wWwjU, AvcGWU
BZÅvw` KvR Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
 ‰ aiGbi fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ KÁ·vBjvGii cÉGqvRb nq|
 ‰B fvlvq KvR Kiv AZů¦ mnR, ˆKbbv ‰B fvlv cÉvq gvbyGli fvlvi bÅvq ev BsGiwR fvlvi bÅvq|
 ‰B fvlvq eÅenviKvixi wbRÕ¼ wP¯¦vfvebv cÉGqvGMi myGhvM ˆbB|
PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlvi Amyweav
1. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs Kivi mgq ˆewk ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq|
2. KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvGii aviYÞgZvi Dci wbfÆikxj|
3. ˆewk wWÕ• ˆÕ·m ‰i cÉGqvRb nq|
4. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvKvi AwaKvsk mgGq eo nq|
cçg cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv (5GL)
Õ¼vfvweK fvlv (Natural Language): cçg cÉRG¯Ãi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv wnGmGe gvbyGli Õ¼vfvweK fvlv ev
bÅvPvivj jÅvãyGqRGK eÅenvGii ˆPÓ¡v PjGQ| gvbyGli fvlvi gGZv Õ¼vfvweK fvlv KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvGii RbÅ
‰LGbv AGbK cixÞv-wbixÞv PjGQ| ‰ aiGbi fvlvGK ˆgwkGbi fvlvq i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ eÅen†Z Abyev`KGK
eyw«¬gvb ev BbGUwjGR´Ÿ KÁ·vBjvi ejv nq| K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq mvaviYZ cçg cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv eÅen†Z nq|
ˆhgb Prolog, OPS5, Mercury nGjv 5GL-‰i D`vniY|
5.8 Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg (Translator Program)
ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ejv nq eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvg (Object Program)| AbÅ ˆhGKvGbv fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK
ejv nq Drm ˆcÉvMÉvg (Source program)| ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ Drm (Source) ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ (Object)
ˆcÉvMÉvGg cwiYZ Kiv nq ZvGK Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj|
High Level Translator Machine
Language Program Language

wPò: Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvGRi aviv

 398 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

KwÁ·DUvi ˆgwkb fvlv Qvov AbÅ ˆKvGbv fvlv eySGZ cvGi bv| Avevi gvbyGli cGÞ ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv
AZů¦ KÓ¡mvaÅ| ZvB gvbyl nvB ˆjGfj fvlvq A^ev AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL cGi Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg «¼viv
‰GK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wZb cÉKvi:
1. AÅvGmÁ¼jvi (Assembler), 2. KÁ·vBjvi (Compiler), 3. B´ŸviGcÉUvi (Interpreter)
5.8.1 AÅvGmÁ¼jvi (Assembler)
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq Abyev` Kivi RbÅ AÅvGmÁ¼jvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wU AÅvGmÁ¼wj
fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK hvw¯¨K fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| A^Ævr ˆbGgvwbK ˆKvWGK ˆgwkb fvlvq Abyev` KGi|
ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv fzj ^vKGj Error Message ˆ`q|

Assembly Machine
Language Assembler Language
Program Program

wPò: AÅvGmÁ¼jvGii KvGRi aviv

AÅvGmÁ¼jvGii cÉavb KvRmgƒn:
1. ˆbGgvwbK ˆKvWGK ˆgwkb fvlvq Abyev` Kiv|
2. AÅvGmÁ¼wj AÅvGWÈmGK ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆjLv AÅvGWÈGm cwiYZ Kiv|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv fzj ^vKGj Error Message ˆ`Iqv|
4. me wbG`Æk I ˆWUv cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ ivLv|
5. cÉGZÅKwU wbG`Ækbv cixÞv KGi ˆ`Lv, wVK bv ^vKGj Zv RvbvGbv|
5.8.2 KÁ·vBjvi (Compiler)
KÁ·vBjvi nGjv ‰K aiGbi Abyev`K hv DœPZi fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| A^Ævr ˆmvmÆ
ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvgGK KÁ·vBjvi eGj| KÁ·vBjvi `yB avGc Abyev`GKi KvR
mÁ·®² KGi|
cÉ^g avGc: KÁ·vBjvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGZÅKwU jvBb cGo ‰es AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi| ‰B avGc
KÁ·vBjvi ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGg hw` fzj ^vGK, ZGe Zv msGkvab Kivi RbÅ eÅenviKvixGK Error Message ˆ`q|
‰B Error Message ˆK KÁ·vBjW UvBg WvqvMGbvwÕ¡K Error Message eGj| ‰Kevi ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj nGq
ˆMGj cieZÆxGZ Avi KÁ·vBj Kivi cÉGqvRb nq bv|
w«¼Zxq avGc: djvdj cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ Dcvî ev ˆWUvi wfwîGZ AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wbeÆvn KivGbv nq| KwÁ·DUvi
w`Gq Abyev`K cÉwKÌqv wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|

Object
Source Compiler Program
Program

List of
errors

wPò: KÁ·vBjvGii KvR

 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 399
KÁ·vBjvGii KvR:
K. Drm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸmgƒnGK ˆgwkGbi fvlvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv|
L. mswkÏÓ¡ mve-i‚wUb ‰i mvG^ msGhvGMi eÅeÕ©v cÉ`vb Kiv|
M. cÉavb ÕÆwZi cwimi wPwn×ZKiY Kiv|
N. cÉGqvRb nGj KvMGR ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvg I AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wjwLZi…c cÉÕ§ZKiY Kiv|
O. ˆcÉvMÉvg fzj ^vKGj AbyevG`i mgq fzGji ZvwjKv cÉYqb Kiv|
KÁ·vBjvGii myweav:
 KÁ·vBjvi mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK ‰KmvG^ Abyev` KGi dGj ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni MwZ `Ë‚Z nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGn Kg mgq jvGM|
 KÁ·vBjvGii gvaÅGg i…cv¯¦wiZ ˆcÉvMÉvg mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc ˆgwkb ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦wiZ nq|
 ‰Kevi ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj Kiv nGj ciewZÆGZ Avi KÁ·vBGji cÉGqvRb nq bv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv fzj ^vKGj Zv gwbUGi ‰KmvG^ cÉ`kÆb KGi|
KÁ·vBjvGii Amyweav:
 KÁ·vBjvi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi meàGjv fzj ‰KmvG^ cÉ`kÆb KGi dGj ˆcÉvMÉvg msGkvaGb ˆewk mgq jvGM|
 KÁ·vBjvi eo aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg nIqvq Bnv msiÞGY ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆewk RvqMv jvGM|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWevwMs I ˆUwÕ¡s ‰i KvR axiMwZ mÁ·®²|
5.8.3 B´ŸviGcÉUvi (Interpreter)
B´ŸviGcÉUviI KÁ·vBjvGii gGZv DœPZi fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| KÁ·vBjvi ˆhgb cÉ^Gg ˆmvmÆ
ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi ‰es meÆGkl djvdj cÉ`vb KGi| wK¯§ B´ŸviGcÉUvi ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK
AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi bv, B´ŸviGcÉUvi jvBb wbeÆvn KGi ‰es ZvrÞwYK djvdj cÉ`kÆb KGi| ˆhgb-
BASIC fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wZbwU jvBb
LET A = 6
LET B = 2+A
PRINT B
B´ŸviGcÉUvi hLb cÉ^g jvBGb cÉGek KiGe, ZLb KwÁ·DUvi A PjGKi RbÅ ˆgGgvwi ‰jvKv ŠZwi KGi Zvi gGaÅ
6 Rgv ivGL| w«¼Zxq jvBGb cÉGek KiGj B PjGKi RbÅ ˆgGgvwi ‰jvKv ŠZwi KGi Zvi gGaÅ 8 Rgv ivLGe| 3q
jvBGb cÉGek Kivi ci KwÁ·DUvi wÕ˜Gb B ‰i gGaÅ 8 cÉ`kÆb KiGe| ‰fvGe B´ŸviGcÉUvi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi jvBb
AbymvGi ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wbeÆvn KGi|

Source Program Interpreter Intermediate Code

wPò: B´ŸviGcÉUvGii KgÆcÉwKÌqv

 400 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

B´ŸviGcÉUvGii myweav:
 ‰wU eÅenvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj msGkvab Kiv ‰es cwieZÆb Kiv mnR nq|
 Interpreter Program AvKvGi ˆQvU nq ‰es ˆgGgvwi Õ©vGb Kg RvqMv `Lj KGi|
 ‰wU mvaviYZ ˆQvU KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
B´ŸviGcÉUvGii Amyweav:
 B´ŸviGcÉUvi eÅenvGi ˆcÉvMÉvg KvhÆKix KiGZ KÁ·vBjvGii Zzjbvq ˆewk mgq jvGM|
 ‰wUi gvaÅGg i…cv¯¦wiZ ˆcÉvMÉvg mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc ˆgwkb ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦wiZ nq bv|
 cÉwZwU KvGRi cƒGeÆ Abyev` Kivi cÉGqvRb nq|
KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvGii cv^ÆKÅ
KÁ·vBjvi B´ŸviGcÉUvi
1. mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK ‰KmvG^ Abyev` KGi| 1. ‰K jvBb ‰K jvBb KGi Abyev` KGi|
2. KÁ·vBjvi `ËZ
‚ KvR KGi| 2. B´ŸviGcÉUvi axGi KvR KGi|
3. meàGjv fzj ‰KmvG^ cÉ`kÆb KGi| 3. cÉwZwU jvBGbi fzj cÉ`kÆb KGi ‰es fzj cvIqv
gvòB KvR e®¬ KGi ˆ`q|
4. fzj-ò‚wU `ƒi Kivi ˆÞGò mgq ˆewk jvGM | 4. fzj-ò‚wU `ƒi Kivi ˆÞGò `Ë‚Z KvR KGi|
5. KvR KiGZ cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆewk RvqMv cÉGqvRb nq| 5. cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ Kg RvqMv cÉGqvRb nq|
6. eo aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGi ˆewk eÅen†Z nq 6. AGcÞvK‡Z ˆQvGUv KwÁ·DUvGi ˆewk eÅen†Z nq
7. KÁ·vBjvGii gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvgGK i…cv¯¦Gii ci Zv 7. B´ŸviGcÉUvGii gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvgGK i…cv¯¦Gii ci Zv
cƒYÆvã ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| ‰GK ejv nq ‰KwU gaÅeZÆx AeÕ©vGb ˆcuŒGQ| ‰GK ejv nq
AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg| B´ŸviwgwWGqU ˆKvW|
8. ‰Kevi KÁ·vBj Kivi ci w«¼Zxqevi KÁ·vBj 8. B´ŸviGcÉUvGii ˆÞGò cybivq i…cv¯¦Gii cÉGqvRb
Kivi cÉGqvRb nq bv| nq|

KvR:
gvnx I ivwn ˆcÉvMÉvgvi| `y’RGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii c«¬wZ `y aiGbi| ivwni ˆcÉvMÉvg fzj msGkvab KGi
mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvg covi ci Avi gvnxi ˆcÉvMÉvg fzj msGkvab KGi cÉwZwU jvBb c†^K c†^K fvGe|
Aciw`GK Rvgxi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ BsGiwR kõ eÅenvi KGi|
cÉk² 1: Rvgxi eÅen†Z ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi myweav I Amyweav ˆjL|
cÉk² 2: ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni ˆÞGò gvnx I ivwni eÅen†Z ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU `Ë‚Z MwZmÁ·®²?
weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 401

cvV 6 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb I ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avcmgƒn

5.9 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb (Organization of a Program)

ˆcÉvMÉvGgi MVbixwZGK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb ejv nq| A^Ævr mgmÅv mgvavGbi DGóGkÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wKfvGe MVb Kiv
hvq Zv eySvq| cÉGZÅK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wZbwU Ask ^vGK| cÉGZÅKwU AsGki cviÕ·wiK mg¯¼Gqi gvaÅGg ŠZwi nq
cƒYÆvã ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wZbwU Ask nGœQ: BbcyU, cÉGmwms I AvDUcyU|
BbcyU cÉGmwms AvDUcyU

djvdj jvGfi DGóGkÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆhme ˆWUv wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq Zv nGjv BbcyU| cÉ`î ˆWUvGK wbG`Æk Abyhvqx
cÉwKÌqvKiY Kiv nq hv nGjv cÉGmwms| cÉGmwms ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ djvdj cÉ`kÆb Kiv nGjv AvDUcyU| ‰KwU D`vniGYi
gvaÅGg wbGP ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:

BbcyU START
INPUT NUMBER1 cÉGmwms
INPUT NUMBER2
SUM = NUMBER1 + NUMBER2
AVERAGE = SUM/2
AvDUcyU PRINT AVERAGE
END

5.9.1 ‰KwU Av`kÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ŠewkÓ¡Å (Features of an Ideal Program)

Av`kÆ ˆcÉvMÉvg ejGZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi hveZxq ŠewkÓ¡Å ev àYvejxGK eySvq| ‰KwU Av`kÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGg mvaviYZ cvuPwU ceÆ
^vGK| h^v-1. cwiPq ceÆ; 2. eYÆbv; 3. BbcyU; 4. cÉGmm; 5. AvDUcyU|
‰KwU Av`kÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆhmKj àYvewj ^vKv `iKvi wbGÁ² Zv DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv:
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AÅvjMwi`g mijfvGe cÉYqb Kiv hvGZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi avcàGjv mnGRB eySv hvq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉevnwPò Õ·Ó¡fvGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvGZ ˆcÉvMÉvg wbevÆGni aviv eySv hvq|
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi RbÅ cÉGqvRGb DchyÚ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv wbevÆPb Kiv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZB ˆcÉvMÉvGgi DGókÅ, ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii bvg, aË‚eK, PjK BZÅvw`i cwiPq ivLv| ‰GZ cieZxÆ
ˆcÉvMÉvgvi mnGRB ˆcÉvMÉvGgi DGókÅ I KvR mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ˆcGZ cvGi|
 PjK wnmvGe A^ÆcƒYÆ kõ eÅenvi Kiv hvGZ PjGKi DGókÅ eySGZ Amyweav bv nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AKviGY `xNÆ bv Kiv|
 ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask ev ˆhGKvGbv dvskb wjLGj Zvi mvG^ g¯¦eÅ w`GZ nq|
 Z^Å cÉ`vGbi eÅeÕ©v KiGZ nq|
 Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiGYi eÅeÕ©v KiGZ nq|
 AekÅB djvdj cÉvwµ¦i myweav KiGZ nq|
5.10 ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avc (Steps of Developing a Program)
KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb wewf®² mgmÅv mgvavGbi RGbÅ KZKàGjv c`GÞc wbGZ nq| ‰ c`GÞc mgƒnGK
ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avc eGj| ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avcàGjv wbÁ²i…c-
1. mgmÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡KiY (Problem Specification)
2. mgmÅv weGkÏlY (Problem Analysis)
3. ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb (Program Design)
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-26K
 402 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

4. ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qb (Program Development)

5. ˆcÉvMÉvg evÕ¦evqb (Program Implementation)
6. WKzGgG´Ÿkb (Documentation)
7. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY (Program Maintenance)
1. mgmÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡KiY (Problem Specification): ˆcÉvMÉvwgs mgmÅv mgvavGbi cƒGeÆ Zv AekÅB fvGjvfvGe
wPwn×Z KiGZ nq| ˆKvb aiGbi BbcyU w`GZ nGe ‰es Kx aiGbi AvDUcyU cÉGqvRb ˆm welGq wm«¬v¯¦
ˆbIqv nq| mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ ˆh mKj Z^Å cÉGqvRb Zv wewf®² c«¬wZ AejÁ¼b KGi msMÉn KiGZ nq|
A^Ævr mwVKfvGe mgmÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KiGZ cviGj Kvw›LZ ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
2. mgmÅv weGkÏlY (Problem Analysis): mgmÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡KiGYi ci mgmÅvwUGK Þz`Ë Þz`Ë AsGk fvM KiGZ
nq| ‰B avGc wbÁ²wjwLZ welqàGjvi Ici ài‚Z½ w`GZ nq-
K. mgmÅvi MvwYwZK gGWj ŠZwi Kiv|
L. mgmÅvi mgvavGb KZ mgq jvMGe Zv wbi…cY Kiv|
mgmÅv weGkÏlGYi ˆÞGò wewf®² Uzjm ev c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb ˆWUv ˆdÑv WvqvMÉvg (DFD),
wWwmwkb wUÇ, wWwmkb ˆUwej, Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ Bswjk BZÅvw`|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb (Program Design): ˆcÉvMÉvg weGkÏlY avGc ˆh ˆQvGUv ˆQvGUv fvMàGjv Kiv nGqGQ ZvG`i
cviÕ·wiK mÁ·KÆ I mvgwMÉK mgvavb ˆei KiGZ nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGb wbÁ²wjwLZ welqàGjv A¯¦fÆyÚ:
K. BbcyU wWRvBb, L. AvDUcyU wWRvBb I M. BbcyU I AvDUcyGUi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ wWRvBb|
wWRvBGbi ˆÞGò AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I myGWvGKvGWi mvnvGhÅ mgmÅvi mgvavb w`GZ nq|

wPò: ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avcmgƒn

4. ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qb (Program Development): KwÁ·DUvGii ˆevaMgÅ fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvGK ˆKvwWs ejv
nq| wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ ŠZwiK‡Z AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvGUÆi AvGjvGK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi
gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ nq| ˆhgb C, Pascal, Q Basic BZÅvw` wewf®² aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi
gvaÅGg ˆKvwWs Kiv hvq|
5. ˆcÉvMÉvg evÕ¦evqb (Program Implementation): ˆKvwWs-‰i ci cÉwZwU AskGK cixÞv wbixÞv KGi
ˆ`LGZ nq| cÉGqvRbxq msGkvaGbi gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvgGK evÕ¦evqb KiGZ mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe cÉÕ§Z KiGZ nq|
evÕ¦evqb AsGki `ywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KvR nGœQ:
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-26L
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 403
K. ˆUwÕ¡s: ‰ avGc fzj-ò‚wU cixÞv Kiv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆUwÕ¡s nGœQ ˆKvwWs mÁ·®² Kivi ci ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi
ˆh aiGbi AvDUcyU ev djvdj nIqv DwPr Zv wVKgGZv AvmGQ wKbv ev ivb KiGQ wKbv Zv hvPvB
Kiv| wf®² wf®² BbcyU w`Gq AvDUcyGUi AeÕ©v chÆGeÞY Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò hw` ˆKvGbv AmãwZ
cvIqv hvq ZGe eySGZ nq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWsGqi ˆKv^vI fzj nGqGQ| ˆcÉvMÉvGg mvaviYZ wZb aiGbi fzj
cwijwÞZ nq| h^v:
1. eÅvKiYMZ fzj (Syntex Error)
2. ˆhŒwÚK fzj (Logical Error)
3.wbeÆvnRwbZ fzj (Execution Error or Runtime Error)
1. eÅvKiYMZ fzj (Syntex Error): ˆh fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nq Zvi wbRÕ¼ KZàGjv wbqg
^vGK| wbqgewnf„ÆZ ˆKvGbv ˆKvwWs nGq ^vKGj ZvGK eÅvKiYMZ fzj ejv nq| ˆhgb: C
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvq ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ci ˆmwgGKvjb (;) w`GZ nq| ‰GÞGò ˆmwgGKvjb (;) bv
w`Gj Zv nGe eÅvKiYMZ fzj| eÅvKiYMZ fzj ^vKGj KwÁ·DUvi Error Message w`Ge ‰es
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKv^vq Kx fzj nGqGQ Zv RvwbGq w`Ge| fzj msGkvab bv Kiv nGj KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg
wbeÆvn KiGe bv|
2. ˆhŒwÚK fzj (Logical Error): ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv jwRK fzj nGj djvdj wVKB AvmGe wK¯§ Zv
mwVK nGe bv| ‰aiGbi fzjGK ˆhŒwÚK fzj ejv nq| aiv hvK, X>Y ‰i Õ©Gj X<Y wjLGj
KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvGbv Error Message w`Ge bv wK¯§ djvdj fzj cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|
3. wbeÆvnRwbZ fzj (Execution Error or Runtime Error): ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq fzj ˆWUv
BbcyU w`Gj A^ev ˆWUvi digÅvU wVK bv ^vKGj AvDUcyU ev djvdj fzj AvmGe A^ev ˆcÉvMÉvg
wbeÆvn nGe bv| ‰aiGbi fzjGK wbeÆvnRwbZ fzj ejv nq|
L. wWevwMs: ‰ avGc fzj msGkvab Kiv nq| ‰ avGc fzj msGkvab Kiv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆh ˆKvGbv fzj
wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGj ZvGK ejv nq evM (Bug)| DÚ evM
mgvavb KivGK ejv nq wWevM (Debug)| ‰GÞGò
Syntex Error mgvavb Kiv mnR| wK¯§ Logical Error ˆRGb ivGLv
mgvavb Kiv ZyjbvgƒjK RwUj|
6. WKzGgG´Ÿkb (Documentation): ˆcÉvMÉvg msGkvaGbi ci ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ^GK fzj-òywU LuyGR ˆei KGi
ˆcÉvMÉvgGK fwelÅGZ iÞGYi RbÅ wjwce«¬ KivGK ˆcÉvMÉvg Zv mgvavb KivGK wWevwMs
WKzGgG´Ÿkb eGj| ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞGY WKzGgG´ŸkGbi ài‚Z½ (debugging) ejv nq| ‘Bug’ A^Æ
Acwimxg| WKzGgG´ŸkGb wbÁ²wjwLZ welqmgƒn A¯¦fÆyÚ Kiv nq| ˆcvKv| wWevwMs A^Æ ˆcvKv `ƒi Kiv|
K. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi eYÆbv| wWevwMs Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK
L. ˆdÑvPvUÆ cÉ^Gg ÷i‚ ˆ^GK ˆkl chƯ¦ fvGjvfvGe
M. wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg cixÞv Kiv nq|
N. wbeÆvGni RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq KvGRi ZvwjKv
O. cixÞY I djvdj
7. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY (Program maintenance): mgGqi mvG^ mvG^ cwiGek-cwiwÕ©wZ cwieZÆGbi
KviGY ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cwieZÆb ev AvaywbKxKiY Kiv cÉGqvRb nq| ‰ aiGbi KvR iÞYvGeÞY avGci A¯¦fÆyÚ|
‰Qvov ˆcÉvMÉvg mswkÏÓ¡ wewf®² ài‚Z½cƒYÆ WKzGgG´ŸkGbi KvR ‰ avGc mÁ·®² Kiv nq|

KvR :
wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆGqi ˆÞGò ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avcàGjvi cÉGqvM ˆ`LvI|
 404 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 7-10 eÅenvwiK: AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ

5.10.1 AÅvjMwi`g (Algorithm)
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ hywÚmÁÃZ I chÆvqKÌwgKfvGe avGc avGc mgvavb Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ,
ZvGK AÅvjMwi`g ejv nq| AÅvjMwi`g kõwU ‰GmGQ gymwjg MwYZwe` “gymv Avj LvwiRgx”-‰i bvg ˆ^GK|
‰KRb ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs mgmÅvi aiGbi Dci wfwî KGi chÆvqKÌwgKfvGe ˆQvU ˆQvU AsGk fvM KGi
AÅvjMwi`g iPbv KGib| dGj Lye mnGRB ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni avcàGjv Õ·Ó¡fvGe eySv hvq| dGj ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs
KiGZ AGbK mnR nq| A^Ævr AÅvjMwi`gGK hZ mnRfvGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ZZ mnRfvGe ˆjLv
hvq| ‰wUi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK BbcyU ^vKGe wK¯¦y ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU nGe|
AÅvjMwi`g ŠZwii kZÆ ev wbqg:
1. AÅvjMwi`gwU mnRGevaÅ nGZ nGe|
2. cÉGZÅKwU avc Õ·Ó¡ nGZ nGe hvGZ mnGR ˆevSv hvq|
3. mmxg msLÅK avGc mgmÅvi mgvavb nGZ nGe|
4. AÅvjMwi`g eÅvcKfvGe cÉGqvM DcGhvMx nGZ nGe|
AÅvjMwi`Ggi myweav:
1. mnGR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi DGókÅ ˆevSv hvq|
2. mnGR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj wbYÆq Kiv hvq|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉevGni w`K eySv hvq|
4. RwUj ˆcÉvMÉvg mnGR iPbv Kiv hvq|
5. ˆcÉvMÉvg cwieZÆb I cwieaÆGb mnvqZv KGi|
5.10.2 ˆdÑvPvUÆ ev cÉevn wPò (Flowchart)
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅv mgvavGbi chÆvqKÌwgK avcàGjvGK weGkl KZàGjv wPGn×i mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk KivGK ejv
nq ˆdÑvPvUÆ ev cÉevnwPò| ˆdÑvPvGUÆi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆevSv mnR nq eGj ˆcÉvMÉvgvi I eÅenviKvixi gvGS msGhvM iÞvi
RbÅ ‰wU eÅen†Z nq| AÅvjMwi`g ‰KwU mgmÅvGK avGc avGc mgvavb KGi ‰es ˆdÑvPvUÆ avcàGjviB wPòwfwîK
i…cv¯¦i|
ˆdÑvPvGUÆi ŠewkÓ¡Å ev myweav:
‰KwU D®²ZgvGbi ˆdÑvPvGUÆ wbÁ²wjwLZ ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn ^vGK-
1. mnGR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi DGókÅ ˆevSv hvq|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj wbYÆGq mnvqZv KGi|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvq mnvqZv KGi|
4. ˆcÉvMÉvg cwieZÆb ‰es cwieaÆGb mnvqZv KGi|
5. mnGR I msGÞGc RwUj ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv hvq|
ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kivi wbqgvejx (Rules of drawing Flowchart):
1. ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ cÉPwjZ cÉZxK eÅenvi Kiv DwPr|
2. Zxi wPn× w`Gq Dci ˆ^GK wbGP ev evg ˆ^GK Wvb w`GK cÉevn ˆ`LvGbv DwPr|
3. ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kivi mgq msGhvM wPn× hZ Kg nq ZZB fvGjv|
4. ˆdÑvPvUÆ mnGR ˆevaMgÅ nIqv DwPr|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 405
5. ˆdÑvPvUÆ wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlvq ˆjLv DwPr bq|
6. wPn×àGjv ˆQvU eo nGj ÞwZ bvB ZGe AvK‡wZ wVK ^vKGZ nGe|
7. cÉGqvRGb wPGn×i mvG^ g¯¦eÅ w`GZ nGe|
ˆdÑvPvGUÆi cÉKviGf`: ˆdÑvPvUÆGK cÉavbZ `yfvGM fvM Kiv hvq| ˆhgb@
1. wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvUÆ
2. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ
1. wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvUÆ: wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvGUÆ Dcvî MÉnY, cÉwKÌqvKiY, ÕÆwZGZ msiÞY I djvdj cÉ`kÆGbi cÉevn ˆ`LvGbv
nq| A^Ævr ˆh ˆdÑvPvGUÆi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv eÅeÕ©vi msMVbGK mnGR ZzGj aiv hvq ZvGK wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvUÆ eGj|
wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvGUÆ eÅen†Z cÉwZKmgƒn wbGÁ² QGKi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
cÉZxK A^Æ cÉZxK A^Æ

cÉwKÌqvKiY cÉevGni w`K

cvçKvWÆ MÉnY/ wbMÆgb

WKzGg´Ÿ cvç ˆUc

ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆUc AbjvBb ÕÆwZ

Ad-jvBb ÕÆwZ cÉ`kÆb

ˆKvGjU ev mshywÚ mwUÆs ev mvRvGbv

gÅvbyGqj BbcyU gvRÆ ev ‰KwòKiY

gÅvbyGqj KvR mnvqK wKÌqv

Kx AcvGikb ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg

wPò : wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvGUÆ eÅen†Z cÉZxK

 406 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

2. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvGUÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² avGci weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY wPGòi gvaÅGg cÉ`wkÆZ KivGKB
ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ ejv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv nq| ‰Qvov ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj wbYÆq I
msGkvaGbi RbÅ ‰B ˆdÑvPvUÆ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
cÉevn wPGò AGbK iKg cÉZxK wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nq| Zvi gGaÅ eüj eÅen†Z wPn×àGjvi eYÆbv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nj@
cÉZxK A^Æ cÉZxK A^Æ

÷i‚/ˆkl cÉwKÌqvKiY

wm«¬v¯¦ cƒeÆwbaÆvwiZ cÉwKÌqv

BbcyU/AvDUcyU msGhvM

cÉevGni w`K ev wUKv

5.10.3 ˆdÑvPvGUÆi ˆgŒwjK MVb (Basic Structure of Flowchart):

ˆdÑvPvGUÆi eÅen†Z ˆgŒwjK cÉZxK wPn× eÅenvi KGi ˆh KGqKwU fvGe ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb Kiv hvq ZvGK ˆdÑvPvGUÆi
ˆgŒwjK MVb ev QvuP eGj| ˆdÑvPvGUÆi ˆgŒwjK MVb PviwU| h^v:
1. mij AbyKÌg (Simple sequnce): ‰wU ‰KwU mij Õ¡ÈvKPvi| ‰B Õ¡ÈvKPvGi mKj wbG`Ækàwj avivevwnK
AbyKÌGg mvRvGbv ^vGK|
2. wbeÆvPb (Selection): ˆh mKj ˆÞGò wm«¬vG¯¦i cÉGqvRb ev Zzjbv KGi KvhÆ wbeÆvn KiGZ nq ˆmGÞGò ‰B
Õ¡ÈvKPvi eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
3. jyc ev PKÌ (Repetition or loop): ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KB aiGbi KvR evievi Kivi cÉGqvRb nGj jyc ev PKÌ
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi myweavG^Æ wewf®² iKg jyc eÅenvi Kiv nq|
4. RvÁ· (Jump): mij AbyKÌgGK cwieZÆb KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ ‰K jvBb ˆ^GK cieZÆx jvBGb bv wMGq
DcGi ev wbGP AbÅ ˆKvb jvBb ˆ^GK KvR ÷i‚ KiGj ZvGK RvÁ· eGj|
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ kZÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ kZÆ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ bv nuÅv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ kZÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
wPò: mijAbyKÌg wPò: wm«¬v¯¦ ev wbeÆvPb wPò: jyc wPò: RvÁ·
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 407
AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvGUÆi cv^ÆKÅ
AÅvjMwi`g ˆdÑvPvUÆ
1. ˆh c«¬wZGZ chÆvqKÌwgK avGc AMÉmi nGq ˆKvGbv 1. ˆh c«¬wZGZ wPGòi mvnvGhÅ KZKàGjv wPn× eÅenvi
‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv nq ZvGK KGi mgmÅvi avivevwnK mgvavb Kiv nq ZvGK
AÅvjMwi`g eGj| ˆdÑvPvUÆ eGj|
2. ‰wU eYÆbvgƒjK| 2. ‰wU wPòwfwîK|
3. ‰i «¼viv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆevSv KwVb| 3. ‰i «¼viv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆevSv mnR|
4. ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉevGni w`K ˆevSv hvq bv| 4. ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉevGni w`K mnGR ˆevSv hvq|
5. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj-òywU `ƒi Kiv KwVb| 5. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj-ò‚wU `ƒi Kiv mnR|
wbGP wKQy mgmÅvi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
D`vniY-1. wZbwU msLÅvi Mo wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ Aâb Ki|
Start
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| Input a, b, c

avc-3: avg = (a + b + c)/3 mƒò eÅenvi KGi

avg ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi| a+b+c
avg = 3
avc-4: avg ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
Print avg

End

D`vniY-2. `ywU msLÅvi weGqvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Ki| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g: Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚
Input a, b
avc-2: a, b ‰i gvb MÉnY
avc-3: sub=a-b wbYÆq sub = a-b
avc-4: sub ‰i gvb QvcvB Print sub
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl
End
D`vniY-3. eo nvGZi AÞiGK ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGii i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Ki|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Start

avc-2: BbcyU wnmvGe eo nvGZi AÞi CL ‰i gvb MÉnণ Kwi| Input CL

avc-3: ˆQvU nvGZi AÞi sl=CL+32 wbYÆq
sl=CL+32
avc-4: sl ‰i gvbQvcvB
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Print sl

End
 408 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

AÅvmwK ˆKvGW A ‰i `kwgK gvb nGœQ 65 AbÅw`GK a `kwgK gvb nGœQ 97| dGj ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, DfqiB `kwgK
gvGbi cv^ÆKÅ nGœQ 32| A^Ævr eo nvGZi (Capital Letter) cÉwZwU AÞGii `kwgK gvGbi mvG^ ˆQvU nvGZi
(Small Letter) cÉwZwU AÞGii `kwgK gvGbi cv^ÆKÅ 32| myZivs eonvGZi cÉwZwU AÞGii mvG^ 32 ˆhvM
KiGj AÞiwU ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi cwiYZ nGe| Avi ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGii nGZ 32 weGqvM KiGj AÞiwU
eonvGZi AÞGi cwiYZ nGe|

D`vniY-4. ˆQvU nvGZi AÞiGK eonvGZi AÞGi i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Ki|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Start

avc-2: BbcyU wnmvGe sl‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| Input sl

avc-3: CL=sl-32 wbYÆq|
CL=sl-32
avc-4: CL ‰i gvb QvcvB |
Print CL
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl |
End

D`vniY-5. ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆRvo bv weGRvo wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ ‹Zwi Ki|
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g:
Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| Input n
avc-3: hw` (n % 2 = = 0) nq ZGe 'Even' QvcvB,
Yes No
5bs avGc hvB| If n%2==0

avc-4: 'Odd' QvcvB| Even Odd

avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
[we.`Ë: wmfvlvq % wPn×wU fvM Gkl wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq] End

D`vniY-6. ˆKvGbv msLÅv abvðK bv FYvðK Zv wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ ‹Zwi Ki|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg÷i‚ Kwi| Start
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
Input n
avc-3: hw` (n >=0) nq ZGe 'Positive' QvcvB,
No
5bs avGc hvB| Yes
If n>=0
avc-4: 'Negative' QvcvB| Positive Negative

avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|

End
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 409
D`vniY-7: 1, 2, 3 ................. n avivwU wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g:
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ÷i‚ Kwi| Start
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: a = 1 awi| Input n
avc-4: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 5 bs avGc hvB|
a=1
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: a = a +1 wbYÆqKwi|
avc-6: a ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-7: ˆkl Kwi| If No
a <= n
Yes End
Print a

a=a+1

D`vniY-8: 1, 2, 3 ................. n avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ wjL|

ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g:
Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| Input n
avc-3: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-4: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 5 bs avGc hvB| s = 0, a = 1

AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB|

avc-5: s = s + a, a = a +1 wbYÆq Kwi| 4 bs avGc
ˆdiZ hvB| If No
avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| a <= n
Yes Print S
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
s=s+a
a=a+1 End

mƒGWvGKvW (Pseudocode)
mƒGWv (Pseudo) ‰KwU MÉxK kõ hvi A^Æ Q«Â ev hv mZÅ bq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aiY I KvhÆvewj ZzGj aivi RbÅ
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i gGZv wK¯§ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs bq ‰gb wKQymsLÅK wbG`Æk/ˆKvW ev ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mgvnviGKB mƒGWvGKvW eGj|
‰wU ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGbi ˆÞGò cƒeÆeZxÆ avc wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| mƒGWvGKvGWi gvaÅGg mnR BsGiwR fvlvq
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² avc eYÆbv Kiv nq hv ˆ`LGZ ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi ˆKvwWsGqi gGZv gGb nq| mƒGWvGKvW
 410 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi Dci wbfÆikxj bq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ‰gbfvGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv nq
ˆhb mKGj Zv mnGR eySGZ cvGi| mƒGWvGKvWGK AGbK mgq AÅvjMwi`Ggi weK͸ wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nq|
wZbwU msLÅvi Mo wbYÆGqi RbÅ mƒGWvGKvW nGœQ
START
INPUT X,Y,Z
Total = X+Y+Z
Average = Total/3
OUTPUT Average
END

START

READ F

C = 5/9  (F  32)

PRINT C

END

cÉk²-1: wPòwUi aviYv ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi avGci mvG^ wKfvGe mÁ·wKÆZ? weGkÏlY Ki|
wbGPi AbyGœQ`wU jÞÅ Ki|
avc-1 : ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚
avc-2: `yBwU msLÅv co|
avc-3: `yBwU msLÅv ˆhvM KGi cÉ^g msLÅvi mvG^ àY Ki|
avc-4: djvdj QvcvI|
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|
cÉk²-2: DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGci mvG^ KxfvGe mÁ·wKÆZ weGkÏlY Ki|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 411

cvV-11 I 12 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWj

5.11 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWj (Program Design Model)

ˆcÉvMÉvGgi MVb ixwZbxwZGK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGWj ejv nq| mvwRGq-àwQGq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv ‰es mnGR ˆevSvi RbÅ
ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi ˆÞGò KGqKwU gGWj eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B gGWjàGjv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AbyavebGhvMÅZv e†w«¬ KGi|
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU gGWj mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
5.11.1 Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs (Structured Programming)
WvP KwÁ·DUvi weævbx ‰WMvi IGqBGe ˆWBK&Õ¡Èv (Edsger Wybe Dijkstra) [11 ˆg, 1930-6 AvMÕ¡, 2002]
cÉ^g eo AvKvGii ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qGbi DGóGkÅ Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i aviYv ˆ`b| Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ gGWGj cyGiv mgmÅvGK
wewf®² Ask ev gwWDGj fvM Kiv nq| cÉwZwU gwWDjGK ˆQvU AvKvGii mgmÅv fvev ˆhGZ cvGi| Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i myweav nGjv- ‰GZ eo AvKvGii mgmÅv mnGR mgvavb Kiv hvq| ‰Kevi ˆKvGbv ˆKvW wjGL Zv
‰KvwaKevi eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰GZ mgq AcPq ˆiva Kiv hvq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvVvGgv ^vKvq wWevwMs ev
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj msGkvab Kiv mnR nq| Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ ‰KwU gƒj ˆcÉvMÉvg ^vGK hv wewf®² gwWDjGK Kj
KGi| ‰K gwWDj Avevi AbÅ gwWDjGK Kj KiGZ cvGi| BASIC, Fortran, COBOL, PASCAL, C BZÅvw`
Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv| Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGg wZb aiGbi KvVvGgv eÅen†Z nGq ^vGK@
 chÆvqKÌwgK KvVvGgv: ‰ KvVvGgvGZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ev gwWDGji ‰KwUi ci ‰KwU wbG`Æk avivevwnKfvGe wbevÆn
nq| wbG`ÆGki avivevwnKZv ev chvÆq KLGbv wewN³Z nq bv|
 wm«¬v¯¦gƒjK KvVvGgv: ‰ KvVvGgv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ kGZÆi Ici wbfÆi KGi| kZÆwU mZÅ nGj, ‰KwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ev wbG`Æk wbeÆvn nq; Avi wg^Åv nGj AbÅ AvGiKwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvn nq| wm«¬v¯¦gƒjK KvGRi cÉGqvRGb ‰
KvVvGgv eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| ‰KvwaK wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqvi ˆejvGZI ‰ KvVvGgvwU eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 PKÌveZÆ KvVvGgv: ‰ KvVvGgvGK jyc ejv nq| ‰K ev ‰KvwaK wbG`Æk evievi wjLGZ nq bv| ‰K ev
‰KvwaK wbG`ÆkGK kZÆnxbfvGe wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅK evi ev kGZÆi Aaxb Awbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅK evi wbevÆn Kiv hvq|
5.11.2 AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs (Object Oriented Programming-OOP)
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰ ˆKvGbv mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ hLb object ŠZwi Kiv nq ‰es ‰B AeGRGÙi gGaÅ hveZxq mgmÅvi
DcKiY I mgvavb cvIqv hvq ZLb ZvGK AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ejv nq| AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
gGWGj ˆWUv I mswkÏÓ¡ ˆKvWGK ‰KK
wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nq| ‰ aiGbi CLASSES
‰KKGK KÑvm (Class) eGj| KÑvGm ˆKvGbv
ˆWUv ˆiGL wbevÆn KiGZ nGj wbw`ÆÓ¡ KÑvGmi
AeGRÙ ŠZwi KiGZ nq| ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg Polymorphism OOP Encapsulation
D®²qGbi mgq KÑvmàGjv ‰gbfvGe wbgvÆY
Kiv nq, hvGZ Zv evÕ¦e mgmÅvGK
fvGjvfvGe DcÕ©vcb KiGZ cvGi|
ˆQvU AvKvGii ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi RbÅ OOP Inheritance
gGWj ˆKvGbv weGkl myweav ˆ`q bv| wK¯§ eo aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg (KGqK nvRvi jvBGbi AwaK) D®²qGbi RbÅ OOP
AcwinvhÆ gGWj| OOP-‰i weGkl myweav nGjv- BbGnwiGUG´Öi gvaÅGg cÉPwjZ KÑvmGK ewaÆZ KGi bZzb I D®²Z
KÑvm ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ˆWUv jyKvGbv ^vGK eGj AcÉZÅvwkZ cwieZÆb mÁ¿e bq| mnGRB ˆQvU ˆ^GK eo ˆcÉvMÉvg
D®²qb Kiv hvq| mKj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvB AeGRÙ IwiGq´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs mg^Æb KGi bv| OOP ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi
 412 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY nGjv C++, Java, C# BZÅvw`| ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvGK cwicƒYÆ AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv
nGZ nGj KgcGÞ wZbwU ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vKGZ nq| ‰àGjv nGjv
1. BbGnwiGU´Ö (Inheritance): BbGnwiGU´Ö ‰gb ‰KwU ÞgZv hvi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv cÉPwjZ KÑvGmi ˆKvGbv
cwieZÆb bv KGi cwiewaÆZ bZzb KÑvm ŠZwi Kiv hvq| bZzb KÑvm gƒj KÑvGmi cÉGqvRbxq ŠewkÓ¡Å aviY KGi
^vGK|
2. ‰bKÅvcmyGjkb (Encapsulation): ˆKvGbv PjGKi ˆWUv ‰es BbÕ¡ÈvKkb ‰KwòZ AeÕ©vq ^vKvGK
‰bKÅvcmyGjkb eGj| ˆh PjGKi RbÅ ˆh ˆWUv ˆmB PjGKi evBGi Zvi Avi ˆKvGbv AwÕ¦Z½ ˆbB| dGj
ˆWUvi Ici ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AbÅ AsGki ˆKvGbv cÉfve cGo bv|
3. cwjgiwdRg (Polymorphism): cwjgiwdRg A^Æ nGœQ eüi…c| ‰ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi RbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆKvW gwWDGji
bvg ‰K nGjI ‰KvwaK i…c ^vKGZ cvGi| KLb ˆKvb i…cwU eÅen†Z nGe Zv KÁ·vBjvi wbYÆq KiGe| ‰KB
AcvGiUi wf®² aiGbi ˆWUvi Ici cÉGqvM Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| mwVK ˆWUv wbi…cY Kiv KÁ·vBjvGii `vwqZ½|
5.11.3 wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs (Visual Programming)
MÉvwdKÅvj BDRvi B´ŸviGdm (GUI) mg†«¬ cwiGekGK ejv nq wfRyqÅvj (Visual) ev `†kÅgvb| wPòwfwîK ev
wfRyqÅvj cwiGeGk KvR Kiv mnR eGj wPòwfwîK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv D«¿vweZ nGqGQ| wPòwfwîK cwiGek nGjI
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i ˆÞGò gƒjZ Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs A^ev OOP gGWj eÅen†Z nq| ZGe cÉK‡Z ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj ˆcÉvMÉvg
ˆ^GK AvovGj ^vKvq wPòwfwîK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ˆek RbwcÉq| gvBGKÌvmdU ˆKvÁ·vwbi wfRyqÅvj ˆewmK nGjv cÉ^g
wPòwfwîK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj| eZÆgvGb wfRyqÅvj ˆewmK I ˆWjwd `ywUB RbwcÉq wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs mdUIqÅvi|
wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰K aiGbi AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg| eo AvKvGii ev `Þ ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi RbÅ ‰me
mdUIqÅvi Lye ‰KUv eÅen†Z nq bv| Zey wPòwfwîK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i RbwcÉqZv w`b w`b e†w«¬ cvGœQ| wfRyqÅvj
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i D`vniY nGjv Visual C ++, Visual Basic, Microsoft Access, Oracle developers
BZÅvw`|
5.11.4 BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs (Event Driven Programming)
Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ‰es AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWGji gƒj ŠewkÓ¡Å nGœQ, ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚ ˆ^GK ˆkl chƯ¦ wbevÆn
nIqv| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbevÆGni cÉevn wm«¬v¯¦gƒjK I jyc KvVvGgv eÅenvi KGi wKQyUv wbq¯¨Y Kiv ˆMGjI eÅenviKvix
ˆcÉvMÉvg cwiPvjbvKvGj cyGivcywi Õ¼vaxbZv cvq bv| D`vniYÕ¼i…c 10,000wU msLÅv ˆhvM Kivi ‰KUv ˆcÉvMÉvg
Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ A^ev OOP gGWGj wjLGj Zv eÅenviKvixGK mÁ·ƒYÆ myweav w`GZ cvGi bv| ˆhgb ˆhvM KivKvjxb
ˆhGKvGbv gynƒGZÆ eÅenviKvix cÉwKÌqvwUGK evwZj KiGZ PvBGj, ev bZzb KGi ÷i‚ KiGZ PvBGj Zv mÁ¿e nq bv|
eÅenviKvixGK ‰ aiGbi myweav ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ D«¿vweZ nGqGQ BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvG^
eÅenviKvixGK ˆhGKvGbv aiGbi wg^wÕ˜qvGK (Interaction) BGf´Ÿ eGj| gvDm mivGbv, wKÑK Kiv, wK-ˆevGWÆ
ˆKvGbv wK (Key) Pvcv, cÉwZwUB ‰K ‰KwU BGf´Ÿ|
BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWGj ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi me wbG`Æk avivevwnKfvGe wbevÆn nq bv| ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ wewf®²
BGfG´Ÿi RbÅ mswkÏÓ¡ ˆKvW gwWDj ^vGK hv ˆKej H BGf´Ÿ Drc®² nGjB wbevÆn nq| AbÅ^vq Zv Aemi eGm
^vGK| ˆhgb- gvBGKÌvmdU IqvGWÆ ˆgby I Uzjevi cÉ`wkÆZ nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZ ‰àGjv wKQyB KGi bv| wK¯§
eÅenviKvix hLbB ˆKvGbv ˆgbyevi/UzjevGii ˆevZvGg wKÑK KGi ZLbB ‰KwU BGfG´Ÿi m†wÓ¡ nq| mvG^ mvG^
BGfG´Ÿi mswkÏÓ¡ ˆKvW «¼viv gwWDjwU wbevÆn nq| me wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvgB nGœQ BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆhgb:
Visual Basic, Microsoft Access, Oracle Developers BZÅvw`|
KvR:
cÉGZÅK ˆcÉvMÉvg gGWGji wZbwU KGi ŠewkÓ¡Å I AvIZvfzÚ `ywU ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlvi bvg ˆjL|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 413

cvV-13 I 14 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg

5.12 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv (Programming Language-C)

wm ‰KwU Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ev ˆcÉvwmwWDi AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvãyGqR| ‰wU wgW ˆjGfj
jÅvãyGqR wnGmGe RbwcÉq| wm bvgUv ‰GmGQ gvwUÆb wiPvWÆm (Martins Richards) ‰i
D«¿vweZ wewmwc‰j (BCPL-Basic Combined Programming Language) fvlv
ˆ^GK hv cÉv^wgKfvGe KÅvgweËR wek¼we`ÅvjGq wimvÆm AwiGqG´ŸW KvGR eÅen†Z nGZv|
BCPL msGÞGc we bvGg cwiwPZ wQGjv| cGi we ‰i D®²qGbi dGj wm ‰i weKvk
NGU| 1970 mvGj hyÚivGÓ¡Èi wU‰´£wU ˆej jÅvGevGiUwiGZ (AT&T Bell
wPò: ˆWwbm wiwP Laboratory) ˆWwbm wiwP (Dennis Ritchie) DEC PDP-IT KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvGii
[R¯Ã: 9 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i, 1941 RbÅ BDwbÝ (UNIX) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi KGi wm (C) ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlv D«¿veb
g†ZzÅ: 12 AGÙvei, 2011]
KGib| cÉ^g w`GK wm ˆKej BDwbÝ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g cwiGeGk ˆjLv nGZv| 1978
mvGj ˆWwbm wiwPi ˆjLv “`Åv wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvãyGqR” eBwU cÉKvGki ci ‰es gvBGKÌvKwÁ·DUvGii RbwcÉqZv
evovi mvG^ mvG^ wm ‰i eÅvcK cÉPjb ÷iy nq|
5.12.1 wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i cÉv^wgK aviYv(Primary Concept of C programming)
‘wm’ w`Gq mnGR DœP Õ¦Gii ‰es wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlvi gGaÅ mg¯¼q Kiv hvq| Avevi DœP Õ¦Gii fvlvi (ˆhgb-
diUÇvb) gGZv weU, evBU, I ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈGmi cwieGZÆ wewf®² ˆWUv UvBc ˆfwiGqej wbGq KvR Kiv hvq|
ZvQvov wm ‰i ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ˆKŒkj wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlvi gZ KwVb bq Avevi DœP Õ¦Gii fvlvi gZ mnRI bq| wm w`Gq
BœQvgGZv nvWÆIqvi wbq¯¨Y KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv hvq ‰es ‰Bme ˆcÉvMÉvgàwj ˆek bgbxq nq| ‰B RbÅ ‘wm’ ˆK
gaÅeZÆx (Mid Level) KwÁ·DUvGii fvlv ejv nq|
‘wm’ ˆK Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ev ˆcÉvwmwWDi AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvãyGqR ejv nq, KviY ‘wm’ˆZ gƒj mgmÅvGK KZàGjv
ˆQvU ˆQvU AsGk wefÚ KGi Avjv`vfvGe ˆfwiGqej, Õ¡ÈvKPvi, dvskb BZÅvw` eYÆbv Kiv hvq| cÉGqvRGb if,
while, for, goto BZÅvw` KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gvaÅGg wewf®² AsGki gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab Kiv hvq, wKsev ˆKvGbv
dvskb ev Õ¡ÈvKPvi cybteÅenvi Kiv hvq| AvbÕ¡ÈvKPvWÆ fvlvq (ˆhgb, ˆewmK) ‰fvGe gƒj mgmÅvGK ‰KvwaK
AsGk wefÚ KGi Avjv`vfvGe dvskb eYÆbv Kiv hvq bv| wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvwU me aiGbi KvGRi RbÅ eÅen†Z
nq|
‰KRb ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii ˆhme myweav `iKvi, ˆhgb- wewf®² ˆWUv eÅenvGii eÅvcK Õ¼vaxbZv, ռ͸ msLÅK Kx-IqvWÆ,
`Ë‚Z I `ÞZvi mvG^ ˆcÉvMÉvg PvjvGbv ‰es ‰KB mvG^ DœP I wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv mg¯¼q Kiv BZÅvw` me iKg myweavB
wm’ fvlvGZ AvGQ| ZvB ˆhGKvGbv aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ wm fvlv eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰B RbÅ ‘wm’ fvlvGK ‰KwU
General Purpose ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ejv nq| ‰RbÅ ‘wm’-ˆK hveZxq DœP Õ¦Gii fvlv ˆkLvi wmuwo wnGmGe
AewnZ Kiv nq|
5.12.2 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi ŠewkÓ¡Å (Characteristics of ‘C’ language)
KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGb wm fvlv ‰KwU myk†›Lj c«¬wZ ‰es KvVvGgv cÉ`vb KGiGQ| ‘wm’ fvlvi wbÁ²wjwLZ
ŠewkÓ¡Å cvIqv hvq-
 414 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

1. ˆcÉvwmwWDivj jÅvsàGqR: wm ‰i gGZv ˆcÉvwmwWDivj

(procedural) jÅvsàGqGR cƒeÆwbaÆvwiZ wKQy
B´ÖUÇvKkb avGc avGc mÁ·®² nq| ‰KwU KvR mÁ·®²
Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU Av`kÆ wm GcÉvMÉvGg ‰K ev ‰GKi
AwaK ˆcÉvwmwWDi ev dvskb ^vKGZ cvGi|
2. wm ˆcÉvMÉvg `Ë‚ZZi: wm mivmwi KwÁ·DUvi nvWÆIqvGii
gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvg mÁ·v`Gb mÁÃwZ ˆ`q| nvB-ˆjGfj
jÅvsàGqGR AGbK aiGYi ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vGK ˆhgb-
MvGeÆR KvGjKkb(Garbage Collection) ‰es
WvBbvwgK UvBwcs (Dynamic Typing)| dGj
ˆmB ˆcÉvMÉvg axi MwZ mÁ·®² nq|
3. enbGhvMÅ: wm ˆcÉvMÉvg enbGhvMÅ(portable), ‰B K^vi A^Æ nGjv“‰Kevi wjGL mKj µÏvUdGgÆ KÁ·vBj
Kiv hvq”| ‰K wmGÕ¡g (Ghgb- DBG´£vR)-‰i RbÅ ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvGbv aiGYi cwieZÆb QvovB AbÅ
µÏvUdgÆ (Ghgb- wjbÅvÝ)-‰ KÁ·vBj Kiv hvq|
4. gwWDjvwiwU (Modularity): wm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wf®² wf®² dvskGb fvM KGi jvBGeËwii gGaÅ ivLv hvq| ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
‰i ‰B avibv gwWDjvwiwU (modularity) bvGg cwiwPZ| ZvB wm ‰KwU gWzjvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv|
5. Õ¡vwUKÅvwj UvBc jÅvsàGqR: wm fvlvq fÅvwiGqeGji UvBc ivb UvBGg bq eis KÁ·vBj UvBGg ˆPK nq|
ZvB wm ˆK ‰KwU Õ¡vwUKÅvwj UvBc jÅvsàGqR (Statically Typed Language) eGj| Bnv mdUIqÅvi
ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ mvBGKGji mgq fzj (Error) LyuRGZ mnvqZv KGi| ‰Qvov WvBbvwgKÅvwj UvBc jÅvsàGqGRi
Zzjbvq Õ¡vwUKÅvwj UvBc jÅvsàGqR mvaviYZ `Ë‚ZZi nq|
5.12.3 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi myweav (Advantage of C Programming Language)
 ‰ fvlvi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ àGjv BsGiwR fvlvi gGZv nIqvq ˆkLv mnR|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv mnR|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb KGg´Ÿ ˆ`Iqv hvq|
 DœPÕ¦Gii I ˆgwkb fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆjLv hvq|
 A͸ ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWevwMs Kiv mnR|
 ˆgbyi mvnvGhÅ wewf®² wbG`Æk eÅenvi KGi KvR Kiv hvq|
 ‰KB mvG^ ‰KvwaK dvBj I DBG´£v wbGq KvR Kiv hvq|
 eÅenviKvixi ŠZwi dvskb eÅenvGii myweav|
 `Ë‚Z ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn Kiv hvq|
 ˆKvGbv jvBGbi bÁ¼i w`GZ nq bv|
5.12.4 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi Amyweav (Disadvantage of C Programming Language)
 ‘wm’ fvlv ˆKm ˆmbwmwUf fvlv dGj ˆQvU nvGZi AÞi ‰es eo nvGZi AÞGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ cwijwÞZ nq|
‰B fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg me mgq ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi wjLGZ nq|
 chÆvµ¦ AvaywbK dvskb ˆbB dGj AvaywbK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰bfvqibGg´ŸGK nÅvG´£wjs Kiv hvq bv|
 wm fvlvq ˆbg ˆÕ·m AMÉvnÅ KGi|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 415
 wm fvlvq mwVKfvGe PjK ˆNvlYv KiGZ nq|
 jvBGeËwi dvskGbi ˆnWvi dvBjàGjv wVKgZ wWGKÑqvi KiGZ nq|
 ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqR AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs wdPviGK mg^Æb KGi bv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb Kivi mgq ˆPwKs Kiv hvq bv|
wm w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ ‰gb wKQz ˆcÉvMÉvg-‰i ZvwjKvt
eüj eÅen†Z AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g DBG´£vR (Windows) ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| wbGÁ² AviI
wKQz ZvwjKv ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Windows, DOSBox)
 KÁ·vBjvi (Compilers)
 AÅvGmÁ¼jvi(Assemblers)
 ˆUÝU ‰wWUi (Text Editors)
 wcÉ´Ÿ Õ·yjvi (Print Spoolers)
 ˆbUIqvKÆ WÈvBfvi (Network Driver)
 ˆWUvGeR (Database)
 fvlvi…cv¯¦iK (Interpreters)
ˆhLvGb ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ ‰es ivb KiGZ nq: ˆcÉvMÉvwgs wm ˆjLvi RbÅ IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) ‰i `iKvi nq| IDE nGjv ‰KwU mvaviY ˆUÝU ‰wWUGii gGZv ˆhLvGb ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb Kivi
RbÅ bvbv iKg Uzjm (Tools) ˆ`Iqv ^vGK| wKQy IDE ‰i D`vniY nGjv
 Code::Blocks (ˆKvW eÐKm)
 Microsoft Visual C++ ( gvBGKÌvmdU wfRyÅqÅvj wm/ wm++)
 Bloodshed Dev-C++ ( eÐvWGmW ˆWf-wm++)
 Turbo C/C++ (UvGeÆv wm/ wm++)
 Borland C/C++ ( ˆevijÅv´£ wm/ wm++) )
5.12.5 ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBwjs (Compling of Programs)
C fvlvq wjwLZ ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆmvmÆ ˆKvW ev ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvg ejv nq| ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK KÁ·vBjvGii mvnvGhÅ
‰K mvG^ mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc ˆgwkb fvlvq Abyev` KGi ‰KwU AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg I ‰KwU ‰wÝwKDkb dvBGj i…cv¯¦i Kiv
nq| ‰wÝwKDkb dvBjwUB nGœQ gƒj dvBj hvi «¼viv ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb (Run) KivGbv nq| Avi ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK eGj
KÁ·vBwjs| ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBwjs ‰i gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ò‚wUgyÚ Kiv nq|
KÁ·vBwjsGqi KvRmgƒn:
 Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK Abyev` KGi AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wjsK Kiv| A^Ævr ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mGã cÉGqvRbxq i‚wUb ˆhvM Kiv| i‚wUb nGjv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆQvU Ask
hvGZ ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR Kivi RbÅ wbG`Æk ˆ`qv ^vGK|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbvfzj ^vKGj Zv cÉKvk Kiv|
 cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq RvqMv ŠZwi Kiv|
wm ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj Kivi avcmgƒn (Steps of Programs Compiling): wm fvlvGK KÁ·vBj KiGZ
wewf®² aiGbi KÁ·vBjvGii cÉPjb iGqGQ| KÁ·vBjvi nGœQ ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi gGZv hv ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvGK ˆgwkb
ev KwÁ·DUvGii fvlvq A^ÆcƒYÆ KGi ˆZvGj| KGqKwU RbwcÉq wm KÁ·vBjvi nGjvt ˆhgb- GCC-GNU
 416 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

Compiler, Clang, Intel C++ Compiler, Borland Turbo C BZÅvw`| Turbo KÁ·vBjvGii ˆÞGò
KÁ·vBwjs Kivi c«¬wZ wbÁ²i…c:
 ‰B KÁ·vBj Kivi RbÅ Compile ˆgby nGZ Compile mve ˆgb ywmGjÙ KiGZ nq ev Alt+F9 Kx ‰KGò
PvcGZ nq| AekÅ ÷ay F9-Kx press KGiI KÁ·vBj Kiv hvq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj Kivi ci ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb Kivi RbÅ Run ˆgby ˆ^GK Run mve Ggby wmGjÙ KiGZ nq A^ev
Ctrl+F9 wK ‰KGò PvcGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb nGe| AbÅvbÅ KÁ·vBGji ˆÞGò Kgv´£ wf®² nGZ cvGi|

5.12.6 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi MVb (Structure of Programs)

‰K ev ‰KvwaK dvskb wbGq ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg MwVZ nq| ZGe ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg AekÅB main dvskb ^vKGZ nq| ‰KwU
wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg cÉavbZ `y’wU Ask ^vGK h^v: ˆnWvi dvBj I main dvskb| ZGe eo ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÞGò main
dvskGb eÅen†Z dvskbmgƒn Avjv`v ˆmvmÆ dvBGj ewYÆZ nq ‰es main dvskbGK c†^K dvBGj ivLv nq| ‰ici
main dvskGb ˆnWvi dvBjmn AbÅvbÅ dvBjmgƒn mshyÚ Kiv nq|
wbGÁ² wm-‰i MVb cÉYvwj ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
Documentation Section g¯¦eÅ ˆjLv
Link Section ˆnWvi dvBj mshyÚ ivLv
Defination Section aË‚egvGbi eÅenvi
Global Declaration Section ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv
Main Function Section ˆgBb dvskb wefvM
return–type main() ˆgBb dvskb ÷i‚i eËvGKU
{ ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv
Declaration Part cÉGmm fÅvjy
Execution Part ˆgBb dvskb ˆkl eËvGKU
}
Sub-function Section eÅenviKvixi wbRÕ¼ dvskb ˆjLv
Function 1 eÅenviKvixi wbRÕ¼ dvskb, Function 1
Function 2
..
..
Function N
 Documentation Section: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰wU HwœQK Ask| ‰LvGb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg, welqeÕ§, ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii
bvg, eÅenvGii wbqg I ˆcÉvMÉvGgi DGókÅ mshyÚ Kiv nq| mvaviYZ KGg´Ÿm ‰i gvaÅGg ‰àGjv DGÍÏL Kiv
nq| wm fvlvq KGg´Ÿ ˆjLvi RbÅ /*.................*/ ‰es //.................., eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb: // This
is my first program in C.
 Link Section: ‰wU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AZÅvekÅKxq Ask| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² Õ©vGb eÅen†Z dvskbàGjvi ˆnWvi
dvBj ‰ AsGk mshyÚ Kiv nq| ˆnWvi dvBj msGhvGMi wmbGUÝ nGjv-
#include<header_file_name>
BbcyU dvskb scanf() I AvDUcyU dvskb Printf() ‰i ˆnWvi dvBj nGjv stdio.h hv wbGÁ²i gGZv ˆjLv nq-
#include<stdio.h >
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 417
 Defination Section: ‰ AsGk KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| PI ‰KwU KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ hvi gvb 3.1416| PI
KbÕ¡Åv´ŸGK wbGÁ²vÚ fvGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nq|
#define PI 3.1416 A^ev const float PI=3.1416;
 Global Declaration Section: ‰ AsGk ˆ™Ïvevj PjK ˆNvlYv Kiv nq|
 Main Function Section : main() nGjv ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉavb dvskb| ‰wU ‰KwU BDRvi wWdvB´£ ev
eÅenviKvix ewYÆZ dvskb| ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gƒj Ask main () dvskGbi AvIZvq {} e®¬bxi gGaÅ wjLGZ
nq| ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg hZ eo ev ˆQvU ˆnvK bv ˆKb, dvskb msj™² w«¼Zxq e®¬bxi cieZÆx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK
ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn ÷i‚ nq| ‰B dvskb Qvov ˆKvGbv ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv mÁ¿e bq| main() dvskGbi `ywU Ask
^vGK| h^v: ‰KwU Declaration Part ‰es AbÅwU Execution Part| Declaration Part-‰ cÉGqvRbxq
PjK, AÅvGi, cGq´Ÿvi, dvBj BZÅvw` ˆNvlYv Kiv nq hv wbeÆvn AsGk eÅenvi Kiv hvq| Execution Part-‰
ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn nIqvi RbÅ KgcGÞ ‰KwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ^vKGZ nq| Dfq AsGki cÉGZÅK ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆkGl
ˆmwgGKvjb (;) ^vKGZ nq|
 Sub-function Section: ‰K ev ‰KvwaK BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskb ^vKGj Zv main() dvskb ˆ^GK Kj
Kiv nq| eÅenviKvix ˆKvGbv dvskb ŠZwi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅenvi KiGZ PvBGj Zv main() dvskGbi w«¼Zxq
e®¬bxi evBGi (DcGi ev wbGP) ŠZwi KiGZ nq|
‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ ‘wm’ fvlvi Õ¡ÈvKPvi ˆevSvGbv nGjv:
// This program calculate the area of circle Documentation Section
#include<stdio.h> Link Section
#define PI 3.1416 Defination Section
int r; Global Declaration Section
float area(int r); Global Declaration Section
int main() main() dvskb ÷i‚
{
printf("Type the radius: ");
scanf("%d",&r); dvskb Kj
printf("Area of Circle=%.2f",area(r));
return 0;
} main() dvskb ˆkl
float area(int r) Sub-function Section
{
float area;
area=PI*r*r;
return area;
}

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-27K

 418 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV-15 I 16 ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z ˆWUv UvBc

5.12.7 ˆWUv UvBc (Data Type)
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg AGbK aiGbi ˆWUv wbGq KvR Kiv hvq, ˆhgb- cƒYÆ msLÅv, f™²vsk, KÅvGiÙvi, wÕ¡Ès BZÅvw`| ˆWUvi
aib ‰es ˆgGgvwi cwimi msiÞGYi wfwîGZ wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z ˆWUvGK cÉavbZ PviwU fvGM fvM Kiv nq|
h^v- i) char, ii) int, iii) float, iv) double|
‰G`iGK ˆewmK ev ˆgŒwjK A^ev weΟBb ˆWUv UvBc ejv nq| cÉGqvRGb Avevi wbRÕ¼ ˆWUv UvBc ŠZwi KGi ˆbqv
hvq| ‰i…c ˆWUv UvBcGK BDRvi wWdvB´£ ev KvÕ¡g ˆWUv UvBc ejv nq| wPGò ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z wewf®² cÉKvi
weΟBb, gwWdvBW ‰es KvÕ¡g ˆWUv UvBGci ˆkÉwYwebÅvm ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
ˆWUv

ˆgŒwjK ˆWUv UvBc BDRvi wWdvB´£ UvBc wWivBfW ˆWUv UvBc duvKv ˆWUv UvBc

Integer ev cƒYÆmsLÅv Floating Point ev f™²vsk msLÅv Character / KÅvGiÙvi

Signed Type Float Type Signed Char

Unsigned Type Double Type Unsigned Char

Short int Type Long Double

Long int Type

wPò: ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z ˆWUv
I) char UvBc: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg KÅvGiÙvi UvBc ˆWUv (eYÆ ev eYÆgvjv) wbGq KvR Kivi RbÅ char UvBc ˆfwiGqej
eÅenvi Kiv nq| cÉwZwU char UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ KÁ·vBjvi 1 evBU ev 8 weU RvqMv msiÞY KGi| char
UvBc ˆWUvi RbÅ wmbUÅvÝ (Syntax) nGjv-
char VariableName;
D`vniY : char ch = ‘a’;
‰LvGb a ‰i Õ©Gj ˆhGKvGbv wPn× ev eYÆ eÅenvi Kiv hvGe|
II) int UvBc: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg cƒYÆmsLÅv (ˆhgb, 20,-467, 890) BZÅvw` wbGq KvR Kivi RbÅ int UvBc ˆfwiGqej
eÅenvi Kiv nq| cÉwZwU int UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ KÁ·vBjvi 2 evBU ev 16 weU RvqMv msiÞY KGi| int
UvBc ˆWUvi RbÅ wmbUÅvÝ (Syntax) nGjv-
int VariablesName;
D`vniY : int num1= 5;
III) float UvBc: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg wiGqj ev f™²vskmn ˆKvGbv msLÅv (ˆhgb, 20.34, -46.87, 89.70) wbGq KvR
Kivi RbÅ float UvBc ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi Kiv nq| cÉwZwU float UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ KÁ·vBjvi 4 evBU ev
32 weU RvqMv msiÞY KGi| float ˆWUv UvBGc `kwgK we±`yi ci 6 wWwRU chƯ¦ MÉnYGhvMÅ| float UvBc ˆWUvi
RbÅ wmbUÅvÝ (Syntax) nGjv-
float VariableName;
D`vniY : float num1 = 5.06;
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-27L
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 419
20 -20
IV) double UvBc: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰ÝGcvGbw´Öqvj ev mvGqw´ŸwdK diGgGUi (4.5*20 , -12*10 ) msLÅvi
ˆÞGò double ˆWUvUvBc eÅenvi Kiv nq| double ˆWUvUvBGc `kwgK we±`yi ci 14 wWwRU chƯ¦ MÉnbGhvMÅ|
cÉwZwU double UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ KÁ·vBjvi ˆgGgvwiGZ 8 evBU ev 64 weU RvqMv msiÞY KGi| double
UvBc ˆWUvi RbÅ wmbUÅvÝ (Syntax) nGjv-
double VariableName;
D`vniY : double num1=23.5454353
wbGÁ² wewf®² ˆWUvUvBGci RbÅ eÅen†Z wKIqvWÆ D`vniYmn ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
ˆWUvUvBc eÅen†Z Kx IqvWÆ D`vniY
Character char char a; char a, b, c;
Integer int int a; int a, b, c;
Float float float a; float a, b, c;
Double double double a; double a, b, c;

5.12.8 ˆWUv UvBc gwWdvqvi (Data type Modifier)

wf®² wf®² ˆWUv UvBGci cÉGqvRGb ‰KB ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ msiwÞZ ˆgGgvwi cwimi Avjv`v nq| ˆh mKj KxIqvWÆ
eÅenvi KGi ˆdÑvU (float) Qvov AbÅvbÅ ˆgŒwjK ev cÉv^wgK ˆWUv UvBGci cwimi I msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆgGgvwi
cwigvY evovGbv ev KgvGbv hvq ‰G`iGK ˆWUv UvBc gwWdvqvi eGj| mnR K^vq ejv hvq, wm fvlvq eÅen†Z
ˆgŒwjK ˆWUv UvBcàGjvi RbÅ msiwÞZ ˆgGgvwi cwimi, ˆWUvi cÉK‡wZ ‰es aviY ÞgZvi cwieZÆb ev cwieaÆb
Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z KxIqvWÆmgƒnGK gwWdvqvi ev UvBc ˆKvqvwjdvqvi ejv nq| wm’ˆZ ˆgvU PviwU gwWdvqvi
AvGQ| h^v- signed, unsigned, short, long|
ˆKvb UvBGci RbÅ ˆKvb gwWdvqvi eÅen†Z nq: mvaviYZ: char UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ signed I unsigned
gwWdvqvi, int UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ signed, unsigned, short I long ‰es double UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji
RbÅ long gwWdvqvi eÅen†Z nq| gwWdvqvi meÆ`v ˆWUv UvBGci cƒGeÆ eGm| wbGPi QGK wewf®² cÉKvi ˆewmK
‰es gwWdvBW ˆWUv UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ msiwÞZ ˆgGgvwi ˆÕ·Gmi cwigvY ‰es ˆWUvi ˆié ˆ`qv nGjv|
ˆgŒwjK ˆWUv gwWdvBW ˆWUv UvBc mvBR ˆWUv ˆié
UvBc (weU)
Int or signed int 16 -32,768 ˆ^GK +32,767 ev -215 ˆ^GK + (215 -1)
Unsigned int 16 0 ˆ^GK 65,536 ev - 0 ˆ^GK +(216 -1)
Bw´ŸRvi ev Signed long int 32 -214,74,83,648 ˆ^GK +214,74,83,647
cƒYÆmsLÅv ev - 231 ˆ^GK +(231 -1)
Unsigned long int 32 0 ˆ^GK 429,49,67,295 ev - 0 ˆ^GK +(232 -1)
Float 32 3.4×E-38 ˆ^GK 3.4×E+38
ˆdÑvwUs cGq´Ÿ Double 64 1.7×E-308 ˆ^GK 1.7×E+308
ev f™²vsk Long double 80 3.4×E-4932 ˆ^GK 3.4×E+4932
Char or signed char 8 -128 ˆ^GK +127 ev -27 ˆ^GK +(27 -1)
KÅvGiÙvi Unsigned char 8 0 ˆ^GK 255 ev 0 ˆ^GK (28-1)
wPò: ‘wm’ ˆWUv UvBc
KvR:
‰KRb QvGòi bvg, eqm, ˆkÉwY, ˆivj bÁ¼i, wefvM, wd BZÅvw`i RbÅ ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆWUv UvBc eÅen†Z nGe Zv QGKi
gvaÅGg ˆ`LvI|
 420 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 17-19 ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z aË‚eK I PjK

wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆWUvi cwiPvqK (Identifier)

ˆcÉvMÉvwgsGqi myweavG^Æ mivmwi mvswLÅK AÅvGWÈm eÅenvi bv KGi cÉwZwU AÅvGWÈmGK ‰KwU bvg ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰B
bvgGK cwiPvqK ev AvBGWw´Ÿdvqvi ejv nq| AvBGWw´Ÿdvqvi cÉavbZ `yGUv ˆkÉwYGZ fvM Kiv nq| h^v-
 aË‚eK
 PjK
5.12.9 a˂eK (Constant)
aË‚eK hv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvb aviY KGi| ˆcÉvMÉvGg AcwieZÆbkxj gvbGK K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ ev aË‚eK ejv nq| ˆmGÞGò
ˆcÉvMÉvGg H gvbGK K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ wnGmGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vGZB K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ ev
aË‚eGKi gvb cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv| ˆKvGbv msLÅv ev gvb «¼viv K´ÖUÅvG´Ÿi gvb wbaÆviY Kiv hvq bv| ZGe K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ
«¼viv ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviY Kiv hvq| wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆgvU `yBfvGe K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ ˆNvlYv Kiv hvq| h^v:
1| const KxIqvWÆ eÅenvi KGi- 2|#define wcÉcÉGmmi eÅenvi KGi-
digÅvU: digÅvU:
const DataType #define ConstName
ConstName = ConstValue; ConstValue
ˆhgb: const int Max = 50; ˆhgb: #define Max 50
const floatPI = 3.1416; #define PI 3.1416
const char Ch = 'a'; #define Ch ‘a’
define eÅenvGii mgq ˆKej K´ÖUÅvG´Ÿi bvg I cÉviwÁ¿K gvb w`GZ nq| ZGe ˆKvGbv UvBc DGÍÏL KiGZ nq bv
I gvGS mgvb wPn× I ˆkGl ˆmwgGKvjb eGm bv|
KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ cÉavbZ `yB aiGbi, h^v : wbDGgwiK I wÕ¡Ès K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ|
1. msLÅvmƒPK aË‚eK ev wbDGgwiK K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ: ‰B aiGbi aË‚eK 09 chƯ¦ AsK ev $ «¼viv ÷i‚ nq| gvb
2147483648 ˆ^GK 294967295 ‰i gaÅeZÆx ˆhGKvGbv FYvñK ev abvñK nGZ cvGi| aË‚eGK Kgv eÅenvi
Kiv hvq bv; ZGe cÉGqvRGb `kwgK wPn× eÅenvi Kiv hvq| msLÅvmƒPK aË‚eK Avevi wbGÁ²vÚ cuvPfvGM fvM Kiv
hvq :
 Bw´ŸRvi K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ : ‰ aiGbi aË‚eK abvñK ev FYvñK ˆh ˆKvGbv cƒYÆmsLÅv nGZ cvGi| ‰ aË‚eGK
`kwgK we±`y ^vGK bv| ˆhgb 546, 45, 20000, -32768, +6532767 BZÅvw`|
 ˆdÑvwUs cGq´Ÿ K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ : ‰ aiGbi aË‚eK abvñK ev FYvñK cƒYÆ ev f™²vskwewkÓ¡ msLÅv nGZ cvGi|
cƒYÆmsLÅvi RbÅ `kwgK wPGn×i eÅenvi AvekÅK bq, ZGe AvswkK gvGbi RbÅ ‰i weK͸ ˆbB| ˆhgb-
56, 56, 0, 55, 50, 3.141592, -45.678, +65.32767 BZÅvw`|
 ‰ÝGcvGbbwkqvj K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ: ‰ aiGbi aË‚eKI abvñK ‰es FYvñK Dfq aiGbi nGZ cvGi| ‰ iKg
msLÅv 10 ‰i mƒPK ev NvZ (Power) wnmvGe ˆjLv nq ‰es E AÞi w`Gq ˆevSvGbv nq| ‰LvGb E w`Gq
10 ‰i mvG^ ˆh mƒPK msLÅvwU ^vGK Zvi gvb ˆjLv nq| mƒPK msLÅvwU hw` abvñK nq ZvnGj E ‰i
cGi ˆhvM (+) ‰es FYvñK nGj weGqvM (-) eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ˆhgb, 3.5E+3, 3.5E-5, BZÅvw`|
 AÙvj K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ: ‰ aiGbi msLÅvi cƒGeÆ ‰KwU kƒbÅ (0) emvGZ nq, ˆhgb- 0348, 01234 BZÅvw`|
ZGe djvdGj ‰B AwZwiÚ kƒbÅ AMÉvnÅ nq|
 ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ: ‰ aiGbi msLÅvi cƒGeÆ 0x wjLGZ nq, ˆhgb- 0x12, 0xA2B BZÅvw`| ZGe
djvdGj ‰B AwZwiÚ 0x AMÉvnÅ nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 421
2. AÞimƒPK aË‚eK ev wÕ¡Ès K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ: eYÆ, Aâ I AbÅvbÅ wPn× mvwRGq ‰B aË‚eK MwVZ nq| ‰B aË‚eKGK wmGãj
A^ev Wvej ˆKvGUkb «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv nq|
 Single Character Constant:‰KwU eYÆ hv Single Quotation Mark «¼viv wPwn×Z Kiv nq| ˆhgb:
‘A’, ‘5’ BZÅvw`|
 String Constant: Aâ, eYÆ ev AbÅvbÅ wPGn×I mg¯¼Gq ‰ aË‚eK MwVZ nq| ‰ aË‚eK wmGãj evWvej
ˆKvGUkb «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv hvq| wÕ¡Ès aË‚eKGK 0 nGZ 255 wU AÞi ^vKGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- "A",
"Khoksa","58.58" BZÅvw`|
 Backslash Character Constang: weGkl wKQy KÅvGiÙvi AvGQ (ˆhgb, /, ", \n, \r, \t BZÅvw`)
ˆhàGjv printf() dvskGbi Wvej ˆKvGUkGbi(“ ”) gGaÅ ˆhfvGe eÅenvi Kiv nq wK¯§ djvdGj ˆmi…c
cÉ`wkÆZ nq bv| printf() ev ‰i…c ˆKvGbv dvskb «¼viv ‰me KÅvGiÙvi cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ‰B KÅvGiÙvi àGjvi
mvG^ AwZwiÚ ‰KwU eÅvKÕÏvk (\) KÅvGiÙvi eÅenvi KiGZ nq, ‰àGjvGK eÅvKÕÏvk ev BGÕ•c wmKzGq´Ö
KÅvGiÙvi ˆmU ejv nq|
wbGÁ³i QGK eüj eÅen†Z KGqKwU eÅvKÕÏvk KÅvGiÙvi ˆmGUi ZvwjKv ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
eÅvKÕÏvk
eÅenvi D`vniY AvDUcyU
KÅvGiÙvi
\n bZzbjvBb ŠZwiKGi printf("This is \n Dhaka This is
College"); Dhaka College
\t UÅve ‰i gGZv KvR KGi printf("This is \t Dhaka This is Dhaka College
College");
\r jvBGbi ÷i‚GZ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ printf("This is \r Dhaka Dhaka College
College");
printf("\t\tThis is \r Dhaka Dhaka College This is
College");
\a msGKZ (Alarm) `vGbi printf("\a\aThis is Dhaka This is Dhaka College (‰KwU
RbÅ College"); kõ msGKZ ˆkvbv hvGe)
\b eÅvKGÕ·m ‰i KvR KGi printf("This is \bDhaka This is Dhaka College
College");
\" Wvej ˆKvGUkb (") printf("This is \"Dhaka This is “Dhaka College”
KÅvGiÙvi cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ College\" ");
\' wmGãj ˆKvGUkb (') printf("This is \` Dhaka This is ‘Dhaka College’
KÅvGiÙvi cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ College\' ");
\\ eÅvKÕÏvk (\) cÉ`ÆGbi RbÅ printf("This is \\ Dhaka This is \ Dhaka College
College");
\? cÉk²GevaK wPn× cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ printf("This is \? Dhaka This is ? Dhaka College
College");
QK: KGqKwU eÅvKÕÏvk KÅvGiÙvi I ZvG`i eÅenvi
KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ eÅenvGii wbqg: KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ eÅenvGii KZàGjv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqg AvGQ| ˆhgb:-
 cÉwZwU KbÕ¡ÅvG´Ÿi bvg ^vGK|
 K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ ˆNvlYvi mgqB Zvi gvb wbaÆviY KGi w`GZ nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vGZB gvb cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv|
 cÉGqvRGb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆh ˆKvGbv RvqMvq KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 printf() dvskb «¼viv K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ gvb cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ DchyÚ digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi eÅen†Z nq|
 422 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆcÉvMÉvGg aË‚eK eÅenvGii myweav (Advantages of Constant)

 aË‚eK eÅenvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGg fzGji cwigvY KGg hvq I ˆcÉvMÉvg mnRGevaÅ nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvW UvBc KiGZ mgq Kg jvGM|
5.12.10 PjK (Variable)
ˆfwiGqej nGjv ˆgGgvwii (RAM) ˆjvGKkGbi bvg ev wVKvbv| ˆcÉvMÉvGg hLb ˆKvGbv ˆWUv wbGq KvR Kiv nq,
cÉv^wgKfvGe ˆmàGjv KwÁ·DUvGii iÅvGg AeÕ©vb KGi| cieZÆx mgGq ˆmàGjv cybi‚«¬vi ev cybeÅenvGii RbÅ H
bvg ev wVKvbv Rvbv cÉGqvRb nq| myZivs ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆWUv wbGq KvR Kivi mgq cÉwZwU ˆWUvi RbÅ ‰KwU
ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi KiGZ nq| cÉwZevi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆfwiGqejàGjv AeÕ©vb I msiwÞZ gvb
cwieZÆb nq ev nGZ cvGi eGj ‰G`iGK ˆfwiGqej ev PjK ejv nq|
‰KwU ˆfwiGqeGji wbÁ²wjwLZ ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vKGZ nGe-
 ‰KwU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ bvg ^vKGZ nGe|
 ‰wU ˆgGgvwiGZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY RvqMv ˆbGe|
 ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆWUv UvBc ^vKGe|
PjK ˆNvlYvi wmbGUÝ nGjv-
DataType VariableName; D`vniY: int number1;
A^ev, DataType VariableName=[Value]; D`vniY: int number1=60;
‰LvGb, ˆfwiGqej ejGZ number1 ˆK eySvGbv nq|
ˆfwiGqej eÅenvGii myweav (Advantages of Variable):
ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi bv KGiI ˆcÉvMÉvGg wewf®² aiGbi ˆWUv wbGq KvR Kiv hvq| ZGe ˆmGÞGò ˆWUvi Õ¼qswKÌq gvb
wbaÆviY, cybeÅenvi cÉf‡wZ myweav cvIqv hvq bv| D`vniY wnGmGe ejv hvq, KvGiv hw` jÞ jÞ e®¬y ^vGK, ZGe
hZB Av¯¦wiK ˆnvK bv ˆKb Zviv ˆK ˆKvb i‚Gg ^vGK Zv gGb ivLv mÁ¿eci bq| wK¯§ Zviv hw` ZvG`i bvg, ˆivj
ev AvBwW bvÁ¼vGii Abyi…c bvgwewkÓ¡ i‚Gg ^vGK ZGe mnGRB ZvG`i LyuGR ˆei Kiv mÁ¿e nGe| gƒjZ ˆcÉvMÉvGg
ˆfwiGqej eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆfwiGqeGji bvgwewkÓ¡ ˆjvGKkGb ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv nq| hv cieZÆx
mgGq ˆmàGjv LyuGR cvIqv mnR nq|
ˆfwiGqej ev PjGKi cÉKviGf` (Classification of Variable): wewf®² `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK ˆfwiGqejGK fvM
Kiv hvq| wbGÁ² QGKi gvaÅGg Zv ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
PjK

wWGKÑGikGbi wfwîGZ ˆWUvi aiGbi wfwîGZ KvhÆKvwiZvi wfwîGZ

1. ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej 1. wbDGgwiK ˆfwiGqej 1. AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej

2. ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej 2. AÅvGi ev webÅvm ˆfwiGqej 2. Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqej
3. cGq´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej 3. ‰ÝUvbÆvj ˆfwiGqej
4. wÕ¡Ès ˆfwiGqej 4. ˆiwRÕ¡vi ˆfwiGqej
5. weΟBb ˆfwiGqej
6. KvÕ¡g ev BDRvi wWdvBb ˆfwiGqej

ˆNvlYv ev AeÕ©vGbi wfwîGZ `yB aiGbi ˆfwiGqej eÅen†Z nq| h^v:

 ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej (Local Varialable): hLb ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqej ˆKvGbv dvskGbi gGaÅ ev dvskb ewWGZ
ˆNvlYv Kiv nq ZLb ˆmB ˆfwiGqejGK H dvskGbi mvGcGÞ ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqeGji
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 423
gvb I AwÕ¦Z½ ÷aygvò mswkÏÓ¡ dvskGbi gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ^vGK| ‰B gvb AbÅ dvskGb mivmwi eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
ZGe ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej wewkÓ¡ ˆKvGbv dvskb AbÅ ˆKvGbv dvskGb Kj KGi eÅenviKvix dvskGb cGivÞfvGe
ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqeGji gvb eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| KÁ·vBjvi hZÞY ‰KwU dvskb wbGq KvR KGi ZZÞY chƯ¦ H
dvskGbi ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqejàGjv mwKÌq ^vGK| ˆKvGbv dvskGbi KvhÆKÌg ˆkGl KÁ·vBjvi Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe ˆjvKvj
ˆfwiGqejàGjvi RbÅ eivóK‡Z ˆgGgvwi cwimi Lvwj KGi ˆ`q| dGj `yB ev ZGZvwaK dvskGb ‰KB bvg I ˆWUv
UvBGci ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi ‰es ZvGZ ˆKvGbv mgmÅv nq bv| cÉGqvRGb ˆjvKvj
ˆfwiGqeGji KvhÆKÌg dvskGbi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÐGKi gGaÅI mxgve«¬ KGi ˆ`qv hvq|
 ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej (Global Variable): hLb ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqej ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZ ˆhgb main() dvskGbi
cƒGeÆ ˆNvlYv Kiv nq ZLb ZvGK ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqeGji gvb I AwÕ¦Z½ ˆKvGbv
wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÐK ev ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ dvskGbi gGaÅ mxgve«¬ bv ˆ^GK cyGiv ˆcÉvMÉvGg weÕ¦‡Z ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi
ˆfwiGqej dvskGbi gGaÅ bq; dvskGbi DcGi ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| dGj ˆfwiGqeGji gvb, bvg I ˆÞò
ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z mKj dvskGbi RbÅ mgvbfvGe cÉGhvRÅ|
ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej I ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ:
ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej
1. ˆKvGbv dvskGbi gGaÅ ˆfwiGqej wWGKÑqvi KiGj 1. mKj dvskGbi evwnGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZ wWGKÑqvi
ZvGK DÚ dvskGbi ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| Kiv ˆfwiGqejGK ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq|
2. ˆKvGbv dvskGbi gGaÅ wWGKÑqvi Kiv ˆjvKvj 2. ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqeGji KgÆKv´£ ˆKvGbv dvskGbi gGaÅ
ˆfwiGqej DÚ dvskGbi evBGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| mxgve«¬ bq|
3. wf®² wf®² dvskGb ‰KB bvGgi ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej 3. ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ ‰KB bvGgi ‰KwU gvò
^vKGZ cvGi| ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ^vKGZ cvGi|
4. dvskGbi ÷i‚GZ wWGKÑqvi Kiv nq| 4. mvaviYZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZ wWGKÑqvi Kiv nq|
ˆWUvi aiGbi Ici wfwî KGi wm fvlvq ˆgvUvgywU Qq aiGbi ˆfwiGqej eÅen†Z nq| h^v:
I. wbDGgwiK ˆfwiGqej: ˆh ˆfwiGqeGji gvb msLÅvq nq ZvGK msLÅvmƒPK PjK ev wbDGgwiK ˆfwiGqej ejv
nq| ‰i…c ˆfwiGqeGji gvb ˆcÉvMÉvGg wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`qv hvq A^ev ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq KxGevWÆ ev AbÅ
ˆKvGbv Drm ˆ^GK ˆbqv hvq| wm fvlvq eÅen†Z wbDGgwiK ˆfwiGqejàGjv cƒYÆmsLÅv (ˆhgb, 100, 200,
300, 1000, -4890, 12345 BZÅvw`), `kwgK wPn×wewkÓ¡ msLÅv (ˆhgb, 100.0, 20.50, 23.00, -48.90,
12.45 BZÅvw`), wKsev ‰ÝGcvGbbwkqvj ev `kwgK wPn×wewkÓ¡ e†nr msLÅv (ˆhgb, 3.4x10200 A^vÆr 3.5E–
203 BZÅvw`) nGZ cvGi|
II. AÅvGi ˆfwiGqej: ‰KB aiGbi KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji mgwÓ¡GK AÅvGi ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| AÅvGi Avevi
‰KgvwòK, w«¼gvwòK I eügvwòK nGZ cvGi| ˆhgb: ‰KgvwòK AÅvGii D`vniY nGjv : A [10] hv ˆgvU 10 wU
ˆfwiGqeGji mgwÓ¡ wbG`Æk KGi| Avevi w«¼gvwòK AÅvGii D`vniY nGjv: A [2], [3] hv ˆgvU 6wU ˆfwiGqeGji
mgwÓ¡ wbG`Æk KGi|
III. cGq´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej: cGq´Ÿvi ‰K cÉKvi ˆfwiGqej hv ‰KB UvBGci Aci ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqejGK wbG`Æk KGi;
A^Ævr ‰KB UvBGci Aci ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈm aviY KGi| cGq´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej eÅenvGii
dGj ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv AGbKvsGk nËvm cvq| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGn AGcÞvK‡Z Kg mgq jvGM|
IV. KvÕ¡g ˆfwiGqej: AGbK mgq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv nËvm Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi Zvi cÉGqvRGb wewf®² UvBGci
ˆfwiGqeGji mg¯¼Gq wbRÕ¼ ˆWUv UvBc ŠZwi KGi ˆbb| ˆcÉvMÉvgvi KZ‡ÆK ŠZwi ˆWUv UvBcGK BDRvi-
wWdvB´£ ev KvÕ¡g ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ‰GZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv AGbKvsGk nËvm cvq| Õ¡ÈvKPvi, BDwbqb I
BbygvGikb wm-ˆZ eüj eÅen†Z KGqKwU KvÕ¡g ˆWUv UvBc|
 424 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

V. wÕ¡Ës ˆfwiGqej: hLb ‰K ev ‰KvwaK KÅvGiÙvi ev eYÆ ‰KwU ˆfwiGqej wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq ZLb ZvGK
wÕ¡Ès ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ˆhgb, "Programming in C", "University of Dhaka" BZÅvw`| gƒjZ Char
UvBc ˆfwiGqejGK AÅvGi wKsev cGq´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej wnGmGe ˆNvlYv KGi ZvGZ wÕ¡Ès msiÞY Kiv nq| ˆhgb,
Char Ch1 [30] = "Programming in C"
Char *Ch2 = "University of Dhaka"
VI. weΟ Bb ˆfwiGqej: weΟ Bb ˆfwiGqej nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU ˆfwiGqej hv KZàGjv jvBGeËwi dvskb| ‰wU
ˆWUv AvBGUGgi gvb msiÞGY eÅen†Z nq|
KvhÆKvwiZvi Dci wbfÆi KGi ˆfwiGqejGK Pvi fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v@
 AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej: ˆcÉvMÉvGg weΟ-Bb I gwWdvBW ˆWUv UvBGci ˆh mKj ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv
Kiv nq ˆmàGjv ev ÞYÕ©vqx cÉK‡wZi| ‰me ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvnKvGj KÁ·vBjvi cÉGqvRbxq
ˆgGgvwi cwimi eivó KGi ‰es dvskb wbeÆvn ˆkGl Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe eivóK‡Z ˆgGgvwi cwimi Lvwj KGi ˆ`q|
‰i…c ˆfwiGqejGK AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiqej ˆNvlYvi RbÅ ˆfwiGqeGji ˆWUv
UvBGci cƒGeÆ auto eÅen†Z nq| ZGe ˆKvGbv ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvKvGj Zvi ˆWUv UvBGci cƒGeÆ auto
KxIqvWÆ DGÍÏL bv KiGjI KÁ·vBjvi Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej wnGmGe MYÅ KGi| A^Ævr wm
ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆh mKj ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆmàGjvi meB AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej|
 Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqej: wbRÕ¼ dvskb I eÅenviKvix dvskbmn cyGiv ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji meÆGkl gvb
eÅenvi Kivi RbÅ Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej wewkÓ¡ ˆKvGbv
dvskb Kj Kiv nGj cÉwZevi dvskb KGji RbÅ ˆfwiGqejàGjvi cÉviwÁ¿K gvb M†nxZ nq| wK¯§ Õ¡ÅvwUK
ˆfwiGqej wewkÓ¡ ˆKvGbv dvskb ‰KvwaKevi Kj Kiv nGj ˆKej cÉ^gevi Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ ˆ`q
cÉviwÁ¿K gvb M†nxZ nq| cieZÆxGZ hZevi Zv Kj Kiv nq Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ dvskGb ˆ`qv cÉviwÁ¿K
gvb M†nxZ bv nGq cƒeÆeZÆx dvskb KGj AwRÆZ meÆGkl gvb M†nxZ nq| ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqejGK Õ¡ÅvwUK wnGmGe
ˆNvlYvi RbÅ ˆfwiGqeGji ˆWUv UvBGci cƒGeÆ static KxIqvWÆ eÅen†Z nq|
AGUvGgwUK ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvi digÅvU nGjv : Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvi digÅvU nGjv :
void main() void main()
{ {
auto int x,y,z; static int x,y,z;
//... ... //... ...
} }
A^ev
void main()
{
int x,y,z;
//... ...
}
 ‰ÝUvbÆvj ˆfwiGqej: Bnv ‰KwU ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej, hvi gvb ˆKvGbv dvskb ev gwWDGji gvaÅGg cwieZÆb
Kiv hvq| ˆh dvskGb Zv cwiewZÆZ nq, ˆmLvGb Zv extern wnmvGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| ˆhgb- extern int x;
 ˆiwRÕ¡vi ˆfwiGqej: ‰ me PjGKi gvb ˆgGgvwiGZ bv ˆiGL `Ë‚ZMwZi ˆiwRÕ¡vGi ivLv nq| dGj ˆWUv cÉGmm
mnR nq| ‰aiGbi PjK ˆNvlYv KiGZ register Kx-IqvWÆ eÅen†Z nq| ˆhgb - register int x;
ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv I bvgKiGYi wbqgvejx: ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ cÉGqvRbxq msLÅK ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv
KGib ‰es wZwb Zvi BœQv Abyhvqx ˆfwiGqeGji bvgKiY KiGZ cvGib bv| KviY ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv I
bvgKiGYi gGaÅ wKQz ˆgŒwjK mxge«¬Zv I wbqg-Kvbyb iGqGQ| ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆWUv wbGq KvR Kivi mgq cÉwZwU
ˆWUvi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi KiGZ nq| Avevi cÉwZwU ˆfwiGqej bvGgi cƒGeÆ Zvi ˆWUv UvBc DGÍÏL
KiGZ nq| ˆWUv UvBc-mn ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji bvgKiY cÉwKÌqvGK ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv ejv nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 425
ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv I bvgKiGYi RbÅ ˆhme wbqg-bxwZ AbymiY KiGZ nq Zv wbÁ²ic
… :
 ˆfwiGqeGji cÉ^g AÞi AekÅB AvjdvGewUK KÅvGiÙvi (a, .... , z, A, ....., Z) nGZ nGe| ˆfwiGqej bvg
wWwRU ev AsK w`Gq ÷i‚ nGZ cvGi bv| ˆhgb- Roll_1 I Roll_10 Šea ˆfwiGqej; wK¯§ 1Roll 2_Roll
A‹ea|
 ˆfwiGqeGji gGaÅ ˆÕ·kvj KÅvGiÙvi Av´£viGÕ•vi (_) eÅenvi Kiv hvq| AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ·kvj KÅvGiÙvi
(ˆhgb $,!,@,#,%,*,+,- BZÅvw`) eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ˆhgb, my_var Šea ˆfwiGqej; wK¯§ my@var I
my&Roll A‹ea|
 ‰KB dvskGb ‰KB bvGg `yB ev ZGZvwaK ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv Kiv hvq bv| ZGe ‰KB ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z `yB ev
ZGZvwaK dvskGb ‰KB bvGg ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
 ˆfwiGqej bvGgi gGaÅ ˆKvGbv dvuKv RvqMv ^vKGZ cvGi bv| ˆhgb, RollNo, Roll, MyRoll BZÅvw` Šea
ˆfwiGqej| wK¯§ Roll N I Roll 1, My Roll A‹ea|
 wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eo I ˆQvU nvGZi AÞiàGjv Avjv`v A^Æ enb KGi| ZvB Roll_1, roll_10 I MyRoll bvGg
ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv KGi roll_1, Roll_10, Myroll bvGg eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
 ˆKvGbv KxIqvGWÆi bvg ˆfwiGqej wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| main ˆKvGbv KxIqvWÆ bv nGjI ˆfwiGqej
bvg wnGmGe main eÅen†Z nq bv| AekÅ KxIqvWÆ-mgƒGni bvGgi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK eYÆ eo niGd wjGL
AvBGWw´ŸdvqvGii bvg wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ZGe ‰i…c bv KivB Dîg| ˆhgb, Int, Char, Main
BZÅvw` Šea ˆfwiGqej| wK¯§ int, main BZÅvw` A‹ea|
 ˆfwiGqej bvgKiGY ˆhGKvGbv msLÅK KÅvGiÙvi eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ZGe ANSI wbqg Abyhvqx ˆfwiGqej
bvgKiGY 31wU KÅvGiÙvGii ˆewk eÅenvi bv KivB fvGjv|
ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviGYi ˆÞGò mvaviY fzj: gvb wbaÆviGYi ˆÞGò mvaviYZ ˆfwiGqeGji ˆWUv UvBc I ˆWUv
UvBGci ˆiGéi fzj ˆewk nq| ˆhgb, ‰K UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ AbÅ UvBc gvb ˆ`Iqv wKsev ˆfwiGqeGji
gvGbi ˆié AwZKÌg Kiv| ˆhGKvGbv KviGY ˆfwiGqeGii gvGbi ˆié AwZKÌg KiGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg fzj djvdj AvmGZ
cvGi| ZGe gRvi eÅvcvi nGjv ‰GÞGò KÁ·vBjvi ˆKvGbv mZKÆ evZÆv ˆ`Lvq bv|
wm jÅvsàGqGR K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ I ˆfwiGqej ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ ˆfwiGqej
1. K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ A^Æ wÕ©i ev aË‚eK hv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvb 1. ˆfwiGqej nGjv ‰KUv bvg, ˆh bvGg KÁ·vBjvi
avib KGi| wbw`ÆÓ¡ aiGbi ˆWUv ivLvi RbÅ ˆgGgvwiGZ
RvqMv ivGL|
2. K´ÖUÅvG´Ÿ Kgv eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ZGe 2. ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviY Kivi mgq msLÅvi
cÉGqvRGb `kwgK eÅenvi Kiv hvq| gGaÅ Kgv eÅenvi Kiv hvGe|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvg PvjvGbvi mgq ˆKvGbvfvGeB KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ 3. ˆcÉvMÉvg PvjvGbvi mgq hLb cÉGqvRb BGœQgZ
‰i gvb cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv| ˆfwiGqej ‰i gvb cwieZÆb Kiv hvq|

KvR:
1. wbGPi PjKàGjvi gGaÅ ˆKvbàGjv Šea ‰es Šea bq| KviY `kÆvI|
num, num1, 1num, n1um, n um, n_um, _num, !num, n!um, ..num, n..um, _n_
2. wbGPi PjKàGjv ˆKb A‹ea Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
i. int my@roll ii. int "5x" iii. int main iv. float marks 50 v. char fa-name;
 426 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 20 ivwkgvjv I wK-IqvWÆ

5.12.11 ivwkgvjv (Expression)

wm fvlvq MvwYwZK I ˆhŒwÚK KvR wbq¯¨Y Kivi RbÅ KZàGjv weGkl wmÁ¼j (ˆhgb, +,-,*,/,++,--,<,>,>=
BZÅvw`) eÅen†Z nq, ‰àGjvGK AcvGiUi ejv nq| Avi hv ˆWUv aviY KGi ZvGK AcvGi´£ ejv nq| AcvGi´£ ev
ˆWUv eÅenvi KGi wewf®² KgÆ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ AcvGiUi eÅen†Z nq| KZàGjv AcvGi´£, AcvGiUi I KbÕ¡ÅvG´Ÿi
A^ÆGevaK ‰es mvgéÅcƒYÆ DcÕ©vcbGK ‰ÝGcÉkb ev eYÆbv ejv nq|
D`vniY wnGmGe ejv hvq, Average= (valuel+value2) /2; ‰KwU ‰ÝGcÉkb| ‰LvGb Average, value1,
value2 AcvGi´£; =, -, +, / AcvGiUi I 2 KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ|
wm-ˆZ eÅen†Z AcvGiUimgƒn: AcvGiUGii mvG^ mshyÚ AcvGi´£ ev K´ÖUÅvG´Ÿi msLÅvi wfwîGZ wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg
eÅen†Z AcvGiUi mgƒnGK wZbwU cÉavb ˆkÉwYGZ fvM Kiv nq| h^v:
 BDbvwi AcvGiUi
 evBbvwi AcvGiUi ‰es
 Uvibvwi AcvGiUi
BDbvwi AcvGiUi: ˆh mKj AcvGiUGii mvG^ ˆKej ‰KwU AcvGi´£ ev KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ mshyÚ ^vGK ZvG`iGK BDbvwi
AcvGiUi ejv nq| wbGÁ² ‰KwU QGK eüj eÅen†Z KGqKwU BDbvwi AcvGiUi I ZvG`i eÅenvi DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv|
AcvGiUi D`vniY eÅenvi
+ v2=+v1; AcvGiG´£i abvZ½K gvb eySvGZ eÅen†Z nq|
(BDbvwi µÏvm) v3=+(v1-v2) ;
- v2= -v1; AcvGiG´£ FYvZ½K gvb eySvGZ eÅen†Z nq|
(BDbvwi gvBbvm) v3= -(v1+v2) ;
++ ++x ;ev x++; AcvGiG´£i gvGbi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM nq|
hv x = x+1ev x + = 1‰i
(BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUi) mgvb|

-- - - x; ev x- -; AcvGiG´£i gvb nGZ 1 weGqvM nq|

(wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUi) hv x=x- 1evx- = 1‰i mgvb|

! !4 = 0 kƒYÅ evG` AbÅ ˆKvGbv AcvGiG´£i gvb 0 KGi

(bU) ‰es !0 = 1 ˆ`q wK¯§ kƒGYÅi gvb 1 KGi ˆ`q|
~ A=(10)10=(00001010)2 AcvGiG´£i gvb 1’‰i cwicƒiGK i…cv¯¦i KGi
~A=(11110101)2 ev (-11)10
(cƒiK ev KgwµÏGg´Ÿ) Zv Avevi `kwgGK i…cv¯¦i KGi ˆ`Lvq|
BDbvwi AcvGiUiàGjv ˆcvÕ¡wdÝ ev wcÉwdÝ ˆbvGUkGb KvR KGi| ˆcvÕ¡wdÝ ˆbvGUkb A^Æ nGjv AcvGiUi
AcvGiG´£i cGi eGm| AbÅw`GK wcÉwdÝ ˆbvGUkb A^Æ nGjv AcvGiUi AcvGiG´£i cƒGeÆ eGm| ˆKvb ˆKvb
AcvGiUiàGjv ˆcvÕ¡wdÝ, wcÉwdÝ ev Dfq ˆbvGUkGb KvR KGi Zv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
AcvGiUi ˆbvGUkb AcvGiUi ˆbvGUkb AcvGiUi ˆbvGUkb
+ wcÉwdÝ ++ Dfq ! wcÉwdÝ
- wcÉwdÝ -- Dfq ~ wcÉwdÝ
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 427
evBbvwi AcvGiUi: ˆh mKj AcvGiUGii mvG^ `yBwU AcvGi´£ ev K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ mshyÚ ^vGK ZvG`iGK evBbvwi
AcvGiUi ejv nq| ˆhgb: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg BDbvwi AcvGiUi AGcÞv evBbvwi AcvGiUGii eÅenvi ˆewk ˆ`Lv hvq|
BDbvwi I Uvibvwi AcvGiUi Qvov evKx meàGjv evBbvwi AcvGiUi| evBbvwi AcvGiUi BbwdÝ (infix)
ˆbvGUkGb KvR KGi| A^vÆr AcvGiUiàGjv `yGUv AcvGiG´£i gvSLvGb eÅen†Z nq|
Uvibvwi AcvGiUi: ˆh mKj AcvGiUi ‰K mvG^ wZbwU AcvGi´£ wbGq KvR KGi ZvG`iGK Uvibvwi AcvGiUi
ejv nq| Uvibvwi AcvGiUiwU nGjv- ? : hv if-else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mswÞµ¦ i…c wnmvGe KvR KGi| ‰B AcvGiUiwU
eÅenvGii wmbGUÝ nGjv-
(condition) ? true result : false result;
‰LvGb condition mZÅ nGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg true result Ask KvR KiGe AbÅ^vq false result Ask KvR KiGe|
ˆhgb: x = (a > b) ? a : b, ‰LvGb a, b ‰i ˆPGq eo nGj x = a nGe, bZzev x = b nGe| ‰B D`vniGY a =
10; b = 20 nGj x ‰i gvb nGe 20|
KvGRi Dci wfwî KGi evBbvwi AcvGiUiGK Avevi wbGÁ²vÚ fvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
1. MvwYwZK AcvGiUi (Arithmetic Operator): ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg MvwYwZK KvR ˆhgb-ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY, fvM
BZÅvw` mÁ·®² Kivi RbÅ AÅvwi^GgwUK AcvGiUi eÅen†Z nq|
MvwYwZK AcvGiUi D`vniY MvwYwZK AcvGiUi D`vniY
+ ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ 7 + 5=12 / fvM Kivi RbÅ 7/5=1
 weGqvM Kivi RbÅ 75=2 % fvMGkl wbYÆGqi RbÅ 7%5=2
 àY Kivi RbÅ 7  5=35
‰LvGb + ‰es- Qvov evKxàGjv ÷aygvò evBbvwi AcvGiUi wnmvGe KvR KGi| A^Ævr, ‰wU `y’ˆUv AcvGi´£ wbGq
KvR KGi| + I - ˆK BDbvwi wKsev evBbvwi AcvGiUi wnGmGeI eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
ˆcÉvMÉvGg fvGMi KvR Kivi RbÅ ( / ) AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ( / ) AcvGiUi w`Gq ‰ÝGcÉkb ŠZwi Kivi
mgq wbGÁ²i welqàGjv ˆLqvj ivLGZ nq,
1) w«¼Zxq AcvGiG´£I gvb AekÅB kƒbÅ nGZ cvGibv|
2) Dfq AcvGiG´£i ˆWUvUvBc hw` int nq, ZvnGj fvMdj I int UvBGci nq|
‰LvGb % AcvGiUi Qvov AbÅ AcvGiUi àGjvi AcvGi´£ wnGmGe ˆhGKvGbv ˆWUvUvBc (int, float, double,
char) eÅenvi Kiv hvq| wK¯§ % AcvGiUGii AcvGi´£ wnmvGe AekÅB int UvBGci ˆWUvUvBc eÅenvi KiGZ nq|
D`vniY: hw` a=10, b=20, c=7 ‰es d=2 D`vniY: hw` a=10, b=20, c=30 ‰es d=5 nq, ZvnGj
nq, ZvnGj a+b*c/d ‰ÝGcÉkGbi gvb- a+(a*b-(c%d)/2)*3-(c-d+(a-b)) ‰ÝGcÉkGbi gvb
a+b*c/d a+(a*b-(c%d)/2)*3-(c-d+(a-b))
=10+20*7/2 = 10+(10*20-(30%5)/2)*3-(30-5+(10-20))
=10+140/2 = 10+(200-0/2)*3-(30-5-10)
=10+70 = 10+(200-0)*3-(25-10)
=80 = 10+200*3-15 = 10+600-15
= 610-15
= 595
KvR:
wbGPi ivwkgvjvàGjvi djvdj ˆei KGiv|
i. pow((6/2+4/2),(13%5))-4*2+7
ii. pow(15/3-9/3),(17%5))-4+3*2+7
iii. 49/7-pow((18/3-3/3),(14%4))-5+2*2+29
 428 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

2. AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi (Assignment Operator): wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆfwiGqej ev ‰ÝGcÉkGbi gvb AbÅ

ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqej ev ‰ÝGcÉkGbi gvb wnGmGe eÅenvi KiGZ AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi eÅen†Z nq|
‰KB iKg D`vniY ‰KB iKg
D`vniY
AcvGiUi djvdj AcvGiUi (int a=11, djvdj
(int a=11,b=5) eÅenvi eÅenvi
b=5)
= a=b a=b a =5 *= a *= b a =a* b a =55
+= a +=b a=a +b a =16 /= a / =b a =a/b a =2
-= a -= b a =a- b a =6 %= a %= b a =a% b a =1

KvR:
int a=2,b=3,c=4;
a=a+b+c;
b=a+b+c;
c=a+b+c;
cÉk²: a, b, c ‰i meÆGkl gvb wbYÆq Ki|
3. wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi (Relational Operator): wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰ wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi `ywU AcvGiG´£i gGaÅ
mÁ·KÆ hvPvB KGi| wiGjkb mwZÅ (True) nGj 1 wiUvbÆ KGi, wiGjkb wg^Åv (false) nGj 0 wiUvbÆ KGi|
wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY (Decision making) ‰es jyc (Loop) ‰ wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi eÅen†Z nq|
D`vniY
AcvGiUi A^Æ djvdj
(int a=11, b=5)
< Wvbw`GKi AcvGiG´£i ˆPGq evgw`GKi AcvGi´£ a<b False
(ˆQvU) ˆQvU wKbv Zv hvPvBGqi RbÅ|
<= Wvbw`GKi AcvGiG´£i ˆPGq evgw`GKi AcvGi´£ a<=b False
(ˆQvU ev mgvb) ˆQvU ev mgvb wKbv Zv hvPvBGqi RbÅ|
> Wvbw`GKi AcvGiG´£i ˆPGq evgw`GKi AcvGi´£ a>b True
(eo) eo wKbv Zv hvPvBGqi RbÅ|
>= Wvbw`GKi AcvGiG´£i ˆPGq evgw`GKi AcvGi´£ a>= b True
(eo ev mgvb) eo ev mgvb wKbv Zv hvPvBGqi RbÅ|
== Wvbw`GKi AcvGi´£ ‰es evgw`GKi AcvGi´£ a== b False
(mgvb) mgvb wKbv Zv hvPvBGqi RbÅ|
!= Wvbw`GKi AcvGi´£ ‰es evgw`GKi AcvGi´£ a! = b True
(Amgvb) Amgvb wKbv Zv hvPvBGqi RbÅ|

AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi ‰i "=" ‰es wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi wnmvGe eÅen†Z mgZv wPn× "==" ‰K bq|
AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi "=" ˆK ˆKvb ‰KUv ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviY KiGZ eÅen†Z nq| wK¯§ mgZv wPn× "=="
ˆK `ywU AcvGi´£ mgvb wK-bv Zv Zzjbv KiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq Zv AcvGi´£ ˆnvK ev ˆKvGbv ‰ÝGcÉkbB ˆnvK|
KvR:
gGbKwi, x=5, y=6, z=7| ZvnGj wbGÁ²i ‰ÝGcÉkb àGjvi AvDUcyU wbYÆq Ki|
i. (x+y)>z ii. (x+y)<=z iii. x!=y iv. (x<y)&&(y==6)
v. (x<y)&&(z!=y) vi. (x>y)||(z!=y) vii. (x>y)&&(z!=y) viii. (x<y)&&(z==y)
ix. (x<y)||(z==y)
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 429
4. jwRKÅvj AcvGiUi (Logical Operator): wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg wewf®² aiGbi jwRKÅvj AcvGikb (ˆhgb- Ai,
AÅv´£, bU) mÁ·®² Kivi RbÅ jwRKÅvj AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq| jwRKÅvj Ai I AÅv´£ evBbvwi AcvGiUi
nGjI jwRKÅvj bU BDbvwi AcvGiUi| AcvGiUi àGjv int UvBGci ˆWUv wbGq KvR KGi| jwRKÅvj ‰ÝGcÉkGb
eÅen†Z ˆKvGbv AcvGi´£ ev ‰ÝGcÉkGbi gvbkƒbÅ eÅwZZ AbÅ ˆh ˆKvGbv msLÅv nGj Zvi gvb True ev ‰K(1) aiv
nq, AbÅ^vq False ev kƒbÅ (0) aiv nq| wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ && (AÅv´£), || (Ai) ‰es !(bU) AcvGiUi mgƒnGK
jwRKÅvj AcvGiUi ejv nq| wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰ wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY mPviPi jwRKÅvj AcvGiUi eÅen†Z nq| wbGP QGKi gvaÅGg
KGqKwU jwRKÅvj AcvGikGbi djvdj ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
AcvGiUi A^Æ D`vniY (a=11,b=5,c=15) djvdj
&& Dfq AcvGi´£ True nGj ((a==b)&&(b>c)
True ev 1
( jwRKÅvj AÅv´£ ) djvdj True nGe|
|| ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU AcvGi´£ (b==c) || (a>c) False ev 0
( jwRKÅvj Ai ) True nGj djvdj True
nGe|
! AcvGi´£ False nGj !(b==c) True ev 1
( jwRKÅvj bU ) djvdj True nGe|

KvR:
gGbKwi, a = 5, b = 5, c = 10| ZvnGj wbGÁ²i ‰ÝGcÉkb àGjvi AvDUcyU wbYÆq Ki|
i. (a = b) && (c > b); ii. (a = b) && (c < b); iii. (a = b) || (c < b);
iv. (a != b) || (c < b); v. !(a != b); vi. !(a == b);

5. BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj/ wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUi (Incremental/Decremental Operator): ++ ‰es -- ˆK

h^vKÌGg BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj I wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUi ejv nq| ˆKvGbv AcvGiG´£i gvb 1 e†w«¬ ev nËvm KiGZ h^vKÌGg
BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj I wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj eÅen†Z nq| ˆhgb, count++ ‰es count--। ‰LvGb Counter ‰KwU int UvBc
ˆfwiGqej| count++ ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gvaÅGg count = count + 1; ‰es Counter-- ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gvaÅGg
count = count-1; ˆevSvGbv nq| mvaviYZ for ‰es while jyGc BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj ‰es wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUi
ˆewk eÅen†Z nq|
BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj I wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUGii wcÉwdÝ I ˆcvÕ¡wdÝ ˆbvGUkb: BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj ev wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUGii
wcÉwdÝ (++count ev --count) ˆbvGUkGbi ˆÞGò KÁ·vBjvi cÉ^Gg ˆfwiGqeGji cÉviwÁ¿K gvGbi mvG^ h^vKÌGg
‰K ˆhvM ev weGqvM KGi, AZci ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰KB ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰B ewaÆZ gvb eÅenvi KGi| wK¯§ BbwKÌGg´Ÿvj ev
wWwKÌGg´Ÿvj AcvGiUGii ˆcvÕ¡wdÝ (count++ ev count--) ˆbvGUkGbi ˆÞGò KÁ·vBjvi cÉ^Gg ˆcÉvMÉvGg
ˆfwiGqeGji cyivZb gvb eÅenvi KGi, AZci ˆfwiGqeGji gvGbi mvG^ h^vKÌGg ‰K ˆhvM ev weGqvM KGi| ‰B
bZzb gvb cieZÆx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ avc ˆ^GK KvhÆKi nq| A^Ævr ˆKvGbv PjGKi AvGM ++ ev - - eÅenvi KiGj AvGM
PjGKi gvb e†w«¬ ev nËvm cvGe ‰es cGi PjK AcvGikGb Ask wbGe| cÞv¯¦Gi ˆKvGbv PjGKi cGi ++ ev - - eÅenvi
KiGj AvGM PjK AcvGikGb Ask wbGe ‰es cGi PjGKi gvb e†w«¬ ev nËvm cvGe| ˆhgb :
 430 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY : D`vniY :
main () main ()
{ {
int x, y; int x, y;
y = 10; y = 10;
x = ++y; x = y++;
} }
‰GÞGò AvGM y ‰i gvb ‰K 1(‰K) e†w«¬ cvGe| ‰GÞGò cÉ^Gg x = 10 nGe, Zvici y ‰i gvb1
ZvnGjy ‰i gvb nGjv11; Zvici x = 11 nGe| (‰K) e†w«¬ ˆcGq y =11nGe|

KvR: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkGl PjK àwj ˆh gvb aviY KiGe Zv ˆ`LvI|

KvR 1: KvR 2: KvR 3:
main() KvR 4: main()
{ main() {
int a, b, s, d, m, mod, { int a=21,b=8;
di; int a,b,c; if(a>b)
a=35; a=5; b++;
b=8; b=10+a; if(b==9)
s=a+b; b++; --a;
d=a-b; ++b; if(a<21&&b>=9)
m=a*b; c=b-a; a=10;
mod=a%b; printf("c=%d",c); if(a!=10)
di=a/b; } b=10;
a++; }
++a;
b--;
--b;
}

6. weUIqvBR AcvGiUi (Bitwise Operator): wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvhÆÞgZv evovGZ AGbK mgq evBbvwi ˆWUv ev
weU wbGq KvR Kivi RbÅ ˆh mKj AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvG`iGK weUIqvBR AcvGiUi eGj| weUIqvBR
AcvGiUi ˆKejgvò int UvBGci ˆWUv wbGq KvR KGi|
wbGP QGKi gvaÅGg weUIqvBR AcvGiUi mgƒGni ZvwjKv I eÅenvi DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv|
weUIqvBR AcvGiUi eYÆbv D`vniY
& `yBwU AcvGiG´£I weU mgƒGni gGaÅ ˆRvovq A=(4)10 => A=(00000100)2
(weUIqvBR AND) ˆRvovq AÅv´£ (AND) AcvGikb mÁ·®² B=(5)10 => B=(00000101)2
A&B=(00000100)2 ev 410
KGi|
| `yBwU AcvGiG´£I weU mgƒGni gGaÅ ˆRvovq A=(4)10 => A=(00000100)2
(weUIqvBR OR) ˆRvovq Ai (OR) AcvGikb mÁ·®² KGi| B=(5)10 => B=(00000101)2
A|B=(00000101)2ev 510
^ `yBwU AcvGiG´£i weU mgƒGni gGaÅ ˆRvovq A=(4)10 => A=(00000100)2
(weUIqvBR XOR) ˆRvovq ‰ÝAi AcvGikb mÁ·®² KGi| B=(5)10 => B=(00000101)2
A^B=(00000001)2
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 431
weUIqvBR AcvGiUi eYÆbv D`vniY
<< ˆKvGbv AcvGiG´£i evBbvwi weU mgƒnGK ‰K A=(4)10 => A= (0000 0100)2
(wkdU ˆjdU) ev ‰KvwaK evi evgw`GK mivGbvi RbÅ A<<2=(0001 0000)2
eÅen†Z nq| dGj cÉwZevi ˆjdUwkdU =(16)10
AcvGikGb ˆKvGbv msLÅvi gvb w«¼àY nq|
>> ˆKvGbv AcvGiG´£I evBbvwi weU mgƒnGK ‰K A=(4)10 => A=(00000100)2
(wkdUivBU) ev ‰KvwaKevi Wvbw`GK mivGbvi RbÅ A>>2=(00000001)2
eÅen†Z nq| dGj ivBUwkdU AcvGikGb =(1)10
ˆKvGbv msLÅvi gvb AGaÆK nq|
~ ˆKvGbv AcvGiG´£I evBbvwi weU mgƒnGK A=(4)10 => A=(00000100)2
(1’‰i cwicƒiKKGiZv wecixZ KGi A^Ævr 0 ^vKGj1‰es1 ^vKGj ~A=11111011 [1’‰i cwicyiK]=(-
`kwgGK ˆ`Lvq) 0 KGi ˆdGj| 5)10
~A+1=11111011[2’‰i cwicyiK]
=(-4)10

KvR: A=10, B=12 nGjv wbGÁ²vÚ ivwk mgƒGni gvb ˆei Ki:
A|B, A&B, A^B, A<<2, B>>2, ~A, ~A+1, ~B, ~B+1

7. Kw´£kbvj AcvGiUi (Conditional Operator): wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg kZÆ mvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji gvb AbÅ
ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wnmvGe wbaÆviY Kivi RbÅ ˆh mKj AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK Kw´£kbvj
AcvGiUi eGj| A^Ævr ‰K ˆRvov AcvGiUi “? t ” wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg Kw´£kbvj ‰ÝGcÉkb MVb Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv
nq| ‰B AcvGiUGii MVb wbÁ²i…c:
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3 D`vniY :
‰LvGb exp1, exp2,‰es exp3 nGœQ x = 20, y = 15;
expression| z = (x > y) ? x : y;
‰LvGb, (x > y) hw` mZÅ nq ZvnGjz = x, AbÅ^vq z = y nGe|
kZÆ Abyhvqx z ‰i gvb nGe 20|

8. weGkl AcvGiUi (Misc Operator): C ˆcÉvMÉvGg wKQy weGkl AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq weGkl weGkl
KvGRi RbÅ| ˆhgb@The comma operator(,), The size of operator (sizeof), Pointer operator (&
and *), Member selection operator (. and ->) BZÅvw`| wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg weGkl KvGRi RbÅ weGkl AcvGiUi
eÅen†Z nq|
AcvGiUi eYÆbv D`vniY
sizeof() ˆKvGbv PjGKi AvKvi(Size) Kx Zv Rvbvi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq| sizeof(char)
& PjGKi wVKvbv Rvbvi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq| &a
, ‰KB aiGYi ‰KvwaK ‰ÝGcÉkbGK mshyÚ ev Avjv`v KiGZ Kgv int a,b,c;
(,) AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq| int a=4, b=9,c=5;
wbGP wKQy MvwYwZK ‰ÝGcÉkb mgZzjÅ wm fvlvq ˆUweGji gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
 432 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

MvwYwZK ‰ÝGcÉkb mgZzjÅ wm fvlvq ‰ÝGcÉkb MvwYwZK ‰ÝGcÉkb mgZzjÅ wm fvlvq ‰ÝGcÉkb
2 2
b y=a+(b/c)+d a=x +2xy+y a=x*x+2*x*y+y*y
y=a+ c +d

ab y=(a+b)/(c+d) x=ay2+by+cz3 x=a*y*y+b*y+c*z*z*z

y
b c
y=a3+b3 y=a*a*a+b*b*b y = 9b2 + 4ac2 y=sqrt(9*b*b+4*a*c*c)
y=sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)
y  b2 4ac
3 y=pow(((a+b)/(c+d)),3) x y=a+x/abs(m-n)
 ab  y = a + |mn|
y  
 c d 
1 y=a+(1/(1+1/(a+b))) a y=a*b*c+a/(a*b+b*c)
y  a y = abc + ab+bc
1
1
ab
m y=pow(pow(a,n),m) a y=a/(a*b+(d*e/g)+b)
y an  anam y
de
  + pow(a,n)* pow(a,m)
ab b
g
b a b x y=abs(a-b)/abs(c-d)+x/
c y=a+(b/c)/sqrt(m-n*n) y  abs(m-n)
y  a c d mn
mn2

5.12.12 wKIqvWÆ (Keyword)

cÉGZÅK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi wbRÕ¼ wKQy msiwÞZ kõ AvGQ hv ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi mgq eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B msiwÞZ
kõàGjvGK wKIqvWÆ ejv nq| C ˆcÉvMÉvGg 32wU msiwÞZ kõ AvGQ hv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰G`i cÉwZwUi
Avjv`v A^Æ AvGQ ‰es ‰G`iGK ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆjLvi mgq ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi wjLGZ nq| wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ wewf®²
fvmÆGb wewf®² aiGYi wKIqvWÆ eÅen†Z nq| wbGÁ²i ˆUweGj fvmÆb ‘wm’89 ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z wKIqvWÆàGjv ˆ`LvGbv
nGjv:
auto double int struc
break else long switch
case enum register typedel
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for singned void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
fvmÆb ‘wm’99 ‰ AvGivI cuvPwU wKIqvWÆ hyÚ nq| h^v
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 433

_bool _imaginary restrict _complex inline

wm11 ˆZ hyÚ nq AvGivI mvZwU wKIqvWÆ|
_alignas _atomic _noreturn _thread_local
_alignof _generic _static_assert
‰B mgÕ¦ wKIqvWÆ Qvov KÁ·vBjvGii Dci wfwî KGi wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqR AvGivI wKQy wKIqvWÆ mg^Æb KGi|
ANSI wmGZ 47wU ‰es C++ ‰i 63wU wKIqvWÆ AvGQ|

KxIqvWÆ eÅenvGii wbqg : KxIqvWÆmgƒn eÅenvGii RbÅ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqg AvGQ| ‰i mvgvbÅ eÅwZKÌg nGj ˆcÉvMÉvg
fzj djvdj w`GZ cvGi| wbGÁ² KxIqvWÆ eÅenvGii KGqKwU wbqg DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv|
 KxIqvWÆmgƒGni bvg ‰KwU ‰KK kõ ev IqvGWÆ nq, A^Ævr gvGS ˆKvGbv duvKv Õ©vb ^vGK bv|
 KxIqvWÆmgƒGni cÉwZwU eYÆ ˆQvU nvGZi nq, A^Ævr KxIqvGWÆi bvg wjLGZ BsGiwR eo nvGZi AÞi eÅenvi
Kiv hvq bv|
 KLbI hw` `yGUv KxIqvWÆ ‰KGò eÅen†Z nq ZGe gvGS duvKv Õ©vb ^vGK|

KvR:
wbGPi mgxKiYàGjvGK C fvlvq ˆjL|
1. y = b2  4ac
2. ax2 + bx + c = 0
ax2
3. bx + c = 0

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-28K

 434 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 21-23 eÅenvwiK: BbcyU / AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ

5.12.13 wm fvlvq BbcyU-AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Input-Output Statement in C language)

wm fvlvGZ AGbK aiGbi jvBGeËwi dvskb AvGQ| Zvi gGaÅ AbÅZg nGjv Standard I/0 jvBGeËwi dvskb hv
mKj aiGbi BbcyU I AvDUcyGUi KvR mÁ·®² KGi|
BbcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿt ˆh mKj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvnvGhÅ wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg WvUv ˆbqv ev BbcyU Kiv nq ZvG`iGK ejv nq BbcyU
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ| ˆhgb- getchar(), gets(), scanf() BZÅvw`|
AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿt ˆh mKj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvnvGhÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi djvdj gwbUGii c`Ævq cÉ`kÆb Kiv nq ZvGK
AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| ˆhgb- putchar(), gets(), printf() BZÅvw`|

BbcyU/ AvDUcyU dvskb

(Input/ Output Function)

diGgGUW dvskb AvbdiGgGUW dvskb

(Formated Function) (Unformated Function)
ˆWUvUvBc BbcyU AvDUcyU ˆWUvUvBc BbcyU AvDUcyU
char scanf("%c",&var); printf("%c",var); char getch() putch()
string scanf("%s",&var); printf("%s",var); var=getchar() putchar(var)
int scanf("%d",&var); printf("%d",var); string gets(array_var) puts(array_var)
float scanf("%f",&var); printf("%f",var); int - -
float - -
double scanf("%lf",&var); printf("%lf",var);
double - -

 getchar() dvskb: wK-GevGWÆi mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU KGi KÅvGiÙvi ev AÞi BbcyU KGi Zv KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆgGgvwiGZ msiÞY Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z dvskb nGjv getchar()| getchar() dvskGbi mvaviY MVb ev
wmbUÅvÝ (Syntex) nGjvt variable_name= getchar();
ˆhLvGb variable_name nGjv wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z MÉnYGhvMÅ char type ‰i PjK|
 gets() dvskb: wK-GevWÆ nGZ wÕ¡Ès RvZxq WvUv BbcyU KGi Zv KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwiGZ msiÞY Kivi RbÅ
eÅen†Z dvskb nGjv gets()| getchar() dvskGbi wmbUÅvÝ (Syntex)nGjvt gets(variable_name);
ˆhLvGb variable_name nGjv wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z MÉnYGhvMÅ string type ‰i PjK|
 scanf()dvskb: ˆcÉvMÉvg Pjvi mgq eÅenviKvixi KvQ ˆ^GK int, float, charBZÅvw` UvBGci WvUv BbcyU
ˆbqvi RbÅ eüj eÅen†Z BbcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ nGjv scanf()| scanf()‰i wmbUÅvÝ (Syntex)nGjvt
scanf(''F_S'',&variable_name);
‰LvGb F_S nGjv diGgU ˆÕ·wmwdqvi hv wbG`Æk KGi eÅenviKvixi KvQ ˆ^GK ˆKvbUvBGci ˆWUv ˆbqv
nGe| variable_name nGjv cƒeÆ ˆNvwlZ ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji bvg I & nGjv AÅvGWÈm AcvGiUi hv
ˆfwiGqeGji RbÅ M†nxZgvb ˆgGgvwii H ˆjvGKkGb msiÞY KGi| Avi &variable_name wbG`Æk KGi
address of variable A^Ævr eÅenviKvix ˆh ˆWUv BbcyU KiGe, Zv DÚ fÅvwiGqeGji RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ ˆgGgvwi
AÅvGWÈGm msiwÞZ nGe| AÅvGWÈm AcvGiUi(&) eÅenvi bv KiGj M†nxZ gvb ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆfwiGqeGji mwVK
ˆjvGKkGb ˆcÉwiZ nq bv weavq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGn mwVK djvdj bvI AvmGZ cvGi| Avi ‰RbÅ KÁ·vBjvi
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-28L
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 435
ˆKvGbv evZÆv cÉ`kÆb bvI KiGZ cvGi| scanf() dvskGbi gvaÅGg ‰KvwaK ˆWUvI BbcyGU ˆbIqv hvq|
scanf()‰i gvaÅGg ‰KvwaK ˆWUv ˆbIqvi wmbUÅvÝ nGjvt
printf('' F_SF_S ......... F_S'', variable_1, variable_2, ........., variable_n);
AekÅ variable_1, variable_2,........, variable_n ‰KB UvBGci ˆWUvi RbÅ nGZ cvGi A^ev wf®² wf®²
UvBGci ˆWUvi RbÅI nGZ cvGi|
 putchar() dvskb: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KB mgGq ‰KwU KÅvGiÙvi gwbUGii c`Ævq cÉ`kÆb Kivi RbÅ putchar()
dvskbwU eÅen†Z nq| putchar() dvskGbi wmbUÅvÝ nGjvt putchar(variable_name);
ˆhLvGb variable_name nGjv wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z MÉnYGhvMÅ ‰KwU fÅvwiGqej hvi UvBc AekÅB char
nGe|
 puts() dvskb: dvuKv ˆÕ·mmn wÕ¡Ès gwbUGi cÉ`kÆb Kivi RbÅ dvskb eÅen†Z nq| puts() dvskGbi
dvskGbi wmbUÅvÝ nGjvt puts(variable_name);
ˆhLvGb variable_name nGjv wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z MÉnYGhvMÅ ‰KwU fÅvwiGqej hvi UvBc AekÅB string
nGe|
 printf()dvskb: AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wnGmGe wm fvlvq eüj eÅen†Z dvskb nGjv printf() hvi mvnvGhÅ wÕ¡Ès
ev wÕ¡Ès mnwewf®² UvBGci (ˆhgb int, float, char BZÅvw`) WvUvi gvb gwbUGii wÕ˜Gb cÉ`kÆb Kiv hvq|
A^Ævr printf() dvskGbi wewf®² aiGbi MVb jÞÅ Kiv hvq| h^vt
(1) ÷aygvò wÕ¡Ès cÉ`kÆb Kivi RbÅ printf() dvskGbi wmbUÅvÝ nGjvt printf(''String'' );
‰LvGb String wnGmGe ˆhGKvGbv word ev character ev sentence nGZ cvGi| A^Ævr printf() dvskb ‰i
cÉ^ge®¬bxi ( ) wfZi Wej ˆKvGUkGbi gGaÅ hv ˆjLv nq printf() dvskbwU gwbUGii c`Ævq ZvB cÉ`kÆb
KGi|
(2) wÕ¡Ìsmn wewf®² UvBGci ˆWUvi fÅvwiGqeGji gvb cÉ`kÆb Kivi RbÅ printf() dvskGbi mvaviY MVb ev
wmbUÅvÝ nGjvt printf(''F_S'', variable_name);
‰LvGb F_S nGjv diGgU ˆÕ·wmwdqvi hv wbG`Æk KGi variable_name ˆKvb aiGbi ˆWUvUBGci ˆWUv
wbG`Æk KiGQ | variable_name PjK ˆh ˆWUvUvBGci ˆNvlYv Kiv Kiv nGqGQ, F_S nGe ˆmB
ˆWUvUvBGci diGgU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi | diGgU ˆÕ·wmwdqvi wVK bv ^vKGj ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGn mwVK djvdj bvI
AvmGZcvGi| Avi ‰RbÅ KÁ·vBjvi ˆKvGbvevZÆv cÉ`kÆb bvI KiGZ cvGi| printf() dvskGbi gvaÅGg
‰KvwaK ˆWUvGK AvDUcyGU ˆ`LvGbv hvq| A^vÆr ptintf() ‰i wmbUÅvÝwU nGjv:
printf('' F_S F_S ......... F_S'', variable_1, variable_2, ......... variable_n);
AekÅ variable_1, variable_2,........, variable_n ‰KB UvBGci ˆWUvi RbÅ nGZ cvGi A^ev wf®² wf®²
UvBGci ˆWUvi RbÅI nGZ cvGi|
diGgU ˆÕ·wmwdqvi (Format Specifier)
wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg digÅvGUW (Kvw›LZ AvKvGi) ˆfwiGqeGji gvb MÉnY I cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ˆh mKj KÅvGiÙvi ˆmU eÅen†Z
nq ZvG`iGK digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi(Format Specifier)ejv nq| diGgU ˆÕ·wmwdqvi nGjv ‰K aiGbi KG´ŸÈvj
wÕ¡Ès hv wbG`Æk KGi eÅenviKvixi KvQ ˆ^GK ˆKvb UvBGci WvUv ˆbIqv nGe A^ev ˆKvb aiGbi ˆWUv AvDUcyGU
ˆ`Iqv nGe| wewf®² aiGbi diGgU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi ‰i eÅenvi ˆ`qv nGjv t
 436 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

digÅvU
ˆKb eÅenvi Kiv nGe D`vniY
ˆÕ·wmdvqvi
scanf(“%c”,&data);
%c ‰KwU char UvBc gvb BbcyU/AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%c”,data);
scanf(“%d”,&data);
%d int UvBc gvb BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%d”,data);
scanf(“%ld”,&data);
%ld long int UvBc gvb BbcyU/AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%ld”,data);
float UvBc gvb ‰ÝGcvGbbwmqvj e ˆbvGUkGb scanf(“%e”,&data);
%e
BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ printf(“%e”,data);
float UvBc gvb ‰ÝGcvGbbwmqvj E ˆbvGUkGb scanf(“%E”,&data);
%E
BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ printf(“%E”,data);
scanf(“%f”,&data);
%f float UvBc gvb BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%f”,data);
scanf(“%lf”,&data);
%lf double UvBc gvb BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%lf”,data);
float UvBc gvb %f A^ev %e ˆbvGUkGb BbcyU / scanf(“%g”,&data);
%g
AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ printf(“%g”,data);
float UvBc gvb %f A^ev %E ˆbvGUkGb BbcyU / scanf(“%G”,&data);
%G
AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ printf(“%G”,data);
scanf(“%hd”,&data);
%hd Read a short integer value
printf(“%hd”,data);
scanf(“%o”,&data);
%o AÙvj UvBc gvb BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%o”,data);
scanf(“%s”,&data);
%s wÕ¡Ès UvBc gvb BbcyU/AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%s”,data);
scanf(“%[^\n]”,data);
%[^\n] wÕ¡Ès UvBc gvb BbcyU/AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ
printf(“%s”,data);
unsigned int UvBc gvb BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi scanf(“%u”,&data);
%u
RbÅ printf(“%u”,data);
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 437

digÅvU
ˆKb eÅenvi Kiv nGe D`vniY
ˆÕ·wmdvqvi
unsigned int UvBc gvb BbcyU / AvDUcyU Kivi scanf(“%lu”,&data);
%lu
RbÅ printf(“%lu”,data);
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj UvBc gvb(a,b,...,f) BbcyU / scanf(“%x”,&data);
%x
AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ printf(“%x”,data);
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj UvBc gvb(A,B,.,F) BbcyU / scanf(“%X”,&data);
%X
AvDUcyU Kivi RbÅ printf(“%X”,data);

BbcyU-AvDUcyU( I/O) ‰i RbÅ meGPGq ˆewk eÅen†Z `ywU dvskb nGjv printf() ‰es scanf()| Õ¡v´£vWÆ BbcyU
wWfvBm(KxGevWÆ) ‰i gvaÅGg BDRvi ˆ^GK digÅvGUW BbcyU ˆbIqvi RbÅ scanf() dvskb eÅen†Z nq| cÞv¯¦Gi
Õ¡v´£vWÆ AvDUcyU wWfvBm(gwbUi) ‰ digÅvGUW AvDUcyU cvVvGbvi RbÅ printf() dvskb eÅen†Z nq|
BbcyU ‰i wmbUÅvÝ:
scanf("%c", &var_name); // Character ˆWUv BbcyU ˆbIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
scanf("%d", &var_name); // integer ˆWUv BbcyU ˆbIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
scanf("%f", &var_name); // float ˆWUv BbcyU ˆbIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
scanf("%lf", &var_name); // double ˆWUv BbcyU ˆbIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
scanf("%s", &var_name); // string ˆWUv BbcyU ˆbIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
AvDUcyU ‰i wmbUÅvÝ:
printf("%c", var_name); // Character UvBGci ˆWUv AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
printf("%d", var_name); // integer UvBGci ˆWUv AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
printf("%f", var_name); // float UvBGci ˆWUv AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
printf("%lf", var_name); // double UvBGci ˆWUv AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
printf("%s", var_name); // string UvBGci ˆWUv AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

KvR:
1. scanf() I gets ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|
2. printf() I puts ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|
3. %c, %f, %e, %u, %x, %hd, %1f mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL|
 438 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 24 eÅenvwiK: eÅenvwiK wbG`Ækvewj I wKQy ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉÅvKwUm

AbykxjGbi RbÅ main() dvskGbi wKQy Õ¡ÈvKPvi jÞ Kwi@

cÉ^g ˆcÉvMÉvgwU@ ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg main() dvskb AekÅB ^vGK| Avi cÉGZÅKwU
#include <stdio.h> dvskGbi ‰KwU wiUvbÆ UvBc ˆNvlYv KGi w`GZ nq| ˆKvGbv
main() dvskGbi ÷i‚GZ wiUvbÆ UvBc DGÍÏL bv KiGj Zv AcvGiwUs
{ wmGÕ¡gGK ‰KwU int UvBc KiGe eGj aGi ˆbIqv nq| cÉ^g
printf("Hello World!"); ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbvwiUvbÆ UvBc DGÍÏL Kiv ˆbB| ÷aygvò wiUvbÆ
return 0; ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvnvGhÅ 0 wiUvbÆ Kiv nGqGQ ZGe ‰Uv bv KiGjI
ˆKvGbv mgmÅv nGe bv|
}
w«¼Zxq ˆcÉvMÉvgwU-
#include<stdio.h> w«¼Zxq ˆcÉvMÉvGg int main() ˆjLv nGqGQ dGj main() dvskb
int main( ) ‰KwU Bw´ŸRvi gvb wiUvbÆ KiGe ZLb AekÅB ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆkGl
{ return ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
printf ("Hello world !");
return 0;
}
Z‡Zxq ˆcÉvMÉvgwU- Z‡Zxq ˆcÉvMÉvGg void bvgK wiUvbÆ UvBc eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ hvi
#include<stdio.h> dGj dvskGbi wiUvbÆ UvBc bvj(null) nGe| ‰GÞGò dvskGbi
void main( ) ˆKv^vI return eÅenvi Kiv hvGe bv| ‰wU eÅenvi KiGj ‰ii
ˆ`LvGe| wiUvb UvBc wKQy bv ^vKGj ˆmGÞGò void aGi ˆbIqv
{
nq|
printf ("Hello world !");
}
DcGivÚ Õ¡ÈvKPvi àGjvGZ ˆKvGbv ˆÞGò main() dvskGbi ˆkGl wiUvbÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nGqGQ, ˆKvbwUi ˆÞGò
nqwb, Avevi ˆKvbwUi wiUvbÆ UvBGci Õ©Gj void eÅenvi KGi wiUvbÆ UvBc evwZj KGi ˆ`qv nGqGQ| ZGe
dvskGbi ˆkGl wiUvbÆ UvBc evwZj bv KGi w`Gq dvskGbi ˆkGl ‰KwU return; ev‘return 0;’ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
eÅenvi Kiv evçbxq|
ˆKvGbv BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskGb ˆKvb wiUvbÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi bv KiGj KÁ·vBjvi mvaviYZ cÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj/
wbeÆvn KiGj ˆKvb fzjevZÆv ˆ`Lvq bv| ZGe KÁ·vBj KvGj"Function should have a return value" ‰i…c
‰KwU mZKÆevZÆv ˆ`Lvq| main() dvskGb ˆKvb wiUvbÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ^vK ev bv ^vK ZvGZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi djvdGj ˆKvb
cv^ÆKÅ nq bv|
[we.`Ët CodeBlocks eüj eÅen†Z C/C++IDE(Integrated Development Environment) ˆhLvGb C ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb
Kivi RbÅ bvbvwea Uzjm (Tools) ˆ`Iqv AvGQ| CodeBlocks-‰ main dvskGbi AvGM return UvBc bv w`GjI
ˆKvGbv ‰ii ˆ`Lvq bv| Avevi AGbK mgq int main() ˆjLvi ci return 0; bv wjLGjI ˆKvGbv ‰ii ˆ`Lvq bv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 439
KviY nGjv, CodeBlocks ‰KwU ÕÃvUÆ IDE| return 0; bv wjLGj ˆm wbGRi gGZv KGi ‰KwU gvb return KGi|
ZvB CodeBlocks ˆK ‰KwU user friendly IDE ejv hvq|]
wm fvlvq AvgvG`i cÉ^g ˆcÉvMÉvg
wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ ‰wWUi cÉGqvRb nq| ˆewki fvM KÁ·vBjvGii ˆmvmÆ ‰wWUi ^vGK, ˆhLvGb ˆcÉvMÉvg
ˆjLv hvq I wbevÆn KGi djvdj ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆhgb- ˆKvWeÐKm (CodeBlocks), UvGeÆv wm (Turbo C) BZÅvw`|
‰LvGb ˆKvWeÐKm md&UIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg wKfvGe ˆjLv hvq Zv wbGq AvGjvPbv Kiv nGqGQ|
wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆLvjv
ˆKvWeÐKm eÅenvi KGi wm ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ wbGPi avcmgƒn AbymiY KiGZ nGe-
1. cÉ^Gg StartAll ProgramsCodeBlocksCodeBlockswKÑK KiGj ˆKvWeÐKm ˆcÉvMÉvg Pvjy
nGe|

wPò: ˆKvWeÐKm ˆcÉvMÉvg Pvjy KiY

2. ‰evGi File ˆgby nGZ NewEmpty File ‰ wKÑK Kwi|

wPò: ˆKvWeÐKm ‰ bZzb dvBj ˆLvjv

ZvnGj wbGPi gGZv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi ‰wWwUs DBG´£v AvmGe| DcGii w`GK ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi KvmÆi ˆ`Lv hvGe|
 440 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wPò: wm ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi ‰wWwUs wÕ˜b

3. ‰LvGb cÉGqvRbxq ˆKvW wjLGZ nGe|
4. wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi dvBj msiÞY Kivi RbÅ Fileˆgb ynGZ Save /Save as ‰ wKÑK KiGj dvBj ‰i bvg ˆjLvi
WvqvjM eÝ AvmGe| ‰GÞGò test.c bvg w`Gq ‰´Ÿvi Kx PvcGj dvBj msiwÞZ nGq hvGe|

wPò: bgybvK‡Z wm ˆcÉvMÉvg

5. ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj Kivi RbÅ BulidCompile Current file ‰ wKÑK KiGZ nGe|

wPò: ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBwjs I ivb Kiv

 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 441
6. ˆcÉvMÉvg RunKivi RbÅ BulidRun‰ wKÑK KiGZ nGe| dGj AvDUcyU DBG´£v AvmGe|
wm fvlvq AvgvG`i cÉ^g ˆcÉvMÉvGgi weGkÏlY:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello World!");
return 0;
}
DcGivÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi eÅvLÅv wbÁ²i…c:
#include<stdio.h> include A^Æ nGœQ ˆKvGbvwKQy hyÚ Kiv| stdio ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGœQ standard input
output| stdio.h-‰i .hw`Gq eySvGbv nq ‰wU ‰KwU header dvBj| A^Ævr mÁ·ƒYÆ
jvBb w`Gq eySvGbv nq ˆh, standard input output ˆK hyÚ Kiv|
int main(void) ‰wUGK ejv nq ˆgBb dvskb| Avgiv hLb ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb KivGev ZLb ‰ ˆgBb
dvskb ˆ^GK KvR Kiv ÷i‚ KiGe| ZvB me ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KwU (÷aygvò ‰KwU) ˆgBb
dvskb ^vKGZ nq| ˆgBb dvskGbi ÷i‚GZ w«¼Zxq e®¬bx w`Gq ÷i‚ KiGZ nq| ˆgBb
dvskb ˆkl KiGZI nq ‰KwU w«¼Zxq e®¬bx w`Gq|
int main() gvGb gƒj dvskb Bw´ŸRvi (MvwYwZKcƒYÆ msLÅv) cÉ`vb KiGe| Avi
(void) wjLvi KviGY gƒj dvskGb ˆKvGbv wKQy BbcyU KiGZ nGe bv |
{ ‰wU «¼viv main() dvskGbi ÷i‚ eySvGbv nq|
printf("Hello ‰LvGb printf() nGœQ ‰KwU dvskb| printf A^Æ nGœQ print formatted| ‰wU
World!"); ‰KwU jvBGeËwi dvskb hvGK Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ AvDUcyU dvskb eGj| printf() ‰i KvR nGœQ
wÕ˜Gb wKQy wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv| Wvej ˆKvGUkb wPGn×I wfZGi hv wjLe ZvB KbGmvGj ˆm wcÉ´Ÿ
KiGe| KÁ·vBjvGii ˆh DBG´£vGZ AvDUcyU ˆ`Lv hvq ˆmwUGK KbGmvj eGj|
cÉ^GgB ‰KwU jvBb wjGLwQ #include<stdio.h>| printf()dvskbwU wKfvGe
ˆKvGbv wKQywcÉ´Ÿ KGi Zv ˆjLv iGqGQ ‰B stdio.h dvBGj|
return 0; main nGœQ ‰KUv dvskb| cÉZÅK dvskb ‰i ‰KUv return gvb ^vKGZ nq| hv
dvskb ‰i KvR ˆkGl wKQy ‰KUv wiUvbÆ KGi| return 0 gvGbkƒbÅ wiUvbÆ Kiv|
} ‰wU «¼viv main() dvskGbi ˆkl mxgv eySvGbv nq|
printf(“HelloWorld!”); I return 0; ˆK eGj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Statement)| ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ cÉwZwU
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆkGl ‰KwU KGi ˆmwgGKvjb (;) w`GZ nq| hw` ˆmwgGKvjbbv ˆ`Iqv nq ZvnGj KÁ·vBjvGi fzj
ˆ`LvGe ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb nGebv| ‰ aiGbi fzj ^vKGj KÁ·vBj ‰ii (compile error) ˆ`Lvq|
wm fvlvq AvgvG`i w«¼Zxq ˆcÉvMÉvg:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,sum;
printf("Enter first number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Enter second number:");
scanf("%d",&b);
sum=a+b;
printf("\nSum is: %d", sum);
return 0;
}
 442 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

DcGivÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi eÅvLÅv wbÁ²i…c:

#include<stdio.h> ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ `yBwU jvBGeËwi dvskb eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| h^v- printf() ‰es
scanf()| ‰B dvskb àGjv wKfvGe KvR KGi, Zv stdio.h bvgK ˆnWvi dvBGj
ewYÆZ AvGQ| ˆnWvi dvBj ÷i‚GZB #include ‰i gvaÅGg mshyÚ Kiv nGqGQ|
int main() cÉGZÅKwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj I wbeÆvn ÷i‚ nq main() dvskb ˆ^GK| ZvB
cÉGZÅKwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi mgq main() dvskb AekÅB wjLGZ nq|
{ ‰wU «¼viv main() dvskGbi ÷i‚ eySvGbv nq|
int a,b,sum; cÉGZÅKwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg mvgwqK fvGe WvUv ivLvi RbÅ wKQ fÅvwiGqej eÅen†Z nq|
‰B D`vniGY `yBwU msLÅvi gvb ivLvi RbÅ a I b `yBwU ‰es djvdj ivLvi RbÅ
sum fÅvwiGqej ˆNvlYv (Declare) Kiv nGqGQ| ‰KvwaK fÅvwiGqej ˆNvlYv Kivi
mgq `ywU fÅvwiGqeGji gvGS Kgv emvGZ nq I ˆkGl ˆmwgGKvjb w`GZ nq|
printf("Enter first printf() dvskGbi KvR nGjv ˆKvb wKQz gwbUGi cÉ`kÆb Kiv| ‰U vBbfvGUÆW Kgvi
number:"); ˆfZGii Ask cÉ`kÆb KGi| bgybv ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰B jvBbwU wbGPi gGZv KGi AvDUcyU
ˆ`Lvq- Enter first number:
scanf("%d",&a); scanf() dvskGbi KvR nGjv ˆKvb wK-ˆevWÆ ˆ^GK ˆKvb fÅvjy wbGq ˆKvb
fÅvwiGqeGj ivLv| %d GK digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi eGj| fÅvwiGqeGj ˆKvb aiGYi
gvb ^vKGe ˆhgb- `kwgK, cƒYÆmsLÅv, KÅvGiÙvi Zv wbavÆiY KiGZ digÅvU
ˆÕ·wmdvqvi eÅen†Z nq|AvgvG`I D`vniGY, cƒYÆmsLÅvi RbÅ %d eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
dGj eÅenviKvix cÉ`î cƒYÆmsLÅvi BbcyU a fÅvwiGqeGj msiwÞZ nGe|
printf("Enter bgybv ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰B jvBbwU wbGPi gGZv KGi AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb KGi- Enter Second
second number:"); number:
scanf("%d",&b); BDRvi cÉ`î BbcyU b fÅvwiGqeGj msiwÞZ nGe|
sum=a+b; a I b ‰i gvb ˆhvMKGi ˆhvMdj sum fÅvwiGqeGj msiwÞZ nGe|
printf("\nSum is: bgybv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi djvdj cÉ`kÆb KGi|
%d", sum);
main nGœQ ‰KUv dvskb| cÉZÅK dvskb ‰i ‰KUv return gvb ^vKGZ nq| hv
return 0;
dvskb ‰i KvR ˆkGl wKQy ‰KUv wiUvbÆ KGi| return 0 gvGb kƒbÅ wiUvbÆ Kiv|
} ‰wU «¼viv main() dvskGbi ˆkl mxgv eySvGbv nq|
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AviI wKQy D`vniY ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
D`vniY-1. ÷aygvò ‰KwU KÅvGiÙvi BbcyU w`Gq Zv D`vniY-2. ‰KvwaK kõ wewkÓ¡ wÕ¡Ès ‰i BbcyU
AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ [getchar() I putchar() AcvGikGb gets( ) dvskb ‰es AvDUcyU AcvGikGb
dvskb ‰i eÅenvi] ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| puts( )dvskb eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int ch; char a[25];
printf("Input One Character :"); printf("Type string:");
ch=getchar(); gets(a);
printf("Output :"); printf("Output string:");
putchar(ch); puts(a);
getch(); return 0;
return 0; }
} AvDUcyU:
AvDUcyU: Type string:I LoveBangladesh.
Input One Character :B Output string: I LoveBangladesh.
Output:B
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 443

‰B ˆcÉvMÉvGg a[25] AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq hv cieZÆxGZ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGqGQ| ‰B AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi RbÅ 25wU
KÅvGiÙviBbcyU ˆ`Iqv hvGe|

D`vniY-3. ˆQvU nvGZi AÞiGK eo nvGZi AÞGi D`vniY-4. eo nvGZi AÞiGK ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi
i…cv¯¦i Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| i…cv¯¦i Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
char n; char n;
printf("Enter any lower case character:"); printf("Enter any uppercase character:");
scanf("%c",&n); scanf("%c",&n);
printf("You entered : %c",n-32); printf("You entered: %c",n+32);
} }
AvDUcyU: AvDUcyU:
Enter any lower case character: a  Enter any uppercase character: A
You entered: A You entered: a
AÅvmwK ˆKvGW A ‰i `kwgK gvb nGœQ 65 AbÅw`GK a `kwgK gvb nGœQ 97| dGj ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, DfqiB `kwgK
gvGbi cv^ÆKÅ nGœQ 32| A^Ævr eo nvGZi (Capital Letter) cÉwZwU AÞGii `kwgK gvGbi mvG^ ˆQvU nvGZi
(Small Letter) cÉwZwU AÞGii `kwgK gvGbi cv^ÆKÅ 32| myZivs eo nvGZi cÉwZwU AÞGii mvG^ 32 ˆhvM
KiGj AÞiwU ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi cwiYZ nGe| Avi ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGii nGZ 32 weGqvM KiGj AÞiwU eo
nvGZi AÞGi cwiYZ nGe|
‰evGi Avgiv sizeof() KxIqvGWÆi gvaÅGg wewf®² ˆWUv UvBGci mvBR ˆ`Lvi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kwi|
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ AvDUcyU:
printf("Char size: %d bytes.",sizeof(char)); Char size: 1 bytes.
printf("\nInteger size: %d bytes.",sizeof(int)); Integer size: 2 bytes.
printf("\nFloat size: %d bytes.",sizeof(float)); Float size: 4 bytes.
printf("\nDouble size: %d Double size: 8 bytes.
bytes.",sizeof(double));
return 0;
}
digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welq| KviY ÷aygvò digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi eÅenvi KGi ‰Ki…c
ˆWUv ˆ^GK AbÅi…c ˆWUv i…cv¯¦i Kiv mÁ¿e| wbGP wKQy D`vniY ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
 444 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-1: KxGevWÆ ˆ^GK ‰KwU D`vniY-2: KxGevWÆ ˆ^GK ‰KwU D`vniY-3: KxGevWÆ ˆ^GK ‰KwU
ˆWwmgÅvj ev `kwgK msLÅv BbcyU AKUvj msLÅv BbcyU w`Gq ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv BbcyU w`Gq
w`Gq AÙvj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆWwmGgj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj AKUvj I ˆWwmgÅvj msLÅvq
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kivi RbÅ wm msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kivi RbÅ wm i…cv¯¦i Kivi RbÅ wm fvlvq
fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main() void main()
{ { {
int a; int a; int a;
printf("Decimal number: "); printf("Octal number: "); printf("Hexadecimal
scanf("%d",&a); scanf("%o",&a); number: ");
printf(" \nOctal number: printf(" \nDecimal number: scanf("%x",&a);
%o",a); %d",a); printf(" \nDecimal
printf(" \nHexadecimal printf(" \nHexadecimal number: %d",a);
number: %x",a); number: %x",a); printf(" \nOctal number:
} } %o",a);
djvdj: djvdj: }
Decimal number: 10  Octal number:177 djvdj:
Octal number: 12 Decimal number: 127 Hexadecimal number: a 
Hexadecimal number: a Hexadecimal number: 7f Decimal number: 10
Octal number: 12
wbGÁ² wKQy mgmÅvi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I wm fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
D`vniY-1. `ywUmsLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
Start #include<stdio.h>
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ void main()
avc-2: a, b‰i gvb MÉnY Input a, b {
int a, b, sum;
Print sum=a+b
avc-3: sum=a+bwbYÆq scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
avc-4: sum‰i gvb QvcvB sum sum= a+b;
printf("%d",sum);
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl End }
D`vniY-2. wòfzGRi f„wg I DœPZv ˆ`Iqv ^vKGj ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Start #include<stdio.h>
void main()
avc-2: b (f„wg) ‰es h (DœPZv) ‰i gvb MÉnY Input b,h
{
avc-3: area=b*h/2 wbYÆq Kwi| area=b*h/2 float b,h, area;
scanf("%f %f",&b,&h);
avc-4: area‰i gvb QvcvB| Print area
area=b*h/2;
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| End
printf("%f", area);
}
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 445
D`vniY-3. wòfzGRi wZb evüi Š`NÅÆ ˆ`Iqv ^vKGj ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Start
avc-2: a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY Input a,b,c
avc-3: s=(a+b+c)/2 wbYÆq Kwi| s=(a+b+c)/2
avc-4: area = s (s  a)(s  b)(s  c) wbYÆq
area = s (s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
avc-5: area ‰i gvb QvcvB
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Print area
ˆcÉvMÉvg:
#include<stdio.h> End
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float a, b, c, s, area;
scanf("%f %f %f", &a,&b,&c);
s = (a + b + c)/2;
area = sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
printf("Area of triangle is = %f", area);
}
D`vniY-4. e†Gîi ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
ˆcÉvMÉvg:
AÅvjMwi`g:
ˆdÑvPvUÆ: #include<stdio.h>
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| main ( )
Start
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe r (eÅvmvaÆ) {
Input r
‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| float r, area;
avc-3: area=3.1416*r*r eÅenvi KGi area=3.1416*r*r scanf ("%f", &r) ;
area ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi| Print area area = 3.14*r*r;
avc-4: area‰i gvb QvcvB| printf("%f", area);
End }
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|

D`vniY-5. AvqGZi ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|

AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
#include<stdio.h>
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Start
main()
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe a (Š`NÆÅ) ‰es b (cÉÕ©) Input a ,b {
‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| area=a*b
int a,b,area;
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
avc-3: area=a*b eÅenvi KGi
Print area area=a*b;
area ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi| printf("%d", area);
avc-4: area ‰i gvb QvcvB| End }
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
 446 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-6. ˆmw´ŸGMÉW ZvcgvòvGK dvGibnvBU-‰ i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg|

AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
ˆcÉvMÉvg:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Start #include<stdio.h>
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe c ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| Input c
main()
avc-3: F = 9*c/5+32 eÅenvi KGi F {
F = 9*c/5+32 float c, F;
‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi| scanf("%f",&c);
avc-4: F ‰i gvb QvcvB| Print F F=9*c/5+32;
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| End
printf("%f",F);
}
D`vniY-7. dvGibnvBU ZvcgvòvGK ˆmw´ŸGMÉW -‰ i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Start
#include<stdio.h>
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe F ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| main()
avc-3: C= (F-32)*5/9 eÅenvi KGi Input F {
C ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi| C= (F-32)*5/9 float C,F;
avc-4: C ‰i gvb QvcvB| scanf("%f",&F);
Print C C=5*(F-32)/9;
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
End printf("%f",C);
}
D`vniY-8. ˆKvGbv cwigvc dzUGK wgUvGi cÉKvk Kivi D`vniY-9. ˆKvGbv cwigvc BwçGK ˆmw´ŸwgUvGi
ˆcÉvMÉvg| cÉKvk Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg|
[mƒò : 1 wgUvi = 3.28 dzU ] [mƒò : 1 Bwç = 2.54 ˆmw´ŸwgUvi]
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
float m,f; int inch;
printf("Enter feet: "); float cm;
scanf("%f", &f); printf ("Integer value for inches:");
m= f/3.28; scanf ("%d", &inch) ;
printf("\n Meter is %.2f",m); cm=inch*2.54;
} printf("\nCentimeter=%.2f", cm);
djvdj: }
Enter feet: 6.56  djvdj:
Meter is 2.00 Integer value for inches: 5 
Centimeter = 12.70

KvR:
1. mygvBqv I RvdwiGYi MwYZ welGq cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i h^vKÌGg x ‰es y| ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg mygvBqv I RvdwiGYi
MwYGZ cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼Gii cv^ÆKÅ wbYÆq Kiv mÁ¿e wm fvlvi mvnvGhÅ weGkÏlY KGiv|
2. ‰KwU Mi‚ x wgUvi Š`GNÆÅi ‰KwU iwk ev `wo w`Gq ‰KwU Luwy Ui mvG^ ‰gbfvGe euvav AvGQ hvGZ Mi‚wU
AevGa PjvPj KiGZ cvGi| Mi‚wU 1 cvGK mGevÆœP ˆh c^ cwiögb KiGZ cvGi Zvi Š`NÅÆ ‰es DÚ c^
«¼viv ŠZwiK‡Z ˆÞGòi ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 447

cvV 25 I 26 eÅenvwiK: KG´ŸÈvj I KbwWkbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ

5.12.14 KbwWkbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Conditional Statement)

wm ˆcÉvMÉvg KZàGjv ‰ÝGcÉkGbi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ| cÉwZwU ‰ÝGcÉkb KZàGjv ˆUvGKb, Kx-IqvWÆ, AvBGWw´Ÿdvqvi
AcvGiUi, AcvGi´£ BZÅvw` wbGq MwVZ| ‰i…c ‰ÝGcÉkb ev dvskb mgƒnGK hLb ˆmwgGKvjb (;) w`Gq ˆkl Kiv
nq ZLb ZvGK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| wm fvlvq ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mgƒnGK cÉavb `ywU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v:
 wmÁ·j ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Simple Statement): ‰K ‰ÝGcÉkb wKsev dvskb wbGq MwVZ ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK wmÁ·j
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| wmÁ·j ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mvaviYZ ˆmwgGKvjb (;) «¼viv ˆkl nq| ˆhgb:
x=y+7;
printf(“This is simple statment”);
‰G`i cÉGZÅKwU ‰GKKUv wmÁ·j ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ|
 KÁ·vD´£ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Compound Statement) : `yB ev ZGZvwaK wmÁ·j ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK hLb ’{ }’ e®¬bxi
gGaÅ ˆjLv nq ZLb ZvGK KÁ·vD´£ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| KÁ·vD´£ ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi RbÅ ˆKÑvwRs w«¼Zxq e®¬bxi ˆkGl
ˆKvGbv ˆmwgGKvjb (;) w`GZ nq bv| KÁ·vD´£ ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK Avevi eÐK ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸI ejv nq| ‰KwU KÁ·vD´£
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ AbÅ ˆKvGbv KÁ·vD´£ ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGKI aviY KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb:
{
x=0;
printf(“This is compound statment”);
++x;
}
KG´ŸÈvj Õ¡ÈvKPvi (Control Structure)
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸˆK `yB ev
KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ZGZvwaKevi Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe I chÆvqKÌGg
mÁ·v`Gbi ˆÞGò KG´ŸÈvj Õ¡ÈvKPvi eÅenvi Kw´£kbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
nq| ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ kZÆ mvGcGÞ Aci
ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi wfwîGZ mÁ·v`Gbi if statement for loop break statement
if else statement
cÉGqvRb nq, ˆmGÞGò ‰wU eÅen†Z nq| ‰B nested if else while loop continue statement
mKj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi wbq¯¨Y ‰KRb ˆcÉvMÉvgvi else if construct

KG´ŸÈvj Õ¡ÈvKPvi ‰i gvaÅGg mgvavb KGib| switch statement do while loop goto statement

‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-mgƒnGK

cÉavb `y’fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| ˆhgb-
1. Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Conditional Control Statement)
2. jyc KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Loop Control Statement)
3. RvwÁ·s KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Jumping Control Statement)
Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Conditional Control Statement): ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg kZÆ mvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj eÅen†Z nq| Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvGj eÅen†Z kZÆ mZÅ nGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰K
 448 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

aiGbi djvdj cvIqv hvq I wg^Åv nGj AbÅ aiGbi djvdj cvIqv hvq| AbÅZg Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj
ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv nGœQ:
 if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
 if.....else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
 else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (ev nested if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ)
 switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆKvb wm«¬v¯¦gƒjK KvR DcGhvMx ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RbÅ True
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| mvaviYZ ‰KwU kZÆ mvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv Condition
KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
eÅenvGii digÅvU nGjv- False
if (Condition) Statement (s)
{
Action1;
}
Rest of code

wPò : if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ

‰LvGb if cÉ^Gg Condition ˆK gƒjÅvqY KGi| Condition hw` True (kƒbÅ bv) nq ZvnGj if eÐGKi gGaÅ
AewÕ©Z Action1 mÁ·vw`Z nq| Avi Condition hw` False (kƒbÅ) nq ZvnGj if eÐGKi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z
Action1 ‰woGq hvq|
if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ kZÆ mvaviYZ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK jwRKÅvj ev wiGjkbvj ‰ÝGcÉkb nq hv if cieZÆx cÉ^g e®¬bxi
gGaÅ ˆjLv nq| if (Condition) ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ci ˆKvGbv ˆmwgGKvjb (;) nGe bv| Action1 ‰KwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
nGZ cvGi Avevi ‰KvwaK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ nGZ cvGi| ‰KwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ nGj w«¼Zxq e®¬bx ˆ`evi cÉGqvRb ˆbB|
D`vniY-1: ˆKvGbv msLÅv abvðK bv FbvðK Zv D`vniY-2: ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆRvo bv weGRvo Zv
wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int a; int a;
printf("Enter a value :"); printf("Enter a value :");
scanf("%d",&a); scanf("%d",&a);
if (a>=0) if (a%2= =0)
printf("%d is a positive number.", a); printf("%d is a Even number.", a);
if (a<0) if (a%2= =1)
printf("%d is a negative number.", a); printf("%d is a Odd number.", a);
return 0; return 0;
} }
djvdj: djvdj:
Enter a value : 15 Enter a value : 16
15 is a positive number. 16 is a Even number.
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 449

D`vniY-3: ÷aygvò if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆq Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg [AÅvjMvwi`g I
ˆdÑvPvUÆ mn] wjL| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚| #include<stdio.h>
Input a, b, c
avc-2: wZbwU msLÅv a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY| main()
{
avc-3: awi,max=a max=a
int a,b,c,max;
avc-4: hw` max<b mZÅ nq ZvnGj max=b| max<b
Yes scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
max=a;
AbÅ^vq 5 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe| No
max=b
if (max< b)
max=b;
avc-5: hw` max<c mZÅ nq ZvnGj max=c| Yes if(max<c)
max<c
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe| max=c;
No max=c printf("Maximum=%d",max);
avc-6: djvdGj max ‰i gvb QvcvGZ nGe| }
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl| Print max

if.....else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ End

‰KUv jwRKÅvj ˆUÕ¡ hw` mZÅ nq, ZvnGj wKQy KvR KGi| Avi hw` wgG^Å nq, ZvnGj AbÅ KvR KGi| ‰ jwRK
ˆ^GKB if else eÅenvi|
if….else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii digÅvU nGjv-
if(Expression)
False True
{ Expression
Statement 1;
} Statement(2) Statement(1)
else
{
Statement2; Rest of code
} wPò : if ..... else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ

if…. else KG´ŸÈvGj eÅen†Z kZÆ (Expression) mvaviYZ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK jwRKÅvj ev wiGjkbvj ‰ÝGcÉkb nq
hv if ‰i cGi cÉ^g e®¬bxi gGaÅ ˆjLv nq| hw` Expression wU mZÅ nq ZvnGj Statement1 KvR KiGe|
Avi hw` wgG^Å nq ZvnGj Statement2 wU KvR KiGe| ˆhgb: ˆdÑvPvUÆ
D`vniY-1. ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆRvo (Even) bv weGRvo (Odd) wbYÆGqi RbÅ Start
AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g: Input n

avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Yes No

n%2 = 0
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
Even ODD
avc-3: hw` (n % 2 = = 0) nq ZGe 'Even' QvcvB,
5bs avGc hvB|
avc-4: 'ODD' QvcvB|
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| End
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-29K
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 450

Conditional statement eÅenvi KGi Conditional operator eÅenvi KGi

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int n; int n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
if (n%2==0) (n%2==0)?printf(Even):printf("Odd");
printf("Even number."); }
else
printf("Odd number.");
}
D`vniY-2. ˆKvGbv msLÅv abvðK (Positive) bv FYvðK (Negative) Zv wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g: Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
Input n
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
Yes No
avc-3: hw` (n >=0) nq ZGe 'Positive' QvcvB, n>=0

5bs avGc hvB| Positive Negative

avc-4: 'Negative' QvcvB|

End
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|

Conditional statement eÅenvi KGi Conditional operator eÅenvi KGi

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int n; int n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
if (n>=0) (n>=0)?printf("Positive"):printf("Negative");
printf("Positive"); }
else
printf("Negative");
}

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-29L

 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 451

D`vniY-3. if-else eÅenvi KGi `ywU Amgvb msLÅvi gGaÅ e†nîg msLÅv wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| #include<stdio.h>
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe a,b ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| Input a,b main()
avc-3: hw` (a>b) nq ZGe 'a eo ' QvcvB, Yes No {
a>b
int a,b;
5bs avGc hvB| Maximum a Maximum b
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
avc-4: ' b eo ' QvcvB|
if (a>b)
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| End
printf"Max=%d",a);
else
printf("Max=%d",b);
}
D`vniY-4. if-else eÅenvi KGi ˆKvGbv elÆ AwaelÆ (Leap year) wK bv Zv wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ
I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe y ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: hw` (y % 400 == 0)|| ((y % 100 !=0)&& (y % 4 == 0)) nq
ZvnGj 4bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 5bs avGc hvB|
avc-4: LEAP YEAR QvcvB ‰es 7 bs avGc Mgb|
avc-5: NOT LEAP YEAR QvcvB|
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
Start

ˆcÉvMÉvg: Input y
#include<stdio.h>
Yes No
(y % 400 == 0)|| ((y % 100 !=0)&&(y % 4 == 0))
main()
Leapyear Not Leapyear
{
int y;
printf("\n Enter a year:"); End

scanf("%d",&y);
 452 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

if ((y % 400== 0) || ((y % 100 != 0) && (y % 4==0)))

printf("\n %d is a Leap year", y);
else
printf("\n %d is not a Leap year", y);
}
Nested if…. else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
‰KwU if…. else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gGaÅ Aci ‰KwU if…. else ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸI ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰i…c gaÅeZÆx if…. else
ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK Nested if…. else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ejv nq| wbGP ˆbGÕ¡W if…. else ‰i wmbGUÝ ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
if (Condition1)
{
if(Condition2)
Action1;
else
Action2;
}
else
{
if(Condition3)
Action3;
else
Action4;
}
D`vniY: Nested if-else eÅenvi KGi wZbwU Amgvb msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ|
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚| Start

avc-2: wZbwU msLÅv a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY| Input a, b, c

avc-3: hw` a>b mZÅ nq ZvnGj 4 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe Yes

a>b
No

AbÅ^vq 5 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe | Yes No No Yes

a>c b>c
avc-4: hw` a>c mZÅ nq ZvnGj a eo| a Large c Large b Large
AbÅ^vq c eo ‰es 6bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe |
avc-5: hw` b>c mZÅ nq ZvnGj b eo| End
AbÅ^vq c eo|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 453
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|
ˆcÉvMÉvg:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c;
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
if (a > b)
{
if(a > c)
printf("Maximum: %d", a);
else
printf("Maximum: %d", c);
}
else
{
if(b > c)
printf("Maximum:%d", b);
else
printf("Maximum:%d", c);
}
}
gvò ‰Kevi printf() eÅenvi KGi DcGivÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU nGe wbÁ²i…c: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚|
avc-2: wZbwU msLÅv a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY| Input a, b, c

avc-3: hw` a>b mZÅ nq ZvnGj 4 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe Yes

a>b
No

AbÅ^vq 5 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe | Yes

a>c
No No
b>c
Yes

avc-4: hw` a>c mZÅ nq ZvnGj max=a | max = a max = c max = b

AbÅ^vq max=c ‰es 6 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe|

avc-5: hw` b>c mZÅ nq ZvnGj max=b| Print max

AbÅ^vq max=c ‰es 6 bs avGc ˆhGZ nGe| End

avc-6: djvdGj max ‰i gvb QvcvGZ nGe|

 454 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c,max;
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
if (a > b)
{
if(a > c)
max=a;
else
max=c;
}
else
{
if(b > c)
max=b;
else
max=c;
}
printf(“Maximum=%d”,max);
}
if.....else if....else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KvwaK kZÆ hvPvB Kivi RbÅ if...else if...else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg “AbÅ^vq
hw`” AG^Æ if…else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvG^ else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi nq| else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ if…else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi
if ‰es else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gvGS eGm| if I else ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gvGS ‰KvwaK else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ^vKGZ cvGi| else
if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii digÅvU nGjv@
if (Condition 1)
{ True False

Action1; Condition1
} True False
else if (Condition 2) Condition2

{ Action1 Action2 Default Action

Action 2;
} Action N

……………. wPò : else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ

 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 455
else
{
Default Action ;
}
Action N;
hw` 1g kZÆwU mZÅ nq ZvnGj Action1 ‰wÝwKDU KGi| hw` 1g kZÆwU wg^Åv nq ZvnGj 2q kZÆwU ˆPK KGi
‰es hw` 2q kZÆwU mZÅ nq ZvnGj Action 2 ‰wÝwKDU KGi|‰fvGeB ‰B cÉwKÌqvwU PjGZ ^vGK| hw` meàGjv
kZÆ wg^Åv nq ZvnGj else ‰i Default Action ‰wÝwKDU KGi| ˆhgb:
D`vniY-1: if-else if-else eÅenvi KGi wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg:
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚| ˆdÑvPvUÆ
avc-2: wZbwU msLÅv a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY| Start

avc-3: cÉ^g msLÅvwU wK w«¼Zxq I Z‡Zxq msLÅvi Input a,b,c

ˆPGq eo?
K. nuÅv, a eo ‰es 6bs avGc hvI| Yes if No
(a>b)&&(a>c)
L. bv, 4bs avGc hvI|
Yes No
avc-4: w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU wK Z‡Zxq msLÅvi ˆPGq if
a Large (b>c)
eo? b Large c Large
K. nuÅv, b eo ‰es 6bs avGc hvI|
L. bv, 5bs avGc hvI|
avc-5: c eo ‰es 6bs avGc hvI| End

avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|

ˆcÉvMÉvg:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c;
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
if ((a > b) && (a > c))
printf("\n Largest Value is: %d", a);
else if (b > c)
printf("\n Largest Value is: %d", b);
else
printf("\n Largest Value is: %d", c);
}
 456 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-2: if-else if-else eÅenvi KGi ˆKvGbv mvj wjcBqvi wK-bv Zv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg:
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g:
Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
Input y
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe y ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
No
y%400= =0
avc-3: hw` (y % 400 == 0) ZGe 6 bs avGc hvB|
Yes
avc-4: hw` (y % 100! = 0 ‰es y % 4 == 0) cvB, Yes y % 100! = 0 and
y%4==0
ZGe 6 bs avGc hvB|
No
avc-5: NOT LEAP YEAR QvcvB ‰es 7bs avGc Mgb| LEAP YEAR NOT LEAP YEAR

avc-6: LEAP YEAR QvcvB|

avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
End
ˆcÉvMÉvg:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int y;
printf("\n Enter a year:");
scanf("%d",&y);
if (y%400==0)
printf("\n %d is a Leap year", y);
else if ((y%100 != 0)&&(y%4==0))
printf("\n %d is a Leap year", y);
else
printf("\n %d is not a Leap year", y);
}
switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ

‰KvwaK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| gƒjZ ˆewk
msLÅK else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii cwieGZÆ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| hLb AGbKàGjv if-else ^vGK ZLb
if-else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kivi ˆPGq switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KivB Dîg| switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-‰i mvG^
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 457
AwZwiÚ case, break I default ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi nq| else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ˆKvGbv Kw´£kbvj wKsev wiGjkbvj
‰ÝGcÉkGbi Ici wfwî KGi DchyÚ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvPb Kiv nq| wK¯§ switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv Šea
ˆfwiGqeGji gvGbi wfwîGZ DchyÚ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆbIqv nq| switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-‰i digÅvU nGjv-
Data–Type IndexVariable;
switch (expression)
{
case 1:
Block 1; True
Case 1 Block
break;
case 2: False
True
Block 2; Case 2 Block
break; False
case 3: True
Case 3 Block
Block 3;
False
break; True
Case 4 Statement n
....
False
....
Default
case N :
Block N;
break;
default: wPò : Switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
Default Block;
}
switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ 4wU Kx-IqvWÆ ^vGK| h^v:
 switch
 case
 break
 default
switch- switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gvaÅGg KÁ·vBjviGK wbG`Æk ˆ`qv nq ˆKvb RvqMv ˆ^GK switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i
KvR ÷i‚ KiGZ nGe|
case- switch ˆK hw` if ‰i mvG^ Zzjbv KiGZ nq ZGe case ˆK else if ‰i mvG^ Zzjbv Kiv hvq| n ‰i
ˆh gvGbi mvG^ ˆh case ‰i constant fÅvjyi mvG^ wgGj hvGe Zvi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ àGjv djvdGj ˆ`LvGe| ANSI
Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx switch() ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ˆgvU 256wU case ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi|
break-case ‰i mvG^ ˆh mKj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ^vGK ˆmàGjv‰wÝwKDU nIqvi ci break Kx-IqvWÆ ˆcGj
KÁ·vBjvi switch ˆ^GK ˆei nq|
default- switch ‰i wfZi ˆKvb case ‰i mvG^ kZÆ bv wgjGj default ‰i wfZGii ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ àGjv
djvdj ˆ`LvGe|
 458 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

welqwU ‰KUz RwUj, ZGe ‰KwU D`vniY ˆ`LGj AGbK mnR nGq hvGe| Avgiv ‰KUv ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLe, ˆhLvGb hw`
Avgiv r BbcyU w`B, ZvnGj ˆjLv DVGe You select Red, hw` w BbcyU w`B, ZvnGj ˆjLv DVGe You select
White. hw` b BbcyU w`B, ZvnGj ˆjLv DVGe You select Black. Avi ˆcÌvMÌvgUv wjLe Avgiv switch case
eÅenvi KGi|
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char colorCode;
printf("Enter first word of Red, White or Black: \n");
scanf("%c", &colorCode);
switch ( colorCode ) {
case 'r' :
printf("You select Red.");
break;
case 'w':
printf("You select White.");
break;

case 'b':
printf("You select Black.");
break;
default:
printf("Wrong choose!");
break;
}
return 0;
}
DcGii ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb Kwi, Zvici r, w, b ‰ wZbUvi gGaÅ ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU w`Gj Kvjvi ˆ`LvGe| Avi
hw` AbÅ ˆKvGbv KÅvGiÙvi BbcyU w`B, ZvnGj ˆjLv DVGe Wrong choose!
D`vniY: ˆKvb‰KwU AÞi ev ˆjUvi vowel bv consonant Zv wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> A^ev
void main()
{ #include<stdio.h>
char ch; void main()
printf("Enter any letter :"); {
ch=getchar(); char ch;
switch(ch) printf("\n Enter any letter :");
{ ch=getchar();
case 'a': switch(ch)
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 459
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); {
break; case 'a':
case 'A': case 'A':
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); case 'e':
break; case 'E':
case 'e': case 'i':
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); case 'I':
break; case 'o':
case 'E': case 'O':
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); case 'u':
break; case 'U':
case 'i': printf("\n The letter is a vowel.");
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); break;
break; default:
case 'I': printf("\n The letter is a consonant.");
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); }
break; }
case 'o':
printf("\n The letter is a vowel.");
break; djvdj:
case 'O': Enter any letter: R
printf("\n The letter is a vowel."); The letter is a consonant.
break;
case 'u':
printf("\n The letter is a vowel.");
break;
case 'U':
printf("\n The letter is a vowel.");
break;
default:
printf("\n The letter is a consonant.");
}
}

djvdj:
Enter any letter: U
The letter is a vowel.

KvR:
1. ˆRvo weGRvo msLÅv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
2. ‰KwU mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvm KZ w`Gb Zv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
3. ˆKvGbv welGqi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i ˆ^GK ˆMÉW wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
 460 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV 27 I 28 eÅenvwiK: jyc I jyGci eÅenvi

5.12.15 jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (Loop Statement)

ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Ask weGkl cÉ`î kGZÆ bv ˆcŒuQv chƯ¦ wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅKevi cÉ`î cybive†wî KivGK jywcs ev PKÌ
wbq¯¨Y ejv nq| jycGK wZb fvGM fvM Kiv nq| h^v@
1. Amxg jyc (Endless Loop): hw` ˆKvGbv jyc AbeiZ AveZÆb nGZ ^vGK, KLGbv ˆkl bv nq ZGe ZvGK
Amxg jyc eGj|
2. mmxg jyc (Finite Loop): wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅK AveZÆGbi ci ˆh jyc ˆkl nq ZvGK mmxg jyc eGj|
3. gaÅeZÆx jyc (Nested Loop): ‰KwU jyGci gGaÅ hw` Avi ‰KwU jyc ^vGK ZvnGj ZvGK gaÅeZÆx jyc
(Nested Loop) eGj|
ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK `yB ev ZGZvwaK evi mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ ˆh mKj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq ZvGK jyc KG´ŸÈvj
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸmgƒGn mvaviYZ `yBwU Ask ^vGK| h^vt
 jyc ewW (Loop Body) ‰es
 ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kb (Test Condition)
jyc ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi jyc ewW I ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kGbi AeÕ©vGbi wfwîGZ jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸmgƒnGK `yB fvGM fvM Kiv nq|
h^v@
‰w´ŸÈ KG´ŸÈvj jyc (Entry Control Loop) : ‰w´ŸÈ KG´ŸÈvj jyGc jyc ewWi wbeÆvn ÷i‚i AvGMB ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kb
hvPvB Kiv nq| Kw´£kb mZÅ bv nGj jyc ewW mÁ·vw`Z nq bv| ‰w´ŸÈ KG´ŸÈvj jyc wbeÆvGni RbÅ cÉavbZ `yBwU
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆmàGjv nGœQ- for jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ, while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ|
‰wÝU KG´ŸÈvj jyc (Exit Control Loop): ‰wÝU KG´ŸÈvj jyGc cÉ^Gg ‰Kevi jyc wbeÆvn nq| Zvici ˆUÕ¡
Kw´£kb hvPvB Kiv nq, Kw´£kb mZÅ nGj jyc ewW mÁ·vw`Z nq, Kw´£kb mZÅ bv nGj jyc ewW mÁ·vw`Z nq bv|
‰wÝU KG´ŸÈvj jyGci ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ nGjv, do – while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvGni RbÅ cÉavb weGePÅ welqmgƒn nGjvt
Initial Value
 KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej Õ©vcb I Zvi cÉviwÁ¿K gvb wbaÆviY
 jyc ewWi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvn
Condition
 jyc ewWi cieZÆx wbeÆvn bv nIqvi RbÅ kZÆ cixÞv
 KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqeGji BbwKÌGg´Ÿ ev wWwKÌGg´Ÿ True
for ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ code block
False

‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ `yB ev ZGZvwaKevi mÁ·v`Gbi Increment/Decrement

RbÅ for ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| mvaviY ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqej
eÅenvi KGi for jyGci AveZÆb msLÅv MYbv nq| ‰i…c After Loop body
ˆfwiGqejGK KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej eGj| for ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-‰i digÅvU
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@ wPò : for ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 461

Counter Declaration;
for (InitialValue; Condition; Decrement/Increment)
{
Statement(s);
}

 Counter Declaration AsGk DchyÚ ˆWUvUvBcmn KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv Kiv nq|
 For Loop-‰i ÷i‚GZB InitialValue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ÷ay ‰Kevi ‰wÝwKDU nq|
 Zvici Condition ‰wÝwKDU nq| Bnv False nGj for jyGci mgvwµ¦ NGU| wK¯§ Condition hw`
True nq ZvnGj for jyGci ˆKvWeÐK ‰wÝwKDU nq ‰es Decrement/Increment ‰i fÅvjy
AvcGWU nq|
 Conditionwg^Åv (False) bv nIqv chƯ¦ KvR PvwjGq hvq|
ˆbvU: BUvGikb (Iteration) msLÅv ev KZevi jyc PjGe ˆmB msLÅv AvGM ˆ^GK Rvbv ^vKGj mvaviYZ for jyc
eÅen†Z nq|
D`vniY-1: 1 2 3 4 5 msLÅv àGjv cÉ`kÆb Kivi D`vniY-2: 1 2 4 8 16 msLÅvàGjv cÉ`kÆb Kivi
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main(void) int main(void)
{ {
int i; int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++) for(i=1;i<=16;i=i*2)
printf("%d\t",i); printf("%d\t",i);
return 0; return 0;
} }

AvDUcyU t AvDUcyUt
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 4 8 16

D`vniY-3: 1+2+3+ .. .. ..+n avivi ˆhvMdj D`vniY-4: 1+2+4+8+ .. .. ..+n avivi

wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int n,a,s=0; int s=0,n,a;
printf("Enter a last term: "); printf("Enter a last term: ");
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
for(a=1;a<=n;++a) for(a=1;a<=n;a=a*2)
{ {
s +=a; // or, s=s+a; s=s+a;
} }
printf("Sum=%d",s); printf("%d ",s);
} }

AvDUcyU: AvDUcyU:
Enter a last term: 10 Enter a last term: 64
Sum=55 127
 462 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-5: 1 2 4 7 11 16 msLÅvàGjv cÉ`kÆb Kivi D`vniY-6:1+2+4+7+11+16+...........+100

ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int i,j; int i,j,sum=0;
for(i=1,j=1;j<=100;i++) for(i=1,j=1;j<=100;i++)
{ {
printf("%d\t",j); sum=sum+j;
j=j+i; j=j+i;
} }
} printf("SUM=%d",sum);
}
AvDUcyU:
1 2 4 7 11 16 AvDUcyU:
469

D`vniY-7: 3+7+11+ ............+n avivwUi 30 wU D`vniY-8: 3+9+27+............+n avivwUi 30wU

cG`i ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| cG`i ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int s=0,a,b; int s=0,a,b;
b=1; for(a=3;a<=100;a=a*3)
for(a=3;b<=30;a+=4) {
{ s=s+a;
s=s+a; }
b=b+1; printf("\nSum=%d",s);
} }
printf("%ld",s);
} AvDUcyU:
Sum=120
AvDUcyU:
1830
DcGii D`vniY àGjvGZ for loop ‰i control variable ‰i gvb ˆKej int UvBc eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ZGe
‰LvGb cÉGqvRb AbymvGi AbÅ UvBGci ˆfwiGqej wbGqI KvR Kiv hvq|
D`vniY-6:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch;
for( ch='a'; ch<='z' ;ch++ )
{
printf("%c ",ch);
}
}
djvdj : a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 463

ˆbGÕ¡W di jyc (Nested for loop)

for loop ˆK AbÅ for loop ‰i compound statement wnmvGeI eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰ aiGYi for loop ˆK
Nested for loop eGj| ˆcÉvMÉvGg AGbK mgq ‰ aiGbi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ cÉGqvRb nq| ‰ aiGYi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii
wbqg nGjv-
for (Initialization; Condition; Increment/Decrement)
{
for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/Decrement)
{
Statements;
}
}
D`vniY : D`vniY :
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int i,j,n; int i,j,n;
printf("Enter how many line you need to printf("Enter how many line you need to
make pyramid = "); make pyramid = ");
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ {
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("%d\t",j); printf("%d\t",i);
printf("\n"); printf("\n");
} }
} }
djvdj : djvdj :
Enter how many line you need to make Enter how many line you need to make
pyramid =4 pyramid =4
1 1
1 2 2 2
1 2 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4

KvR: wbGPi ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjvi AvDUcyU wjGLv:

main() main() main()
{ { {
int i,j; int i,j; int i,j;
for(i=1,j=2;i<=5;i++) for(i=1,j=2;i<=5;i++,j++) for(i=1,j=2;i<=5;i++,j++)
printf("%d %d\n",i,j); printf("%d %d\n",i,j); printf("%d %d\n",i,j);
} } }
 464 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg kZÆ mvGcGÞ `yB ev ZGZvwaKevi ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv
nq| while jyGc cÉ^GgB kGZÆi gvb cixwÞZ nq, kZÆ mZÅ nGj ZGeB jyc ewW mÁ·vw`Z nq| ‰wU AGbKUv for
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-‰i weK͸ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| for ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gGZv cƒGeÆ ˆNvwlZ ˆKvGbv KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej
eÅenvi KGi while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-‰i AveZÆb msLÅv MYbv Kiv nq| while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ-‰i digÅvU nGjv@

Counter Declaration;
Counter Initialization; Condition
True False
while (Condition)
Body of while loop
{
Statement (s) just
Statement(s); below while loop
Loop body
Increment/ Decrement;
wPò : While ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
}

Counter Declaration AsGk DchyÚ ˆWUvUvBcmn ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv nq, Counter Initialization AsGk
KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqeGji cÉviwÁ¿K gvb ˆ`Iqv nq|
 while loop ‰i KvR nGjv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Condition ˆPK Kiv, Kw´£kbwU mZÅ bv wg^Åv|
 hw` Condition mZÅ nq ZvnGj ‰Uv while loop ‰i ewWi wfZGii ˆKvW àGjv ‰wÝwKDU KiGe|
Zvici Avevi ‰wU ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kb ˆPK KiGe ˆh, ‰wU mZÅ bv wg^Åv|
 ‰B cÉwKÌqvwU ZZÞY PjGe ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kbwU hZÞY chƯ¦ wg^Åv bv nGe|
D`vniY-1: 0 ˆ^GK 3 chƯ¦ msLÅv cÉ`kGbi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
1 int x;
2 x=0; AvDUcyU:
3 0
1
4 while(x<4) 2
5 { 3
6 printf("%d\n",x);
7 x=x+1;
8 }
9 }
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 465
D`vniY-2: `ywU msLÅvi M.mv.à(GCD) wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚| ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
avc-2: `ywU msLÅv L , S (L > S)BbcyU wbB| Start #include<stdio.h>
avc-3: ˆQvGUv msLÅvwU (S) w`Gq eo msLÅvwUGK main()
Input L,S (L > S)
(L) fvM KGi fvMGkl (R) wbYÆq Kwi| {
avc-4: fvMGkGli gvb (R) hw` 0 nq ZGe 5 bs R = L mod S
int l, s, r;
avGc Mgb, AbÅ^vq, bZzbfvGe L = S scanf("%d %d", &l,&s);
‰es S = R KGi cybivq 3bs avGc L = S No Is while(l%s!=0)
Mgb| S=R R=0?
{
avc-5: wbGYÆq M.mv.à nGe ˆQvGUv msLÅvwU (S)| Yes
r = l%s;
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl| GCD = S l = s;
s = r;
End
}
printf("GCD=%d", s);
}

D`vniY-3. `ywU msLÅvi j.mv.à wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg|

AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ ˆdÑvPvUÆ: Start ˆcÉvMÉvg:
avc-2: `ywUmsLÅv ,L S (L > S) BbcyU wbB| InputL,S (L > S)
#include<stdio.h>
avc-3: a=L , b=S wbB| main()
avc-4: ˆQvGUv msLÅvwU (S) w`Gq eo msLÅvwUGK Let a=L, b=S {
int l, s, r,a,b, lcm;
(L) fvM KGi fvMGkl (R) wbYÆq Kwi|
R = L mod S scanf("%d %d", &l,&s);
avc-5: fvMGkGli gvb (R) hw` 0 nq ZGe 6 bs
a=l ;
avGc Mgb, AbÅ^vq, bZzb fvGe L = S L = S No Is b=s;
‰es S = R KGi cybivq 3bs avGc S=R R=0?
while(l%s!=0)
Mgb| Yes {
lcm=a*b/S
avc-6: wbGYÆq j.mv.à lcm=a*b/s wbYÆq| r = l%s;
avc-7: lcm ‰i gvb cÉ`kbÆ | l = s;
Print lcm
avc-8: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl| s = r;
End }
lcm=a*b/s;
printf("LCM=%d", lcm);
}

[ we.`Ë: j.mv.à = msLÅv`ywUi àYdj/ M.mv.à ]

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-30K
 466 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

do…while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg kZÆ mvGcGÞ ‰K ev ‰KvwaKevi ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ do…while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| while Initialize variable
ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gGZv ˆKvGbv cƒeÆ ˆNvwlZ KvD´Ÿvi ˆfwiGqej eÅenvi KGi
Loop Body
do….while ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi AveZÆb msLÅv MYbv KGi| wbGP
do….while ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi digÅvU ˆ`qv nGjv@ Loop Update

Counter Declaration; Condition

True
Counter Initialization; False
do Statement(s) after loop body
{
Statement(s);
wPò: do-while ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
Increment/Decrement;
}while (Condition);
Counter Declaration AsGk DchyÚ ˆWUvUvBcmn BbGWÝ ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYv KGi Counter Initialization AsGk
Zvi cÉviwÁ¿K gvb ˆ`Iqv nq| Condition AsGk BbGWÝ ˆfwiGqeGji P„ov¯¦ gvb wbaÆviGYi kZÆ ˆ`Iqv nq|
 w«¼Zxq e®¬bxi wfZGii ˆKvW eÐK cÉ^Gg ‰Kevi mÁ·vw`Z(executed) nq|
 ZvicGi Condition wbYÆq nq| hw` Condition mZÅ nq ZvnGj jyGci ewW cƒbivq mÁ·vw`Z nq|
Condition wg^Åv bv nIqv chƯ¦ ‰B cÉwKÌqv PjGZ ^vGK|
 hLb Condition wg^Åv nGq hvq ev gvb 0(kƒbÅ) nq ZLb do...while jyGci mgvwµ¦ NGU|
D`vniY-1: 0 ˆ^GK 3 chƯ¦ msLÅv cÉ`kGbi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
main() AvDUcyU:
{ 0
1 int x; 1
2
2 x=0;
3
3
4 do
5 {
6 printf("%d\n",x);
7 x=x+1;
8 } while(x<4);
9 }

wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ while ‰es do..while jyc ‰KB iKg KvR KGi| ‰B `yBwU jyGci cv^ÆKÅ nGjv ÷ay, while
jyc AvGM ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kbwU ˆPK KGi ‰es Zvici ˆKvW ‰wÝwKDU KGi Abyi‚c do..while jyc AvGM ˆKvW
‰wÝwKDU KGi ‰es Zvici ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kbwU ˆPK KGi| myZivs do...while jyc KgcGÞ ‰Kevi ‰wÝwKDkb
nq|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-30L
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 467

Amxg jyc (Infinite loop)

ˆcÉvMÉvGg BœQv KiGj jyc me mgGqi RbÅ mZÅ KGi ˆ`qv hvq A^vÆr ˆcÉvMÉvg hZÞY PjGe KwÁ·DUvi ÷ay ‰B jyc
wbGqB KvR KiGe| ‰ aiGbi jycGK eGj Amxgjyc (Infinite loop)| Amxgjyc ŠZwii RbÅ for jyc ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi
ˆÞGò condition Ask ev` w`GZ nGe‰es while/ do-while jyGci ˆÞGò condition AsGk ˆKvGbv
‰ÝGcÉkb eÅenvi bv KGi , 0 Qvov AbÅ ˆh ˆKvGbv msLÅv eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
D`vniY: for/ while / do-while loop eÅenvi KGi 1 ˆ^GK AmxgchƯ¦ msLÅv wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
for loopeÅenvi KGi while loopeÅenvi KGi do- while loopeÅenvi KGi
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main() main()
{ { {
int a; int a=1; int a=1;
for(a=1; ;a++) while(1) do
{ { {
printf("%d",a); printf("\n%d",a); printf("\n%d",a);
} a++; a++;
} } } while(1);
} }
RvÁ· I RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i eÅenvi (Jump and Uses of Jumping Statement)
ˆcÉvMÉvGg mij AbyKÌgGK fã KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰K jvBb ˆ^GK cieZÆx jvBGb bv wMGq DcGi ev wbGP AbÅ ˆKvGbv
jvBb ˆ^GK KvR ÷i‚ KiGj ZvGK RvÁ· eGj| ˆh mKj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ RvÁ· ‰i KvGR eÅen†Z nq ZvGK RvwÁ·s
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ àGjv nGjv wbÁ²i…c:
 continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
 break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
 goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Inter loop
Continue ˆÕ¡UgÅv´Ÿ
False
Condition
jyGci mvaviY ˆdÑv (flow) cwieZÆb Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰
continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| jyGci wfZGii wKQy
True
ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK gvGS gGaÅ ‰woGq hvIqvi cÌGqvvRb nq| ‰GÞGò
continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| A^vÆr wm-ˆZ kZÆhyÚ A^ev
kZÆwenxbfvGe ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ev jyGci cybive†wî Kivi RbÅ Yes
Continue?
continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| ˆKvGbv jyGci ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ AsGki
ˆhLvGb continue cvIqv hvGe ˆmLvb ˆ^GK cieZÆx No
Exit Loop
BbÕ¡ÈvKkbàGjv ‰wÝwKDU nGe bv ‰es ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Ask Avevi Remaining body
cÉ^g ˆ^GK KvR ÷i‚ KiGe| A^vÆr continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvg of loop
cGq´ŸviGK cƒeÆeZÆx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ev jyGci cÉviGÁ¿ Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi| wPò : continue ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
 468 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

continue ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi digÅvU nGjv:

continue;
weÕ¦vwiZ fvGe ˆjLv hvq,
While (test Expression)
{
// codes
if (condition for continue)
{
Continue;
}
// codes
}

for (initialization, condition, update)

{
// codes
if (condition for contine)
{
continue;
}
// codes
}
continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ if, else if, for, while BZÅvw` Qvov KvR KiGZ cvGi bv| ZGe kZÆwenxb continue
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Amxg jyGci m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰ RbÅ mvaviYZ if, else... if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ kZÆ mvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv
jyGci cybive†wî Kivi RbÅ continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| ˆmGÞGò kGZÆi gvb mZÅ nGj continue GÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
KvhÆKix nq, AbÅ^vq KÁ·vBjvi continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ DGcÞv KGi cieZÆx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvn KGi|
‰Lb ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ continue ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi KvR jÞ Kwi-
#include<stdio.h>
main()
djvdj:
{ Thank you
Thank you
int a; Thank you
for(a=1;a<=5;a++) Thank you
Thank you
{
printf("\nThank");
printf(" you");
}
}
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 469
wK¯§ hw` ˆcÉvMÉvGg continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ‰KUz cwieZÆb Kwi,
#include<stdio.h>
main() djvdj:
{ Thank you ← for a=1
int a; Thank ← for a=2
for(a=1;a<=5;a++) Thank you ← for a=3
{ Thank ← for a=4
printf("\nThank"); Thank you ← for a=5
if(a==2||a==4)
continue;
printf(" you");
}
}

KvR:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a, sum=0;
for(a=1;a<=100;a++)
{
sum=sum+a;
}
}
ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi 4 bs jvBGb ˆKvGbv i…c cwieZÆb bv KGi avivwUi ˆRvo msLÅK / weGRvo msLÅK cG`i ˆhvMdj
wbYÆGqi RbÅ wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|

break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
jyGci mvaviY ˆdÑv(flow) ˆK e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| gvGS gGaÅ ˆUÕ¡
‰ÝGcÉkbGK ˆPK Kiv QvovB jycGK ZvrÞwbK e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqvi cÌGqvRb nq| ‰GÞGò break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z
nq| wm ˆcÉvMÉvg break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ cvIqv gvòB for, while I do...while jycGK ZvrÞwbK e®¬ KGi ˆ`q|
ˆKvGbv jyGci wbeÆvn Õ©wMZ KGi A^Ævr jyc ˆkl nevi AvGMB jyc ˆ^GK ˆei nGq Avmvi RbÅ break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
eÅen†Z nq| break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ continue ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi wecixZ KvR KGi|

Enter loop

False
Condition

True

Yes
break?

No
Exit Loop
Remaining body
of loop

wPò : break ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆdÑvPvUÆ

 470 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

break ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi digÅvU nGjv

break;
wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi RbÅ continue ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gGZv break ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi RbÅI mvaviYZ if, else if, for, while
BZÅvw` ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq|
‰Lb, ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ break ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi KvR jÞ Kwi-
#include<stdio.h>
main() djvdj:
1
{
2
int a;
3
for(a=1;a<=6;a++) 4
{ 5
printf("%d\n",a); 6
}
}
DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg djvdj 1 ˆ^GK 6 chƯ¦ msLÅv Qvcv nGqGQ wK¯§ break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi 6 chƯ¦ QvcvGbvi
AvGMB ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn e®¬ KGi ˆ`qv hvq|
#include<stdio.h> A^ev #include<stdio.h>
main() main() djvdj:
{ 1
{
int a; 2
int a; for(a=1;a<=6;a++) 3
for(a=1;a<=6;a++) {
{ printf("%d\n",a);
printf("%d\n",a); if(a>2)
if(a==3) break;
break; }
} }
}
DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg a ‰i gvb 3 ev 2 ‰i ˆewk nGj break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn e®¬ KGi ˆ`qv nGqGQ|
‰Lb continue I break ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ`qv nGjv-
#include<stdio.h> djvdj:
main()
Enter the positive number:-12
{
int a; Enter the positive number:12
for( ; ; ) You have entered 12
{
printf("Enter the positive number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a<0)
continue;
else
break;
}
printf("You have entered %d",a);
}
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 471

goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvaviY avivGK cwieZÆb Kivi RbÅ goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvGbv
‰KwU AsGki KvR e®¬ ˆiGL AbÅ ‰KwU AskGK mPj KivB goto statement-‰i jÞÅ| A^vÆr kZÆhyÚ ev
kZÆwenxbfvGe ‰K ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK DcGi ev wbGP Aci ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ wbq¯¨Y Õ©vbv¯¦i Kivi RbÅ goto
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| goto ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi digÅvU nGjv-
LevelName:
¶
goto LevelName;
‰LvGb, ˆjGfj (LevelName) ‰KUv bvg, hv ˆfwiGqeGji bvg ˆjLvi wbqg AbymiY KGi bvGgi ci ˆKvjb ( :
) eÅenvi KiGZ nq| ‰KB ˆcÉvMÉvg ev dvskGb cÉGqvRGb wf®² wf®² bvGg ‰KvwaK ˆjGfj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi DcGi ev
wbGP eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| goto ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi DcGi ˆjGfj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi eÅenvi continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
eÅenvGii Abyi…c| continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KiGj ˆKej DcGii w`GK RvÁ· Kiv hvq wK¯§ goto eÅenvi
KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvgGb wKsev wcQGb ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb Õ©vbv¯¦i ev RvÁ· Kiv hvq| goto GÕ¡UGg´Ÿ if, else if,
for, while BZÅvw` Qvov mivmwi KvR KiGZ cvGi| ZGe
mvaviYZ goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi if, else if
ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ kZÆ mvGcGÞ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Aci ˆRGb ivGLv
ˆKvb Õ©vGb RvÁ· Kiv hvq| ˆmGÞGò kGZÆi gvb mZÅ nGj ‰KRb fvGjv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi memgq goto ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi
goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ KvhÆKix nq| AbÅ^vq KÁ·vBjvi goto eÅenvi ‰woGq Pjv DwPZ| KviY goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ DGcGÞv KGi cieZÆx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`b KGi| mgÕ¦ ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆjGfj ˆLvuR KiGZ ^vGK|

D`vniY-1: `ywU msLÅvi M.mv.à wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g ˆdÑvPvUÆ: ˆcÉvMÉvg:
Start
avc 1: ÷i‚ #include<stdio.h>
avc 2: a, b ‰i gvb MÉnY Input a,b int main()
Yes No {
avc 3: a<b mZÅ nGj x=a wg^Åv x=b a<b
avc 4: (a%x=0) and (b%x=0) mZÅ x=a x=b
int a, b, x;
nGj 6bs avGc hvq| bvnGj 5 bs scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
avGc hvq| x=(a<b)?a:b;
(a%x =0) and Yes again:
avc 5: x=x-1 wbYÆq Kwi ‰es 4bs avGc (b%x =0)
hvq| GCD = x
if((a%x==0)&&(b%x==0))
avc 6: djvdj x QvcvB| No printf("GCD=%d",x);
x=x1 Stop else
avc 7: ˆkl
{
x=x-1;
goto again;
}
return 0;
}
 472 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-2. `ywU msLÅvi j.mv.à wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g ˆcÉvMÉvg:
avc 1: ÷i‚ #include<stdio.h>
ˆdÑvPvUÆ: int main()
avc 2: a, b ‰i gvb MÉnY
Start {
avc 3: a>b mZÅ nGj x=a wg^Åv x=b
Input a,b int a, b, x;
avc 4: (x%a=0) and (x%b=0) mZÅ scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
Yes No
nGj 6bs avGc hvq| a>b x=(a>b)?a:b;
bvnGj 5 bs avGc hvq| x=a x=b
again:
avc 5: x=x+1 wbYÆq Kwi if((x%a==0)&&(x%b==0))
‰es 4bs avGc hvq| (x%a=0) and Yes printf("LCM=%d",x);
avc 6: djvdj x QvcvB| (x%b=0) else
LCM = x {
avc 7: ˆkl No
x=x+1 x=x+1;
Stop
goto again;
}
return 0;
}
D`vniY-3. goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ˆKvb msLÅvi dÅvGÙvwiqvj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
main()
djvdj:
{ Type the positive integer: -12
Negative number not allowed.
int a,x;
Type the positive integer:7
long fact=1;
Factorial=5040
again:
printf("\nType the positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&x);
if(x<0)
{
printf("Negative number not allowed. ");
goto again;
}
else if(x==0)
printf("Factorial=1");
else
{
for(a=2;a<=x;a++)
fact=fact*a;
printf("Factorial=%ld",fact);
}
}
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 473
D`vniY-4: goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi 1 ˆ^GK 10 chƯ¦ msLÅv cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=1;
level:
printf("%d\n",a);
a=a+1;
if (a<=10)
goto level;
return 0;
}

aviv wbYÆq
ˆKvGbv aviv wbYÆGqi RbÅ Pvi aiGbi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| h^v: for,while, do-while, if-goto| awi
ˆKvGbv avivi cÉ^gc` a I mvaviY A¯¦i d ‰es ˆklc` n| wewf®² aviv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ÷aygvò cwieZÆb nq a, d
‰es n-‰i gvb|
ˆKvGbv avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ wbGP ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ àGjvi MVb ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
for ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb: while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb:
for (a = cÉ^g c`; a <= ˆklc`; a = a+ mvaviY a=cÉ^g c`;
A¯¦i) while(a <= ˆklc`)
{ {
printf(“%d”, a); printf(“%d”, a);
} a = a + mvaviY A¯¦i;
}
do-while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb: if-goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb:
a=cÉ^g c`; a=cÉ^g c`;
do level:
{ printf(“%d”, a);
printf(“%d”, a); a=a+mvaviY A¯¦i;
a=a+mvaviY A¯¦i; if(a<=ˆklc`)
} while(a<=ˆklc`); goto level;
 474 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-1: 1, 2, 3 ................. n avivwU wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|

if-goto ‰es do-while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:
AÅvjMwi`g: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ÷i‚ Kwi| Start

avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|

Input n
avc-3: a = 1 awi|
avc-4: a ‰i gvb QvcvB| a=1

avc-5: a = a + 1 wbYÆq Kwi|

avc-6: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB| Print a
AbÅ^vq 7 bs avGc hvB|
a= a + 1
avc-7: ˆkl Kwi|
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi If
a<= n
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> Yes
No
int main() int main()
End
{ {
int a,n; int a,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
a=1; a=1;
level: do
printf("%d ",a); {
a=a+1; printf("%d ",a);
if(a<=n) a=a+1;
goto level; } while(a<=n);
return 0; return 0;
} }
for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: a = 1 awi|
avc-4: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 5 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: a = a +1 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-6: a ‰i gvb QvcvB|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 475
avc-7: ˆkl Kwi| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
while eÅenvi KGi for eÅenvi KGi Start
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() main() Input n
{ {
int a,n; int a,n;
a=1
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
a=1; for(a=1;a<=n; a++)
while(a<= n) {
{ printf("%d ",a);
printf("%d ",a); } If No
a=a+1; } a <= n
Yes End
}
Print a
return 0;
}
a=a+1

KvR:
10,20,30, ... ... ... ... , 100 avivwU cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|

avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq

Abyi…c ˆKvGbv avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ Pvi aiGbi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| h^v: for,while, do-while,
if-goto| awi, ˆKvGbv avivi ˆhvMdj s , cÉ^gc` a I mvaviY A¯¦i d ‰es ˆklc` n| wewf®² avivi ˆhvMdj
wbYÆGqi RbÅ ÷aygvò cwieZÆb nq s, a, d ‰es n-‰i gvb|
ˆKvGbv avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ wbGP ˆÕ¡UGgg´Ÿ àGjvi MVb ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
for ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb: while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb:
s=0; s=0;
for(a=cÉ^g c`;a<=ˆklc`;a=a+mvaviY A¯¦i) a=cÉ^g c`;
{ while(a<=Gklc`)
s=s+a; {
} s=s+a;
printf(“%d”,s); a=a+mvaviY A¯¦i;
}
printf(“%d”,s);
do-while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb: if-goto ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i MVb:
s=0; s=0;
a=cÉ^g c`; a=cÉ^g c`;
do level: s=s+a;
{ a=a+mvaviY A¯¦i;
s=s+a; if(a<=ˆklc`) goto level;
a=a+mvaviY A¯¦i; printf(“%d”,s);
} while(a<=ˆklc`);
printf(“%d”,s);
 476 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-1. 1 + 2 + 3 + ..................+ n avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg

wjL| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
if-goto ‰es do-while eÅenvi KGi:
Start
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Input n
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: s = 0, a = 1 awi| s = 0, a = 1

avc-4: s = s + a, a = a + 1 wbYÆq Kwi|

avc-5: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB| s=s+a
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB| a= a + 1

avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| If

avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| a<= n
Yes
No
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> Print S
int main() int main() End
{ {
int a,s,n; int a,s,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
s=0; s=0;
a=1; a=1;
level: do
s=s+a; {
a=a+1; s=s+a;
if(a<=n) goto level; a=a+1;
printf("%d ",s); } while(a<=n);
return 0; printf("%d ",s); ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
} return 0; Start
}
Input n
for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:
AÅvjMwi`g:
s = 0, a = 1
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-4: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 5 bs avGc hvB| If No
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB| a <= n
avc-5: s = s + a, a = a +1 wbYÆq Kwi| 4 bs avGc Yes Print S
ˆdiZ hvB| s=s+a
End
avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| a=a+1
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 477

while eÅenvi KGi for eÅenvi KGi

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() main()
{
{
int a,s,n;
scanf("%d",&n); int a,s,n;
s=0; scanf("%d",&n);
a=1; s=0;
while(a<=n) for(a=1;a<=n; a++)
{ {
s=s+a;
s=s+a;
a=a+1;
} }
printf("%d ",s); printf("%d ",s);
return 0; }
}
D`vniY-2. 1 + 3 + 5 + ..................+ n avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg
wjL|
if-goto ‰es do-while eÅenvi KGi:
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-4: s = s + a, a = a + 2 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-5: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB|
avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi Start
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
Input n
{ {
int a,s,n; int a,s,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n); s = 0, a = 1
s=0; s=0;
a=1; a=1;
level: do
s=s+a; { No
If
a=a+2; s=s+a; a <= n
if(a<=n) goto level; a=a+2;
Yes Print S
printf("%d ",s); } while(a<=n);
return 0; printf("%d ",s); s=s+a
} return 0; a=a+2 End
}
 478 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:

AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-4: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 5 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: s = s + a, a = a +2 wbYÆq Kwi| 4 bs avGc
ˆdiZ hvB|
avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
for eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() int main()
{ {
int a,s,n; int a,s,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
s=0; s=0;
for(a=1;a<=n; a=a+2) a=1;
{ while(a<=n)
s=s+a; {
} s=s+a;
printf("%d ",s); a=a+2;
return 0; }
} printf("%d ",s);
return 0;
}
D`vniY-3. 2 + 4 + 6 + ..................+ n avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg
wjL| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
if-goto ‰es do-while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: Start

AÅvjMwi`g: Input n
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
s = 0, a = 2
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: s = 0, a = 2 awi|
s=s+a
avc-4: s = s + a, a = a + 2 wbYÆq Kwi| a= a + 2
avc-5: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB|
If Yes
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB| a<= n

No
avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
Print S
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
End
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 479
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int a,s,n; int a,s,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
s=0; s=0;
a=2; a=2;
level: do
s=s+a; {
a=a+2; s=s+a;
if(a<=n) goto level; a=a+2;
printf("%d ",s); } while(a<=n);
return 0; printf("%d ",s);
} return 0;
}
for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: s = 0, a = 2 awi|
avc-4: hw` a<=n nq ZGe 5 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 6 bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: s = s + a, a = a +2 wbYÆq Kwi| 4 bs avGc
ˆdiZ hvB| ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-6: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| Start
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
for eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi Input n
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() int main() s = 0, a = 2
{ {
int a,s,n; int a,s,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
s=0; s=0;
If No
for(a=2;a<=n; a=a+2) a=2;
a <= n
{ while(a<=n)
Yes Print S
s=s+a; {
} s=s+a; s=s+a End
printf("%d ",s); a=a+2; a=a+2
} }
printf("%d ",s);
return 0;
}
 480 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

D`vniY-4. 1 + 2 + 3 + ..................+ 100 avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
AÅvjMwi`g:
if-goto ‰es do-while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:
avc-1: ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-3: s = s + a, a = a + 1 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-4: hw` a<=100 nq ZGe 3 bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-6: ˆkl Kwi|
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi Start
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
s = 0, a = 1
main() main()
{ {
int a,s; int a,s;
s=s+a
s=0; s=0; a= a + 1
a=1; a=1;
If Yes
level: do a<= 100
s=s+a; { No
a=a+1; s=s+a; Print S

if(a<=100) goto level; a=a+1;

End
printf("%d ",s); } while(a<=100);
} printf("%d ",s);
}
for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g: Start

avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|

s = 0, a = 1
avc-2: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-3: hw` a<=100 nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 5 bs avGc hvB| No
If
avc-4: s = s + a, a = a +2 wbYÆq Kwi| 3 bs avGc a <= 100
ˆdiZ hvB| Yes Print S
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| s=s+a
a=a+1 End
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 481

for eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int a,s; int a,s;
s=0; s=0;
for(a=1;a<=100; a=a+1) a=1;
{ while(a<=100)
s=s+a; {
} s=s+a;
printf("%d ",s); a=a+1;
} }
printf("%d ",s);
}
D`vniY-5. 1 + 3 + 5 + ..................+ 100 avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
if-goto ‰es do-while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi:
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, a = 1 awi|
avc-3: s = s + a, a = a + 2 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-4: hw` a<=100 nq ZGe 3 bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-6: ˆkl Kwi|
ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi
Start
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main() s = 0, a = 1
{ {
int a,s; int a,s;
s=0; s=0; s=s+a
a=1; a=1; a= a + 2

level: do Yes
If
s=s+a; { a<= 100
a=a+2; s=s+a; No
if(a<=100) goto level; a=a+2; Print S
printf("%d ",s); } while(a<=100);
End
} printf("%d ",s);
}
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-31K
 482 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:

AÅvjMwi`g: Start
avc-1: ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, a = 1 awi| s = 0, a = 1
avc-3: hw` a <=100 nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 5 bs avGc hvB|
avc-4: s = s + a, a = a +2 wbYÆq Kwi| 3 bs avGc No
If
ˆdiZ hvB| a <= 100
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| Yes Print S
avc-6: ˆkl Kwi| s=s+a
for eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi a=a+2 End
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int a,s; int a,s;
s=0; s=0;
for(a=1;a<=100; a=a+2) a=1;
{ while(a<=100)
s=s+a; {
} s=s+a;
printf("%d ",s); a=a+2;
} }
printf("%d ",s);
}
D`vniY-6. 2 + 4 + 6 + ..................+ 100 avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ I ˆcÉvMÉvg|
if-goto ‰es do-while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g: Start
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, a = 2 awi| s = 0, a = 2
avc-3: s = s + a, a = a + 2 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-4: hw` a<=100 nq ZGe 3 bs avGc hvB|
s=s+a
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB| a= a + 2
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi If Yes
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> a<= 100

main() main() No
{ { Print S
int a,s; int a,s;
End
s=0; s=0;
a=2; a=2;

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-31L

 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 483

level: do
s=s+a; {
a=a+2; s=s+a;
if(a<=100) goto level; a=a+2;
printf("%d ",s); }while(a<=100);
} printf("%d ",s);
}
for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
AÅvjMwi`g: Staty
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, a = 2 awi| s = 0, a = 2
avc-3: hw` a <=100 nq ZGe 4 bs avGc hvB|
AbÅ^vq 5 bs avGc hvB|
avc-4: s = s + a, a = a +2 wbYÆq Kwi| 3 bs avGc
ˆdiZ cvB| If No
a <= 100
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
Yes S
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
s=s+a
for eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi a=a+2 End
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int a,s; int a,s;
s=0; s=0; ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
for(a=2;a<=100; a=a+2) a=2; Start
{ while(a<=100)
Input n
s=s+a; {
} s=s+a; F=1
printf("%d ",s); a=a+2; i=1
} }
printf("%d ",s);
} F = F*i

i=i+1
D`vniY-7. ˆKvGbv cƒYÆ msLÅvi dÅvÙwiqvj wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆ
I ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
If Yes
if-goto ‰es do-while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: i <= n
AÅvjMwi`g: No
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Print F
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: F = 1, i = 1 awi| End
 484 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

avc-4: F = F*i, i = i + 1 wbYÆq Kwi|

avc-5: hw` i<=n nq ZGe 4bs avGc hvB|
avc-6: F ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
if-goto eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int i,F,n; int i,F,n;
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
F=1; F=1;
i=1; i=1;
level: do
F=F*i; {
i=i+1; F=F*i;
if(i<=n) goto level; i=i+1;
printf("%d ",F); }while(i<=n);
return 0; printf("%d ",F);
} return 0;
}
for ‰es while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi: ˆdÑvPvUÆ:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| Start
avc-2: n ‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi|
avc-3: F = 1, i = 1 awi| Input n

avc-4: hw` i<=n bv nq ZGe 6bs avGc hvB|

F = 0, i = 1
avc-5: F = F*i, i = i + 1 wbYÆq Kwi| 4bs avGc ˆdiZ hvB|
avc-6: F ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-7: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi|
for eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi If No
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> i <= n
main() int main() Yes Print F
{ {
int i,F,n; int i,F,n; F=F*i
End
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n); i=i+1
F=1; F=1;
for(i=1;i<=n; i++) i=1;
{ while(i<=n)
F=F*i; {
} F=F*i;
printf("%d ",F); i=i+1;
} }
printf("%d ",F);
return 0;
}
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 485

for, while I do- while jyGci ZzjbvgƒjK ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:

for jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi do- while jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi
1 ˆ^GK 10 chƯ¦ msLÅv ˆ`LvGbvi 1 ˆ^GK 10 chƯ¦ msLÅv ˆ`LvGbvi 1 ˆ^GK 10 chƯ¦ msLÅv ˆ`LvGbvi
RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main() int main()
{ { {
int a; int a=1; int a=1;
for(a=1;a<=10; a++) while(a<=10) do
{ { {
printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a);
} a++; a++;
return 0; } } while(a<=10);
} return 0; return 0;
djvdj : } }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 djvdj : djvdj :
9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 9 10
1 G^GK 15 chƯ¦ weGRvo msLÅv 1 G^GK 15 chƯ¦ weGRvo msLÅv 1 G^GK 15 chƯ¦ weGRvo msLÅv
ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main() int main()
{ { {
int a; int a=1; int a=1;
for(a=1;a<=15; a=a+2) while(a<=15) do
{ { {
printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a);
} a=a+2; a=a+2;
return 0; } } while(a<=15);
} return 0; return 0;
djvdj : } }
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 djvdj : djvdj :
15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
15 15
 486 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

for loop eÅenvi KGi while eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi
1 G^GK 15 chƯ¦ ˆRvo msLÅv 1 G^GK 15 chƯ¦ ˆRvo msLÅv 1 G^GK 15 chƯ¦ ˆRvo msLÅv
ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main() int main()
{ { {
int a; int a=2; int a=2;
for(a=2;a<=15; a=a+2) while(a<=15) do
{ { {
printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a);
} a=a+2; a=a+2;
return 0; } } while(a<=15);
} return 0; return 0;
djvdj : } }
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 djvdj : djvdj :
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1 ˆ^GK n chƯ¦ msLÅv ˆ`LvGbvi 1 G^GK n chƯ¦ msLÅv ˆ`LvGbvi 1 G^GK n chƯ¦ msLÅv ˆ`LvGbvi
RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg| RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main() int main()
{ { {
int a, n; int a, n; int a, n;
printf("Value of n: "); printf("Value of n: "); printf("Value of n: ");
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
for(a=1;a<=n; a=a+1) a=1; a=1;
{ while(a<=n) do
printf("%d\t ",a); { {
} printf("%d\t ",a); printf("%d\t ",a);
return 0; a=a+1; a=a+1;
} } } while(a<=n);
return 0; return 0;
djvdj : } }
Value of n:10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 djvdj : djvdj :
9 10 Value of n:10 Value of n:10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 9 10
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 487

for loop eÅenvi KGi while loop eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi
1 +22+32+......+n2 avivi
2
1 +22+32+......+n2avivi
2
1 +22+32+......+n2 avivi
2

ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() int main() int main()
{ { {
int a,s=0,n; int a,s=0,n; int a,s=0,n;
printf("Value of n: "); printf("Value of n: "); printf("Value of n: ");
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n);
for(a=1;a<=n;a++) a=1; a=1;
{ while(a<=n) do
s=s+a*a; { {
} s=s+a*a; s=s+a*a;
printf("Sum: %d",s); a=a+1; a=a+1;
return 0; } } while(a<=n);
} printf("Sum=%d ",s); printf("Sum=%d ",s);
djvdj : return 0; return 0;
Value of n:100 } }
Sum:10670 djvdj : djvdj :
Value of n:100 Value of n:100
Sum of the series:10670 Sum:10670
‰gb ‰KwU aviv wbYÆq KiGZ nGe ‰gb ‰KwU aviv wbYÆq KiGZ nGe ‰gb ‰KwU aviv wbYÆq KiGZ nGe
hvi cÉ^g c`, cÉwZ cG`i e†w«¬ hvi cÉ^g c`, cÉwZ cG`i e†w«¬ hvi cÉ^g c`, cÉwZ cG`i e†w«¬
‰es ˆklc` KxGevGWÆi gvaÅGg ‰es ˆklc` KxGevGWÆi gvaÅGg ‰es ˆklc` KxGevGWÆi gvaÅGg
BbcyU w`GZ nGe| BbcyU w`GZ nGe| BbcyU w`GZ nGe|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main() main()
{ { {
int a,i,n,j; int a,i,n,j; int a,i,n,j;
printf("First term: "); printf("First term: "); printf("First term: ");
scanf("%d",&a); scanf("%d",&a); scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Increment number: printf("Increment number: printf("Increment number: ");
"); "); scanf("%d",&i);
scanf("%d",&i); scanf("%d",&i); printf("Last term: ");
printf("Last term: "); printf("Last term: "); scanf("%d",&n);
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Series: ");
printf("Series: "); printf("Series: "); j=a;
for(j=a;j<=n; j=j+i) j=a; do
{ while(j<=n) {
printf("%d\t ",j); { printf("%d\t ",j);
 488 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

} printf("%d\t ",j); j=j+i;

} j=j+i; } while(j<=n);
} }
djvdj : }
First term:2 djvdj :
Increment number:2 djvdj : First term:2
Last term:10 First term:2 Increment number:2
Series: 2 4 6 8 10 Increment number:2 Last term:10
Last term:10 Series: 2 4 6 8 10
Series: 2 4 6 8 10
for loop eÅenvi KGi while loop eÅenvi KGi do-while eÅenvi KGi
1.2+2.3+3.4+......+n(n+1) 1.2+2.3+3.4+......+n(n+1) 1.2+2.3+3.4+......+n(n+1)
avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ
ˆcÉvMÉvg #include<stdio.h> ˆcÉvMÉvg
#include<stdio.h> main() #include<stdio.h>
main() { main()
{ int a,s=0,n; {
int a,s=0,n; printf("Value of n: "); int a,s=0,n;
printf("Value of n: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Value of n: ");
scanf("%d",&n); a=1; scanf("%d",&n);
for(a=1;a<=n;a++) while(a<=n) a=1;
{ { do
s=s+a*(a+1); s=s+a*(a+1); {
} a++; s=s+a*(a+1);
printf(“Sum: %d”,s); } a++;
} printf("Sum: %d",s); } while(a<=n);
} printf("Sum: %d",s);
djvdj : }
Value of n:100 djvdj :
Sum:343400 Value of n:100 djvdj :
Sum: 343400 Value of n: 100
Sum: 343400
wKGevGWÆi mvnvGhÅ M†nxZ `ywU cƒYÆ wKGevGWÆi mvnvGhÅ M†nxZ `yBwU cƒYÆ wKGevGWÆi mvnvGhÅ M†nxZ `yBwU cƒYÆ
msLÅvi M.mv.à wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg| msLÅvi M.mv.à wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg| msLÅvi M.mv.à wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include <stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() main() main()
{ { {
int l, s, i, gcd; int l, s, r; int l, s, r;
printf("Enter lange value: "); printf("Enter large value :"); printf("Enter large value :");
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 489

scanf("%d", &l); scanf("%d", &l); scanf("%d", &l);

printf("Enter small value: "); printf("Enter small value :"); printf("Enter small value :");
scanf("%d", &s); scanf("%d", &s); scanf("%d", &s);
for(i=1; i<=l || i<=s; ++i) while(l%s!=0) do
{ { {
if(l %i==0 && s%i==0) r = l %s; r = l %s;
gcd=i; l = s; l = s;
} s = r; s = r;
printf("GCD=%d", gcd); } } while(l%s!=0);
return 0; printf("GCD=%d", s); printf("GCD=%d", s);
} } }
djvdj :
djvdj : Enter large value : 35 djvdj :
Enter large value : 35 Enter small value :25 Enter large value : 35
Enter small value :25 GCD = 5 Enter small value :25
GCD = 5 GCD = 5
jyc msKÌv¯¦ AviI wKQy ˆcÉvMÉvg
wZbwU cƒYÆ msLÅvi M.mv.à wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg| wZbwU cƒYÆ msLÅvi j.mv.à wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() main()
{ {
int a, b,c, x, gcd; int a,b,c,x,lcm;
printf("Enter three value: "); printf("Type the three number:");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a,&b,&c); scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
x=(a<b)?(a<c)?a:c:(b<c)?b:c; x=(a>b)?(a>c)?a:c:(b>c)?b:c;
for( ; x>=1;x--) for(x<=a*b*c;x++)
{ {
if(a%x==0 && b%x==0&& c%x==0)
{ if((x%a==0)&&(x%b==0)&&(x%c==0))
gcd=x; {
break; lcm=x;
} break;
} }
printf("GCD=%d", gcd); }
return 0; printf("LCM is %d",lcm);
} }
djvdj : djvdj :
Enter three value: 15, 5 10 Type the three number:3 9 12
GCD=5 LCM is 36
 490 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆgŒwjK (Prime number) wKbv Zv ˆKvb wdGevbvwK wmwiGRi gvb wbYÆq Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg
wbYÆq Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
int n, i, s; int n, i, a[100];
printf("Enter a number\n"); printf("How many fibonacci number?");
scanf("%d", &n); scanf("%d",&n);
for (i=2; i<=n-1; i++) printf("Enter 1st & 2nd number : ");
{ scanf("%d %d", &a[1], &a[2]),
s=n%i; for(i=3; i<=n; i++)
if (s==0) {
{ a[i]=a[i-1]+a[i-2];
printf("%d is not prime number",n); printf("\n Fibonacci number %d", a[i]);
break; }
} }
} djvdj :
if (s!=0) How many fibonacci number?
printf("%d is prime number", n); 6
} Enter 1st & 2nd number :
1 2
djvdj : Fibonacci number 3
Enter a number Fibonacci number 5
13 Fibonacci number 8
13 is prime number Fibonacci number 13

KvR :
1. Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰es jyc KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL|
2. for loop eÅenvi KGi BsGiwR eYÆgvjv cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
3. for, while, do-while statement eÅenvi KGi wbGÁ²i gZ AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
Even number:
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
Odd Number:
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
4. if statement eÅenvi KGi wbGÁ²i gZ AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
Even number:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Odd Number:
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
5. while loop I do-while loop ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|
6. continue ‰es goto ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|
7. for, while, do-while statement eÅenvi KGi wbGÁ²i avivwU cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
z y x . . . a
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 491

cvV 29 I 30 eÅenvwiK: AÅvGi I AÅvGii eÅenvi

5.12.16 AÅvGi (Array)

‰KwU PjK ‰KK mgGq ÷aygvò ‰KwU ˆWUv avib KiGZ cvGi| AGbK mgq ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KB aiGbi AGbK ˆWUv
wbGq KvR KiGZ nq| dGj cÉGZÅKwU ˆWUvi RbÅ Avjv`v Avjv`v PjK ˆNvlYv KiGZ nq| wK¯§ ‰KB aiGbi
AGbK ˆWUvi cÉGZÅKwUi RbÅ Avjv`v Avjv`v PjK ev fÅvwiGqej wbGq KvR Kiv ˆek mgq mvGcÞ ‰es KGÓ¡I
KvR hv ˆgvGUB evÕ¦e mÁÃZ bq| ‰ mKj KvGR AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv nGj ‰KwU AÅvGi PjK ev fÅvwiGqeGj AGbK
ˆWUv ivLv hvq ‰es cÉGmm Kiv hvq|
‰KwU ˆfwiGqeGji bvGgi AvIZvq ˆgGgvwiGZ cici msiwÞZ ‰KB UvBGci KZàGjv ˆWUvi mgwÓ¡GK AÅvGi ev
webÅvm ejv nq| A^Ævr ‰KB ˆWUv UvBGci KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆmUGK AÅvGi ejv nq| AÅvGi ‰KwU wWivBfW
ˆWUv UvBc| mvaviY ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvi gGZv eÅenvGii cƒGeÆ ˆWUv UvBcmn AÅvGi ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvi cÉGqvRb
nq| AÅvGii Dcv`vbàGjv ˆgGgvwiGZ cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb KGi| dGj ‰KB UvBGci ˆWUvàGjv ˆgGgvwiGZ ‰KGò
^vGK weavq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn `Ë‚Z nq| AÅvGi DœP Õ¦Gii fvlvi ‰KwU AbbÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å| AÅvGi eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi
RwUjZv AGbKvsGk nËvm Kiv hvq| ‰KwU AÅvGii cÉwZwU Õ¼Z¯¨ ˆfwiGqejGK AÅvGi Dcv`vb (Array Element)
ejv nq|
ˆhgb, int roll [5];
‰wU ‰KwU ‰KgvwòK AÅvGi| ‰LvGb int nGjv ˆWUvUvBc, roll nGjv ˆfwiGqeGji bvg, ‰es [5] nGjv mvBR|
‰B AÅvGii gGaÅ cuvPwU Dcv`vb (0-4) ivLv hvGe| ‰B 5Uv gvb roll [0], roll [1], roll [2], roll[3], roll[4]
‰B cuvPwU NGi ^vGK| ‰GÞGò 0-4 msLÅvàGjvGK BbGWÝ (index) eGj| ˆKvb ‰KwU gvb ˆcGZ nGj Zvi
BbGWÝ eÅenvi KiGZ nq| ˆhgb roll[2] AÅvGi wZb bÁ¼I NGii gvb ˆ`LvGe| DGÍÏLÅ, AÅvGi Dcv`vbàGjvi
mƒPK kƒbÅ (0) ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nq| ‰RbÅ roll AÅvGiGZ roll[5] bvgK ˆKvGbv Dcv`vGbi AwÕ¦Z½ ˆbB|
AÅvGi ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviY
AÅvGi ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviY ejGZ AÅvGii Dcv`vbàGjvi RbÅ gvbGK eySvq| AÅvGii Dcv`vGbi gvb
wbaÆviGYi RbÅ mvaviYZ wZbwU c«¬wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| ˆmàGjv nGjv
o AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi ÷i‚GZ
o AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi cGi
o ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgGq|
ˆNvlYvi mgGq AÅvGi Dcv`vGbi gvb wbaÆviY: ‰ cÉwKÌqvq AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi mgq ˆfwiGqeGji ˆWUv UvBc Abyhvqx
w«¼Zxq e®¬bxi gGaÅ cÉwZwU AÅvGi Dcv`vGbi RbÅ Avjv`vfvGe gvb ˆ`qv nq| cÉwZwU gvGbi gvGS ‰KwU KGi
cv^ÆKÅmƒPK Kgv eGm| ‰i…Gc gvb wbaÆviGYi digÅvU nGjv@
DataType ArrayName[N]= { Value1,Vale2,………, ValueN};
D`vniY:
char Name [6]= { ‘R’,’A’,’H’,’M’,’A’,’N’};
char UvBc AÅvGii gvb wbÁ²wjwLZfvGeI Kiv hvq|
char Name [6] = “RAHMAN”;
 492 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi mgGq Zvi mvBR wbaÆviY KiGZ nq| ZGe ‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆKvGbv AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi
mvG^ mvG^ hw` w«¼Zxq e®¬bxi gGaÅ Dcv`vbàGjvi gvb wbaÆviY Kiv nq Zv nGj AÅvGi mvBR bv wjLGjI nq|
ˆhgb:
int Age[ ] = { 43,67,89,92,100};
ˆNvlYvi cGi AÅvGi gvb wbaÆviY: AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi cGi mvaviY ˆfwiGqeGji gvb wbaÆviGYi wbqGg ˆWUv UvBc
Abyhvqx cÉwZwU AÅvGi Dcv`vGbi RbÅ Avjv`vfvGe gvb ˆ`qv nq| cÉwZwU gvGbi gvGS ‰KwU KGi cv^ÆKÅmƒPK
ˆmwgGKvjb eGm| ‰i…Gc gvb wbaÆviGYi digÅvU nGjv@
DataType ArrayName[N]; D`vniY:
ArrayName [0]=Value1; int Age[5];
ArrayName [2]=Value2; Age [0] = 20;
ArrayName [3]=Value3; Age [1] = 21;
… … …. …. Age [2] =22;
ArrayName [N–1]=ValueN; Age [3] =23;
Age [4] =24;
ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq AÅvGi gvb wbaÆviY
ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq scanf() dvskb eÅenvi KGi AÅvGi ˆfwiGqeGji ˆWUv UvBc Abyhvqx cÉwZwU AÅvGi
Dcv`vGbi RbÅ Avjv`vfvGe gvb ˆ`Iqv nq| cÉwZwU Dcv`vGbi gvb ˆ`qvi ci Zv KvhÆKix Kivi RbÅ ‰´Ÿvi
PvcGZ nq wKsev bƒÅbZg ‰Kevi ˆÕ·mevi PvcGZ nq| ‰i…Gc gvb wbaÆviGYi digÅvU nGjv@
DataType ArrayName [N]; D`vniY:
scanf ("FormatSpecifier", int Roll [5];
&ArrayName[0]); float Mark [5];
scanf ("FormatSpecifier", scanf ("%d", &Roll[0]);
&ArrayName[1);
scanf ("%f", &Mark[0]);
…. …… …… …..
…. ……. …….
scanf ("FormatSpecifier",
scanf ("%d", &Roll[4]);
&ArrayName[N-1]);
scanf ("%f", &Mark[4]);

AÅvGi Dcv`vGbi gvb wbaÆviGY cÉavb jÞÅYxq welq nGjv, cÉwZwU AÅvGi Dcv`vGbi gvb AekÅB AÅvGii
ˆfwiGqeGji ˆWUv UvBc Abyhvqx nGZ nq| ˆhgb, char UvBc AÅvGii Dcv`vGbi gvb char UvBc nq, int UvBc
AÅvGii Dcv`vGbi gvb int UvBc nq, float UvBc AÅvGii Dcv`vGbi gvb float UvBc nq, double UvBc AÅvGii
Dcv`vGbi gvb double UvBc nq, BZÅvw`| Zv bv nGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg fzj AvmGZ cvGi|
AÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å:
 AÅvGii Dcv`vbMyGjv mgGMvòxq|
 ‰wU ‰KwU wjwbqvi ev mij ˆWUv Õ¡ÈvKPvi c«¬wZ|
 AÅvGiGZ ‰KwU gvò wdΣ eÅen†Z nq|
 ‰wUi Dcv`vGbi AÅvGWÈm mvRvGbv ^vGK|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 493
ˆcÉvMÉvGg AÅvGi Õ¡ÈvKPvGii myweav:
 AÅvGi eÅenvGii dGj ˆcÉvMÉvg mnR, my±`i I ˆQvU nq|
 mgRvZxq AGbKàGjv ˆWUvGK ‰KwU gvò PjK «¼viv cÉKvk Kiv hvq|
 ‰wU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv Kgvq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvgGK my±`i KGi|
 AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv mnR|
AÅvGi Õ¡ÈvKPvGii Amyweav:
 ‰wUGZ AGbK mgq ˆgGgvwii AcPq nq|
 AÅvGii gaÅÕ© ˆKvGbv ˆWUv gyQGZ nGj ev AÅvGii gGaÅ ˆKvGbv ˆWUv msGhvRb KiGZ nGj AÅvGii
AbÅvbÅ ˆWUvàGjvGK Õ©vbv¯¦Gii cÉGqvRb nq|
 AÅvGiGZ ‰KB UvBGci ˆWUv ivLGZ nq| wf®² ˆWUv UvBGci ˆWUv ‰KwU AÅvGiGZ ivLv hvq bv|
 cÉK‡Z ˆWUv AGcÞv AÅvGii mvBR AGbK ˆewk ˆNvlYv Kiv nGj ‰K w`GK ˆhgb ˆgGgvwii AcPq nGZ
cvGi, Aci w`GK cÉK‡Z ˆWUv AGcÞv AÅvGii mvBR Kg ˆNvlYv Kiv nGj AÅvGiGZ ˆWUvi chÆvµ¦ Õ©vb
msKzjvb nq bv|
AÅvGii WvBGgbkb ev gvòv
‰KwU AÅvGii ˆhGKvGbv Dcv`vbGK kbvÚ Kivi RbÅ hZàGjv msLÅv cÉGqvRb nq ZvGK H AÅvGii WvBGgbkb ev
gvòv eGj| int roll[50]; AÅvGii Dcv`vGbi ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU kbvÚ Kivi RbÅ ˆKej ‰KwU msLÅv (0 ˆ^GK 49
‰i gaÅeZÆx) cÉGqvRb nGe| ‰ RbÅ ‰B AÅvGii gvòv ‰K, A^Ævr ‰wU ‰KwU ‰KgvwòK AÅvGi| ‰KgvwòK AÅvGii
Dcv`vbàGjv ˆUweGj ˆKej ‰KwU ‰KK mvwi ev Kjvg AvKvGi DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq|
PjK I AÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ:
PjK AÅvGi
1. ˆgGgvwi ˆjvGKkGbi bvg ev wVKvbvGK PjK 1. ‰KB aiGbi ev mg cÉK‡wZi ˆWUvi mgvGekGK
eGj| AÅvGi eGj|
2. ˆWUv PjGKi bvg ˆhGKvGbv AvKvGii nGZ cvGi| 2. AÅvGii ‰KwU bvg ^vGK ‰es ‰i m`mÅ ev
AvBGUgmgƒnGK e®¬bxi gGaÅ ivLv msLÅv w`Gq
wPwn×Z Kiv nq|
3. PjK ‰KwU gynƒGZÆ ÷ay ‰KwU gvb aviY KiGZ 3. AÅvGi ‰KwU gynƒGZÆ ‰GKi AwaK gvb aviY
cvGi| KiGZ cvGi|
AÅvGii cÉKviGf`
AÅvGi cÉavbZ `y’cÉKvi| h^v: 1| ‰KgvwòK I 2| eügvwòK
‰KgvwòK AÅvGi (One dimentional array) : AÅvGii A¯¦fÆyÚ ˆWUvàGjv hw` ‰KwUgvò Kjvg ev ˆiv (mvwi)
AvKvGi ^vGK ZLb ZvGK ‰KgvwòK AÅvGi ejv nq| ‰KgvwòK AÅvGii MVb wbÁ²i…c:
Data_type Array_name [array_size];
‰LvGb, Data_type ˆhGKvGbv Šea ˆWUv UvBc Array_name ˆcÉvMÉvgvi KZ‡ÆK ˆ`qv AÅvGi ˆfwiGqeGji
ˆhGKvGbv Šea bvg| Array_size cƒYÆmsLÅvq cÉKvwkZ ˆKvGbv aË‚eK, hvGK AÅvGi mvBR ev AÅGi BbGWÝ (index)
 494 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ejv nq| AÅvGii bvg msj™² Z‡Zxq e®¬bxq ‘[]’ gGaÅ cƒYÆmsLÅv «¼viv cÉKvwkZ AÅvGi mvBR ev AÅvGi BbGWÝ
AÅvGii mvBR wbaÆviY KGi, hv AÅvGi ˆfwiGqeGj msiwÞZ mGevÆœP ˆWUvi msLÅv wbG`Æk KGi|
D`vniY :
int Roll[10]; //int type array
Char Name [20]; //char type array
float marks[10]; //float type array
AÅvGiwUGZ ˆWUvàGjv wbÁ²i…Gc mwäZ ^vGK|
6 3 4 5 9
roll[0] roll[1] roll[2] roll[3] roll[4]
D`vniY-1. ‰KwU ‰KgvwòK AÅvGiGZ 5wU msLÅv ˆiGL DÚ 5wU msLÅv wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int j;
int marks[5]={11, 23, 35, 42, 36};
printf("One Dimensional Array Elements\n");
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",marks[j]);
}
printf("\n") ;
getch();
}
djvdj : One Dimensional Array Elements
11 23 35 42 36
D`vniY-2. n msLÅK msLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a[10],i,n,s=0;
printf("How many number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Type the marks: ");
for(i=1;i<=n;++i)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
s=s+a[i];
}
printf("SUM=%d",s);
getch();
}
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 495

djvdj
How many Number : 3
Type the marks : 8
Type the marks : 6
Type the marks : 10
Sum = 24
D`vniY-3. n msLÅK msLÅv BbcyU w`Gq Zvi gGaÅ ˆ^GK eo msLÅ wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a[100],n,max,i;
printf("Please type the total no of numbers: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
//Inserting data into the array.
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number (%d of %d): ",i+1,n);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
djvdj :
}
Please type the total no of numbers:5
//Finfding highest number.
Enter the number (1 of 5):12
max=a[0]; Enter the number (2 of 5):10
for(i=1;i<n;i++) Enter the number (3 of 5):20
{ Enter the number (4 of 5):30
if(max<a[i]) Enter the number (4 of 5):25
max=a[i];
} Largest number=30
printf("\nLargest number=%d",max);
return 0;
getch(); D`vniY: int roll[4][3];
} (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4)
eügvwòK AÅvGi: ˆh AÅvGii ˆKvGbv Dcv`vbGK kbvÚ Kivi RbÅ 30 40
`y&B ev AwaK msLÅvi cÉGqvRb nq ZvGK eügvwòK AÅvGi ejv 10 20
nq| eügvwòK AÅvGi `yB cÉKvi| h^v: w«¼-gvwòK I wò-gvwòK| (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4)
w«¼-gvwòK AÅvGi (Two dimensional array): ˆh AÅvGiGZ 70 80
ˆWUvàGjv ‰KB mvG^ Kjvg I ˆiv AvKvGi DcÕ©vcb Kiv nq, 50 60
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4)
ZvGK w«¼-gvwòK AÅvGi eGj| w«¼-gvwòK AÅvGiGZ `ywU msLÅv
110
eÅenvi Kiv nq| cÉ^g msLÅvwU ˆiv ‰es w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU Kjvg 90 100 120
wbG`Æk KGi| ‰KwU w«¼-gvwòK AÅvGiGZ ˆiv I KjvGgi àYdGji
mgcwigvb ˆWUv ivLv hvGe| Roll[20][15] ‰KwU w«¼-gvwòK
AÅvGi ˆhLvGb 300wU ˆWUv ivLv hvGe| w«¼-gvwòK AÅvGii MVb wbÁ²ic
… :
Data_type Array_name[rowsize][columnsize];
 496 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆhgb- int marks[2] [3]; h^v : marks[0][0], marks[0][1], marks[0][2], marks[1][0], marks[1][1],
wKsev marks[1][2], ‰B 6wU Dcv`vGbi ˆh ˆKvbwU wbG`Æk Kivi RbÅ ˆgvU `ywU msLÅv ˆhgb- 0,0 ev
0,1 ev 0,2 ev 1,0 ev 1,1 ev 1, 2 cÉGqvRb nGe| ˆcÉvMÉvGg gƒjZ gÅvwUÇÝ A^Ævr mvwi I Kjvg mÁ·wKÆZ
KvGRi RbÅ w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq| dGj AGbK mnGR mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv hvq| ˆhgb,
ˆKvGbv cixÞvq cuvPwU welq AvGQ ‰es cÉGZÅK welGqi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i wnGme KGi djvdj wbYÆq Kivi RbÅ
w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
D`vniY. ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGiGZ 12wU msLÅv (3wU ˆiv I 4wU KjvGg) ˆiGL DÚ 12wU msLÅv wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi
ˆcÉvMÉvg|
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int i, j;
int marks[3][4]={{1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}, {9, 10, 11, 12}};
printf("Two Dimensional Array Elements\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",marks[i][j]);
} djvdj: Two Dimensional Array Elements
1 2 3 4
printf("\n");
5 6 7 8
} 9 10 11 12
getch ( );
}

wò-gvwòK AÅvGi (Three dimensional array): ˆh AÅvGii ˆKvGbv Dcv`vbGK mbvÚ Kivi RbÅ `y&B ev AwaK
msLÅvi cÉGqvRb nq ZvGK eügvwòK AÅvGi ejv nq| ‰i…c AÅvGiGZ `yB ev ZGZvwaK mvwi, Kjvg QvovI
Aci ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ŠewkÓ¡Å (gvòv) ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰i…c DœPZi gvòvwewkÓ¡ AÅvGiGK eügvwòK AÅvGi
ejv nq| KZàGjv weGkl KvGR ‰ aiGbi AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb, Š`NÆÅ, cÉÕ© I DœPZvwewkÓ¡
ˆKvGbv eÕ§i AvqZb wbYÆGqi RbÅ wògvwòK AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| ZGe, ‰i…c AÅvGi eÅenvi I
wbq¯¨Y ‰KUz RwUj|
eügvwòK AÅvGii ‰KwU D`vniY nGjv : int cule[2][4][5]; // 3-dim array

KvR:
1. AÅvGi eÅenvi KGi wdGevbvwK wmwiGRi gvb wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
2. ‰gb ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL ˆhLvGb 3wU AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv nGe| 1gwUGZ bvg, 2qwUGZ ˆivj I 3qwUGZ
wVKvbv BbcyU w`GZ nGe ‰es cGi Zv cÉ`kÆb KiGZ nGe|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 497

cvV 31 I 32 eÅenvwiK: dvskb I dvskGbi eÅenvi

5.12.14 dvskb (Function)

ˆcÉvMÉvGg wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ KZàGjv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰KwU eÐGKi gGaÅ ˆh bvGg ivLv nq ZvGK dvskb ejv
nq| cÉwZwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰i…c ‰K ev ‰KvwaK dvskGbi mgwÓ¡| dvskb ˆPbvi mnR Dcvq nGjv dvskGbi gvGbi
ˆkGl ‰K ˆRvov cÉ^g e®¬bx ‘()’ ^vGK, ‰B cÉ^g e®¬bxi gGaÅ AGbK wKQz ^vKGZ cvGi, Avevi bvI ^vKGZ
cvGi| dvskGbi cÉ^g e®¬bxi gaÅeZÆx gvbGK AviàGg´Ÿ (Argument) ev cÅvivwgUvi ejv nh| cÉwZwU dvskGbi
‰KwU bvg ^vGK, ˆh bvGg KÁ·vBjvi ZvGK kbvÚ KGi| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgGq KÁ·vBjvi hLb ˆKvGbv dvskb
Kj KGi ZLb gƒj ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvR Õ©wMZ ˆiGL KΣ dvskGb wbeÆvn ÷i‚ KGi| wbeÆvn ˆkGl gƒj dvskGb cÉZÅveZÆb
cƒeÆK cieZÆx jvBb ˆ^GK wbeÆvn PvwjGq hvq| ZGe ‰B cÉwKÌqvq AwZwiÚ wKQyUv mgq eÅq nq| ZvB ˆQvU ˆKvGbv
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ mvaviYZ dvskb eÅenvi Kiv nq bv|
dvskGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv:
 ˆcÉvMÉvgGK mswÞµ¦ KGi|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWevwMs mnRZi nq|
 eÅenviKvix Zvi cÉGqvRbvbyhvqx dvskb ŠZwi KGi KvhÆ mÁ·v`b KiGZ cvGi|
 ‰KB dvskb wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Š`NÆÅ ˆQvU nq dGj ˆgGgvwi ˆÕ·m Kg jvGM|
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cybive†wîgƒjK wbG`ÆkbvGK dvskb eÅenvGii gvaÅGg mnR Kiv hvq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi ˆÞGò AGcÞvK‡Z Kg mgq jvGM|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg mnRcvVÅ nIqvq fyj ˆei Kiv, ˆmàGjv c†^K I msGkvab Kiv mnR nq|
 eo ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÞGò ˆQvU ˆQvU ˆcÉvMÉvg gwWDGj wefÚ Kiv hvq eGj ˆcÉvMÉvg mnRGevaÅ nq|
 ‰KB dvskbGK wf®² wf®² BbcyU ˆWUv w`Gq evievi eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
dvskGbi cÉKviGf`
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg dvskb mgƒnGK cÉavb `yB fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
1. jvBGeËwi dvskb (Library Function);
2. BDRvi-wWdvB´£ dvskb (User Defined Function)
jvBGeËwi dvskb (Library Function) : wm KÁ·vBjvGi KZàGjv weΟ-Bb dvskb ^vGK ˆmàGjvGK jvBGeËwi
dvskb ejv nq| jvBGeËwi dvskbàGjv ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ digÅvU Abyhvqx main() dvskGbi gGaÅ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
printf(), scanf(), getch(), abs(), sqrt(), clock(), time(), sin(), cos(), tan() BZÅvw` eüj eÅen†Z KGqKwU
jvBGeËwi dvskGbi D`vniY| ˆcÉvMÉvGg wewf®² aiGbi MvwYwZK, ˆhŒwÚK I AbÅvbÅ KvhÆKÌg mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ jvBGeËwi
dvskb eÅen†Z nq| jvBGeËwi dvskbˆK weΟ-Bb dvskbI ejv nq| wÕ¡Ès ˆfwiGqeGji BbcyU AcvGikGb eüj
eÅen†Z jvBGeËwi dvskGbi gGaÅ scanf(), gets(), getchar(), getch(), getche() BZÅvw` AbÅZg| AvDUcyU
AcvGikGb eüj eÅen†Z jvBGeËwi dvskGbi gGaÅ printf(), puts(), putchar(), putch() BZÅvw` AbÅZg|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-32K
 498 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv jvBGeËwi dvskb eÅenvGii c«¬wZ: jvBGeËwi dvskbàGjvi eÅenvi mnR nIqvq ÷aygvò dvskGbi
eÅenviwewa I digÅvU Rvbv ^vKGjB nq| jvBGeËwi dvskbàGjv ˆNvlYv ZvG`i ˆnWvi (.h) dvBGj I weÕ¦vwiZ
eYÆbv mswkÏÓ¡ jvBGeËwi (.Lib) dvBGj ˆ`qv ^vGK| ‰RbÅ wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvGbv jvBGeËwi dvskb eÅenvi KiGj
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZB #include wWGiwÙf ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvnvGhÅ mswkÏÓ¡ ˆnWvi dvBj mshyÚ KiGZ nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGg
ˆKvGbv ˆnWvi dvBj mshyÚ Kiv nGj KÁ·vBjvi ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj Kivi mgq mshyÚ dvBGji Dcv`vbàGjv mswkÏÓ¡
jvBGeËwi dvBj ˆ^GK Kwc KGi| ˆKvGbv jvBGeËwi dvskGbi ˆnWvi dvBj I eÅenvi wewa Kx Zv Rvbvi RbÅ H
jvBGeËwi dvskGbi Dci KvmÆi ˆiGL ev wmGjÙ KGi Alt+F1 ev Ctrl+F1 PvcGj ˆn͸ dvBj ˆ^GK Zv Rvbv hvq|
wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg main () dvskGbi ài‚Z½: cÉwZwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg main () bvGg ‰KwU BDRvi-wWdvB´£ dvskb ^vGK|
ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni ÷i‚GZ main () dvskb Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe wbqw¯¨Z nq| cÉGqvRGb ‰K ev ‰KvwaK dvskb wbq¯¨Y
KGi| ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KwUB main () dvskb ^vGK| main () dvskb Qvov AbÅvbÅ dvskb hZevi cÉGqvRb Kj Kiv
hvq| myZivs wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg hZ dvskbB ^vKzK bv ˆKb main () dvskbGK wNGiB hveZxq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvwjZ nq|
BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskb (User Defined Function): KÁ·vBjvGi weΟ-Bb ev jvBGeËwi dvskb ^vKv mGî½I ˆcÉvMÉvg
iPbvi mgq me iKg dvskb cvIqv hvq bv| ˆmGÞGò ˆcÉvMÉvgvi Zvi wbRÕ¼ cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx ˆh mKj dvskb ŠZwi
KGi ZvGK BDRvi-wWdvB´£ ev eÅenviKvix ewYÆZ dvskb ejv nq| BDRvi-wWdvB´£ dvskb AvKvi-AvK‡wZ I mgmÅvi
aib ‰es mgvavGbi ˆKŒkGji Ici wbfÆi KGi| ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvGRi RbÅ wf®² wf®² ˆcÉvMÉvgvi KZ‡ÆK eÅen†Z
dvskbàGjv bvGg I eYÆbvq wf®² wf®² nGZ cvGi| BDRvi-wWdvB´£ dvskˆbi bvg ‰KwU AvBGWw´Ÿdvqvi| myZivs
AvBGWw´Ÿdvqvi bvgKiGYi wbqg Abyhvqx dvskGbi ˆhGKvGbv Šea bvg ˆ`qv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰KwU BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskb
KZKàGjv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbGq MwVZ nq| mvgvbÅ wKQy eÅwZKÌg Qvov cÉwZwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆmwgGKvjb w`Gq ˆkl nq| BDRvi-
wWdvB´£ dvskGbi eYÆbv main() dvskGbi DcGi wKsev wbGP ^vGK wK¯§ wfZGi bq|
BDRvi-wWdvB´£ dvskb bvgKiGYi wbqgvejx:
 cÉ^g AÞi AekÅB AÅvjdvGeU nGZ nq|
 dvskGbi bvGgi cÉ^g AÞi ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆ`Iqv hvq bv|
 ˆKvGbv weGkl wPn× eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
 jvBGeËix dvskb ev Kx-IqvWÆ ‰i bvg ‰KB nGZ cvGi bv|
 dvskGbi bvGgi ˆkGl ‘()’ w`GZ nq|
 dvskGbi bvg Zvi KvGRi mvG^ wgj ˆiGL ˆ`Iqv DwPZ ZGe ‰GZ evaÅevaKZv ˆbB||
wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg BDRvi wWdvBb dvskbGK eÅenvi KiGZ nGj PviwU welqGK weGePbv KiGZ nq| hvGK dvskGbi gƒj
Dcv`vb ejv nq| h^v@
 dvskb ˆWwdGbkb: dvskb ˆWwdGbkbGK dvskb ewWI ejv nq| ˆKvb dvskb Kx KvR KiGe , Zv dvskb
ˆWwdGbkGbi gGaÅ eYÆbv KiGZ nq| A^Ævr dvskb ˆWwdGbkGbi gGaÅB ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvW wjLGZ nq|
BDRvi-wWdvB´£ dvskb ˆNvlYvi digÅvU nGjv@
ReturnType FunctionName (ArgumentList)
{
// FunctionBody
// ReturnStatement (Depends on ReturnType)
}
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-32L
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 499

Return Function Parameter/Argume

Type Name nt List

int integer – add (int x, int y)

start of Function

int result;
result = x + y ; Function Body
return result;
End of Function Body
and Function
DcGivÚ MVb ˆ^GK Avgiv ˆ`LGZ cvB, cÉwZwU dvskb ˆWwdGbkGbi cÉ^g jvBbwU nGjv dvskb ˆnWvi| dvskb
ˆnWvi ‰i wZbwU Ask ^vGK|
1. Return Type: ˆh ˆWUv dvskb wiUvbÆ KGi Zv wbG`Æk KGi|
2. Function Name: BDRvi wWdvBb dvskGbi bvg wbG`Æk KGi|
3. Parameter/Argument List: cÅvivwgUvi UvBGci msLÅv wbG`Æk KGi| dvskb ˆWwdGbkGb ˆh
cÅvivwgUvi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvB nGjv Formal cÅvivwgUvi| Avi dvskb Kwjs ‰i mgq ˆh AviàGg´Ÿ
ev cÅvivwgUvi ˆ`Iqv nq Zv nGjv Actual cÅvivwgUvi|
 dvskb cÉGUvUvBc: ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGg dvskb eÅenvi Kiv nGj, ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZB ˆmB dvskb mÁ·GKÆ mswÞµ¦ eYÆbv
ˆ`qv nq hvGZ KÁ·vBjvi eySGZ cvGi ˆh, ‰B bvGgi ev MVGbi dvskb cGi ˆKv^vI wWdvBb Kiv nGqGQ|
 dvskb Kwjs: call gvGb WvKv| hLb ‰KwU dvskb Aci ˆKvGbv dvskb eÅenvi KGi ZLb ZvGK eÅenviKvix
ev gƒj dvskb eGj| ˆh dvskb eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK eÅen†Z ev Kj dvskb ejv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGg hLb ˆKvGbv
wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR Kivi cÉGqvRb nq ZLb ÷aygvò dvskGbi bvg wjLGjB ˆm KvRwU KGi ˆ`q| ‰UvB nGjv dvskb
Kwjs|
 dvskb wiUvbÆ: wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉwZwU dvskbB Avjv`vfvGe ˆfjyÅ wiUvbÆ KGi| ZGe void dvskGbi kyi‚GZ
DGÍÏL Kiv ^vKGj Avi ˆKvGbv dvskb ˆfjyÅ wiUvbÆ KGi bv| ˆgvUK^v ˆKvGbv dvskGbi ˆfjyÅ Zvi Kwjs
dvskGb ˆdiZ hvIqvGKB dvskb wiUvbÆ eGj| dvskb wiUvGbÆi mvaviY wbqg nGjv-
return return_value ; A^ev return ( return_value) ;
‰KwU BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskGbi D`vniY wbGP ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
#include <stdio.h>
int add(int a, int b); /*function prototype*/
main()
{
int a,b;
printf("Type the first number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Type the second number: ");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("Sum=%d\n",add(a,b)); /*function call*/
 500 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

}
int add(int a, int b) /*function call*/
{
ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ add() bvGg ‰KwU BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskb
int add;
ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ hv main() dvskGb call KGi cÉGqvM
add=a+b;
ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
return add; djvdj : Type the first number:10
} Type the second number:6
Sum=16

dvskb eÅenvi KGi `ywU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆq dvskb eÅenvi KGi wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv
Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| wbYÆq Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int max(int x, int y) int max(int x, int y)
{ {
int z; int z;
z=(x>y)?x:y; z=(x>y)?x:y;
return (z); return (z);
} }
main() main()
{ {
int a,b,c; int a,b,c,m;
printf("Type two number: "); printf("Type three number: ");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
c=max(a,b); m=max(a,b);
printf("Maximum=%d",max(a,b)); printf("Maximum=%d", max(c,m));
} }
wiKvwmÆf dvskb
‰KwU dvskb AbÅ ˆKvGbv dvskbGK Kj KiGZ cvGi| wm-ˆZ wiKvwmÆf bvGg ‰K weGkl aiGbi dvskb eÅen†Z
nq hv cÉGqvRGb wbGRB wbGRGK Kj KiGZ cvGi| A^Ævr hLb ˆKvGbv dvskb wbGRB wbGRGK Kj KGi ZLb ZvGK
wiKvwmÆf dvskb ejv nq| dvskb KjGK eGj wiKvwmÆf Kj| wiKvwmÆf dvskb ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AeÕ©v chƯ¦ wbGRGK
Kj KiGZ cvGi| dGj ‰KwU ‰KwU wkKj ‰i m†wÓ¡ nq| wiKvwmÆf dvskGbi gGaÅ ‰gb ‰KwU eÅeÕ©v ^vKGZ
nGe hvGZ ‰K chÆvGq wMGq wiKvmÆb ˆkl nq| A^Ævr Avi wiKvmÆb Kj NGU bv| ‰B eÅeÕ©vGK eGj wiKvmÆGbi
UvwgÆGbwUs Kw´£kb|
wiKvwmÆf dvskGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å:
 wiKvwmÆf dvskb wbGRB wbGRGK Kj KGi|
 cÉwZwU wiKvwmÆf dvskGbi ‰KwU UvwgÆGbwUs Kw´£kb ^vKGZB nGe; Zv bv nGj wiKvwmÆf Kj PjGZB ^vGK|
 wiKvwmÆf dvskGbi wbeÆvGni ˆdÑv meÆ`v UvwgÆGbwUs Kw´£kGbi w`GK AMÉmi nq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 501
wiKvwmÆf dvskb eÅenvGii myweav:
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv AGbK KGg hvq|
 AGbK Kg msLÅK ˆfwiGqeGji cÉGqvRb nq ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvg mnR I my±`i nq|
wiKvwmÆf dvskb eÅenvGii Amyweav:
 ˆcÉvMÉvg mÁ·v`Gbi mgq AGbK evwoGq ˆ`q|
 wiKvwmÆf dvskb eÅenvi KiGj jyGci msLÅv ˆeGo hvq|
wiKvwmÆf dvskGbi D`vniY wbGP ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
#include<stdio.h>
long int factorial(int n); /*function prototype*/
main()
{
int n;
printf("Type the desire value : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Factorial value is %ld\n",factorial(n));
}
long int factorial(int n)
djvdj : Type the desire value : 6
{
Factorial value is 720
if (n<=1)
return (1);
else
return (n*factorial(n-1));
}

KvR:
1. dvskb eÅenvi KGi wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Ki|
2. ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL ˆhLvGb 2wU User-defined function eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| ‰KwU ˆhvGMi RbÅ I
AbÅwU weGqvGMi RbÅ|
 502 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc

ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb wbG`ÆkgvjvGK ejv nq ˆcÉvMÉvg|

ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg cwiYZ Kiv nq ZvGK ejv nq
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg|
B´ŸviGcÉUviI KÁ·vBjvGii gGZv nvBGjGfj fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi|
B´ŸviGcÉUvi
B´ŸviGcÉUvi jvBb wbeÆvn KGi ‰es ZvrÞwYK djvdj cÉ`kÆb KGi|
KÁ·vBjvi nGjv ‰K aiGbi Abyev`K hv nvBGjGfj fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb
KÁ·vBjvi
fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| A^Ævr ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi|
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ avGc avGc mgvavb Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ ZvGK
AÅvjMwi`g
AÅvjMwi`g eGj|
ˆh wPòwfwîK c«¬wZGZ weGkl KZKàGjv wPGn×i mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi
ˆdÑvPvUÆ
mgvavb Kiv nq ZvGK ˆdÑvPvUÆ ejv nq|
C ˆcÉvMÉvGg AGbK aiGbi ˆWUv wbGq KvR Kiv nq| ˆhgb cƒYÆ msLÅv, f™²vsk, KÅvGiÙvi,
ˆWUv UvBc
wÕ¡Ès BZÅvw`| ‰G`iGK mvaviYfvGe ˆWUvUvBc eGj|
wewf®² ivwki mgw¯¼Z AeÕ©vGK ivwkgvjv ev ‰ÝGcÉkb eGj| ‰KwU ivwkgvjv wewf®² wPn×
ivwkgvjv
ev cÉZxK eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi nq| ‰B wPn× ev cÉZxKàGjvGK ejv nq AcvGiUi|
cÉGZÅK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi wbRÕ¼ wKQz msiwÞZ kõ AvGQ hv ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi mgq eÅenvi Kiv
Kx-IqvWÆ nq| ‰B msiwÞZ kõàGjvGK Kx-IqvWÆ ejv nq| C ˆcÉvMÉvGg 32wU msiwÞZ Kx-IqvWÆ
AvGQ|
PjK ˆWUvGK ˆgGgvwiGZ ivLvi RbÅ ˆh bvg eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK PjK ejv nq|
aË‚eK ˆh ivwki gvb cwieZÆb nq bv ZvGK aË‚eK eGj|
AcvGiUi ivwkgvjvq eÅen†Z wPn× ev cÉZxKGK AcvGiUi ejv nq|
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Ask weGkl wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅK evi ˆKvGbv kGZÆ bv ˆcŒuQv chƯ¦ cybive†wî KivGK
jywcs
jywcs eGj|
AÅvGi AÅvGi nGjv ‰KB aiGbi ˆWUvi RbÅ eÅen†Z PjGKi ‰KwU wmwiR|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 503

Abykxjbx

K. eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²

 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv I fvlv  ˆgwkb fvlv I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv

mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
1. MVb wePvGi I ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyhvqx ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlvGK Kq 9. mivmwi ˆKvb fvlv KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq?
fvGM fvM Kiv hvq? K. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv L. hvw¯¨K fvlv
K. 2 fvGM L. 3 fvGM M. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv N. AwZ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv
M. 4 fvGM N. 5 fvGM 10. KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgŒwjK fvlv ˆKvbwU?
2. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wfwî ˆKvbwU? K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv
K. AÅvjMwi`g K. wWevwMs M. w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv N. cçg cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv
M. ˆUwÕ¡s N. myGWvGKvW 11. hvw¯¨K fvlvi cÉavb DcKiY wbGPi ˆKvbwU?
3. mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii RbÅ Kx cÉGqvRb? K. wbRÕ¼ fvlv L. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv
K. nvWÆIqÅvi L. ˆcÉvMÉvg M. gvbyGli fvlv N. hG¯¨i wbRÕ¼ fvlv
M. KwÁ·DUvi fvlv N. dvgÆIqÅvi 12. ˆKvb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi eySGZ
4. mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii fvlvq cvGi?
avivevwnKfvGe mvRvGbvi wbG`ÆkgvjvGK Kx eGj? K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv
K. nvWÆIqÅvi L. dvgÆIqÅvi M. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv N. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg N. mdUIqÅvi 13. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi wbG`ÆkvejxGK KZ fvGM fvM Kiv hvq?
K. 3 L. 4
5. KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦Gi `ywU msGKZ Kx Kx?
M. 5 N. 6
K. 0 I 1 L. 1 I 2
14. ˆKvb fvlv ˆgwkb wbfÆikxj?
M. 0 I 2 N. 0 I 3
K. Cobol Language
6. KwÁ·DUvGi eÅen†Z cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv mvj KZ?
L. Assembly Language
K. 1945-1949 L. 1950-1959 M. Basic Language
M. 1960-1969 N. 1970-1979 N. C++ Language
eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk² 15. ˆKvb fvlv 0 I 1 wbfÆi?
K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv
7. KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi
M. K‡wòg fvlv N. KÁ·vBjvi fvlv
i. 0
16. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi ˆjGeGj KqwU eYÆ eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi?
ii. 1
K. 1 ˆ^GK 2wU L. 2 ˆ^GK 3wU
iii. 10
M. 3 ˆ^GK 4wU N. 4 ˆ^GK 5wU
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK ?
17. ˆKvb fvlv w`Gq KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈGmi
K. i I ii L. i I iii
mGã mivmwi msGhvM mvab mÁ¿e?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. nvBGjGfj fvlv
8. ‰KwU Av`kÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ŠewkÓ¡Å nGœQ  M. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv N. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv
i. Z^Å cÉ`vGbi eÅeÕ©v ^vKGZ nGe
ii. Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiGYi eÅeÕ©v ^vKGZ nGe eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
iii. djvdj cÉvwµ¦i myweav ^vKGZ nGe 18. ˆgwkb fvlv nGjv 
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? i. AbÅvbÅ fvlv nGZ `Ë‚Z wbeÆvn nq
K. i I ii L. i I iii ii. hG¯¨i Ici wbfÆikxj ^vGK
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii iii. ZvovZvwo ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv hvq
 504 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 27. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv ˆKvbwU?

K. i I ii L. i I iii K. Word Star L. Visicalc
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. C++ N. Lotus 123
19. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq eÅen†Z wewf®² wbG`Æk ˆbGgvwbK nGjv28. cÉK‡ZcGÞ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv ˆKvbwU?
i. DIV ii. ADD
K. BsGiwR I MvwYwZK wPGn×i mg¯¼q
L. BsGiwR I eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mg¯¼q
iii. INT
M. eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv I giMÅvGbi DccvG`Åi mg¯¼q
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK ? N. ÷aygvò MvwYwZK wPGn×i mg¯¼q
K. i I ii L. i I iii 29. nvB ˆjGfj fvlvGK KZ fvGM fvM Kiv hvq?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii K. 2 L. 3
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² M. 4 N. 5
30. ˆgwkb wbq¯¨Y, wmgyGjkb, ŠeævwbK cixÞv BZÅvw`
wbGPi AbyGœQ`wU cGov ‰es 20 I 21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI| KvGR eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU?
mvwgnv Zvi evmvq cyivZb KwÁ·DUvGi 0 I 1 eÅenvi KGi K. Algol L. CSL
ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiwQj| Zvi eo fvB mRj mvwgnvGK AvGiv M. Coral66 N. QBE
`Ë‚ZMwZGZ KvR Kivi RbÅ w«¼Zxq cÉRG®Âi fvlv wkwLGq w`j| 31. cÉGqvM ŠewkÓ¡Åi wfwîGZ KwÁ·DUvi fvlvGK KZ
20. mRGji wkLvGbv fvlvi cieZxÆ cÉRG®Âi fvlv ˆKvbwU? fvGM fvM Kiv hvq?
K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv K. 2 L. 3
M. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv N. bÅvPvivj fvlv M. 4 N. 5
21. mvwgnvi eÅen†Z fvlvq 32. cvB^b fvlv ŠZwi KGib ˆK?
i. ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvq AwaK mgq jvGM
K. àBGWv fÅvb ˆivmvm L. jÅvwi ‰wiKmb
M. ee ˆjGivwm N. AMvÕ¡v
ii. ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv mnR
iii. wWevM Kiv KÓ¡mvaÅ eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 33. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlvGK ejv nq
K. i I ii L. i I iii i. AwZ DœPZi fvlv ii. gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii iii. wbÁ² Õ¦Gii fvlv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
 DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvmgƒn K. i L. ii
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² M. ii I ii N. i, ii I iii
22. C ‰i AvweÓ•viK ˆK?  PZy^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv I Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg
K. gvwUÆb wiPvWÆm L. ˆjwW ‰Wv mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
M. ˆWwbm wiwP N. ee gvBbvi
23. C ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bZzb myweav msGhvRGbi cieZÆx msÕ•iY 34. ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvg Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK hvw¯¨K fvlvq Abyev` KGi
ˆKvbwU? eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi ZvGK Kx eGj?
K. hvw¯¨K ˆcÉvMÉvg
K. ++C L. C++
L. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg
M. C -- N. --C M. AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg
24. C++ ‰i AvweÓ•viK ˆK? N. Drm ˆcÉvMÉvg
K. wewP ˆWwbm L. evqvbÆ Õ¡ÈvDmUÇc
~ 35. K‡wîg eyw«¬gîvi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ ˆKvb cÉRG¯Ãi
M. jÅvwi ‰wiKmb N. ee gvBbi KwÁ·DUvi fvlv?
25. ˆKvb fvlvGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi RbK ejv nq? K. w«¼Zxq L. Z‡Zxq
K. C L. C++ M. PZy^Æ N. cçg
M. C N. ORACLE 36. cÉGmwms ÞgZv ˆewk `iKvi ˆKvb fvlvq?
26. ˆKvb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvi msMVGbi wbq¯¨GYi K. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlvq
DGa»Æ ^vGK? L. ˆgwkb fvlvq
K. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv L. wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv M. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq
M. ˆgwkb fvlv N. K‡wòg fvlv N. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvq
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 505
37. ˆKvb cÉRG¯Ãi fvlvGK bbcÉwmwWDi fvlv ejv nq? 45. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avc KqwU ?
K. 1g cÉR¯Ã L. 2q cÉR¯Ã K. `yBwU L. wZbwU
M. 3q cÉR¯Ã N. 4^Æ cÉR¯Ã M. cuvPwU N. mvZwU
38. AÅvGmÁ¼jvi Kx? 46. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆUwÕ¡s ‰i cƒeeÆ ZxÆ avc ˆKvbwU?
K. ‰KwU ˆgwkb L. eËvDRvi K. mgmÅv weGkÏlY L. ˆKvwWs
M. wcÉ´Ÿvi N. mdUIqÅvi M. ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qb N. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY
39. KÁ·vBjvi ˆKvb ˆgGgvwiGZ ^vGK? 47. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvb aiGbi fzGji RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii evZÆv
K. ˆMŒY ˆgGgvwi L. mnvqK ˆgGgvwi ˆ`q?
M. KÅvk ˆgGgvwi N. nvWÆwWGÕ• K. wmbUÅvÝ fzj L. jwRKÅvj fzj
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² M. ˆWUv fzj N. ˆhGKvGbv fzj
wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es 40 I 41 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI| 48. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzjGK Kq fvGM fvM Kiv nq?
ivwL Computer fundamentals eB ˆ^GK Abyev` ˆcÉvMÉvg K. `yB fvGM L. wZb fvGM
mÁ·wKÆZ AaÅvqwU cowQj| ˆm ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Abyev` M. Pvi fvGM N. cuvP fvGM
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉKviGf` I ZvG`i gGaÅ mv`†kÅ I Šemv`†kÅ 49. AÅvjMwi`g Kx?
mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cvGi| K. chÆvqKÌg L. wm«¬v¯¦KÌg
40. ivwL Abyev` ˆcÉvMÉvg mdUIqÅvi ‰i KZwU Abyev`K M. AbyKÌwgK N. ˆdÑvPvUÆ
mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cvGi? 50. AÅvjMwi`Ggi wPòi…cGK Kx eGj?
K. ‰KwU L. `yBwU K. wmbUÅvÝ fzj L. ˆdÑvPvUÆ
M. wZbwU N. PviwU M. AÅvjMwi`g N. wWevwMs
41. ivwL KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvi ‰i gGaÅ ˆh mv`†kÅ 51. ˆdÑvPvUÆ ÷i‚ I ˆkl KiGZ ˆKvb wPòwU eÅen†Z nq?
ˆ`LGZ cvq Zv nGjv K. L.
i. nvB ˆjGfj fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq
i…cv¯¦i KGi M. N.
ii. ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
iii. B´ŸviGcÉUvi I KÁ·vBGji gGZv nvB ˆjGfj 52. wm fvlvq #include<stdio.h> ˆnWvi dvBGji
fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi A¯¦MÆZ wewf®² dvskb nj
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? i. printf() ii. scanf()
K. i I ii L. i I iii iii. gets ()
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb, ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avcmgƒn, K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ
53. wmbUÅvÝ fzj nGjv
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² i. eËvGKU wVKgGZv bv ˆ`Iqv
42. hw` Zzwg PRINT ‰i RvqMvq PRIMT UvBc Ki, ii. Kgv bv ˆ`Iqv
ZvnGj ˆKvb aiGbi fzj msNwUZ nq? iii. evbvb fzj Kiv
A K. jwRKÅvj fzj L. wmbUÅvÝ fzj wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ‰wÝwKDkb fzj N. ivbUvBg fzj K. i I ii L. i I iii
43. 50 ‰i Õ©vGb 05 ˆjLv nGj ‰ aiGbi fzjGK M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÞGò Kx ejv nq? 54. ˆdÑvPvGUÆ wPn×wU eÅenvi Kiv nq 
i. START
K. hywÚMZ L. wmbGUÝ
ii. PROCESS
M. ˆWUv N. AvDUcyU iii. END
44. ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KZwU Ask ^vGK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. 2wU L. 3wU K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. 4wU N. 5wU M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
 506 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² 60. Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv ˆ`b ˆK?

K. ee ivBgvb L. ‰WMvi wW KmGUÇv
DóxcKwU cGo 55 I 56 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: M. jÅvwi ‰wiKmb N. gvBGKÌvmdU KGcÆvGikb
nvmvb mvGne ‰KvDw´Ÿs mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii mgq cÉwZwU 61. ˆKvb gGWGj cyGiv mgmÅvGK wewf®² AsGk fvM Kiv nq?
gwWDj ˆQvU ˆQvU KGi wefÚ KGi mgvavGbi avc wbaÆviY K. wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
KGib| wK¯§ mdUIqÅviwU ŠZwii ci ˆmwU cixÞv KGi L. Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
ˆ`Lv hvq cÉ`î ˆWUvi RbÅ djvdj fzj cÉ`wkÆZ nGœQ| M. AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
55. DóxcGK nvmvb mvGne ˆKvb UzjàGjvGK wbG`Æk N. BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
KGiGQb
i. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs ii. AÅvjMwi`g eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
iii. ˆdÑvPvUÆ 62. AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? i. BbGnwiGU´Ö ii. cwjgiwdRg
K. i I ii L. i I iii iii. ‰bKÅvcmyGjkb
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK ?
56. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ fzGji KviY ˆKvbwU? K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. ˆKvwWs L. wWevwMs M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. AÅvjMwi`g N. ˆdÑvPvUÆ  ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉv^wgK aviYv, ŠewkÓ¡Å,
wbGPi ˆdÑvPvUÆwU jÞ KGiv ‰es 57 I 58 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: KÁ·vBwjs I fvlvi MVb
1
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
2 63. wm fvlvq ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg run KiGZ Kx-ˆevWÆ Kgv´£
ˆKvbwU?
3 K. shift + f9 L. ctrl + f7
M. ctrl + f9 N. shift + f8
4
64. wm kõwU ‰GmGQ ˆKvb fvlv ˆ^GK?
5 K. CCPL L. BCPL
57. 1 bs avc «¼viv Kx ˆevSvq? M. LCPL N. ABCL
K. cÉGmwms L. wm«¬v¯¦ 65. IDE Kx?
M. ÷i‚ N. mshyÚ K. Integrated Development Environment
L. Internal Development Environment
58. ˆh avcàGjvGZ fzj wPn× cÉGqvM Kiv nGqGQ Zv nGjv
M. Internal Developing Environment
i. avc-1 ii. avc-2
N. Inturction Develop Environment
iii. avc-3 66. wm fvlv ˆKvb aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj AbymiY KGi?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ L. AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. wfRyÅqvj N. BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 67. C fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvg-‰ main function KqwU ^vKGZ cvGi?
 ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWj K. 1wU L. 2wU
M. 3wU N. 4wU
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² 68. Header File mshyÚ KiGZ nq ˆKvb fvlvGZ?
59. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv wf®² wf®² ˆkÉwYGZ wefÚ KGi K. Basic L. Ada
ˆjLv nq ˆKvb gGWGji mvnvhÅ? M. pascal N. C
K. wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs 69. wm fvlvGZ cÉwZwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvR ÷i‚ nq ˆKvb dvskb
L. Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ˆ^GK?
M. AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs K. Printf L. Scanf
N. BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs M. main N. Main
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 507
70. wm fvlvGZ ‰GKi AwaK jvBGbi KGg´Ÿm wjLGZ nq 81. main() dvskGbi Askmgƒn
KxfvGe? i. ˆNvlYv Ask
K. `ywU ÕÏvm (//) w`Gq L. /* */ w`Gq ii. wbeÆvn Ask
M. // // w`Gq N. */ */ w`Gq iii. wjsK Ask
71. wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv nq ˆKvb e®¬bxi gGaÅ? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. () L. {} K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. [] N. <> M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
72. printf() ˆKvb aiGbi dvskb?
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk²
K. main dvskb L. header dvskb
M. Library dvskb N. footer dvskb DóxcKwU cGo 82 I 83 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
73. cwjgiwdRg wbGPi ˆKvb fvlvi ŠewkÓ¡Å? main ( )
K. wm L. wfRyÅGqj ˆewmK {
int n;
M. Rvfv N. IivKj
scanf("%d", &n);
74. Compiler derivative ˆKvbwU? printf("%d", sqrt (n));
K. ; L. # }
M. : N. ( ) 82. DóxcGK eÅen†Z ˆWUv UvBc ˆKvbwU?
75. wm fvlvi mÁ·ƒYÆ Ask Kx «¼viv Ave«¬ ^vGK? K. Primary L. User defined
K. () «¼viv L. {} «¼viv M. Derived N. Empty
M. [ ] «¼viv N. “ ” «¼viv 83. DóxcGK AvekÅK ˆnWvi dvBj ˆKvbwU
76. main() dvskGbi ˆNvlYv AsGk Kx ˆNvlYv KiGZ i. stdio.h
nq? ii. conio.h
K. ˆhGKvGbv ˆfwiGqej L. ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej iii. math.h
M. ˆÕ·kvj ˆfwiGqej N. main() dvskb wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
77. main() dvskGbi wbeÆvn AsGk A¯¦Z KqwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ K. i I ii L. i I iii
^vKGZ nq? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. 1wU L. 2wU  ˆWUv UvBc, PjK, aË‚eK
M. 3wU N. 4wU
78. C ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb Kivi Kgv´£ ˆKvbwU? mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
K. Ctrl + F6 L. Ctrl + F9 84. Bw´ŸRvi UvBGci ˆWUvi digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvBqvi
M. Ctrl + F10 N. Alt + Ctrl + F9 ˆKvbwU?
A K. %c L. %d
eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
M. %F N. %i
79. C fvlvi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆKvbwU 85. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆh AsGki RbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆfwiGqeGji
i. getch ii. printf KvhÆKÌg weÕ¦‡Z ˆmB AskGK Kx ejv nq?
iii. input
K. ˆÕ•vc ev ˆÞò L. gwWdvqvi
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ˆKvqvwjdvqvi N. ivwkgvjv
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
86. wm-ˆcÉvMÉvGg KZfvGe aË‚eK eÅenvi Kiv hvq?
M. i I iii N. meàGjv
K. 2 L. 3
80. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGc ˆKvwWs M. 4 N. 5
i. mgmÅvi weGkÏlGYi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ
87. ˆWUvi aibGK Kx eGj?
ii. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi mvnvGhÅ Kiv
K. ˆcÉvGUvUvBc L. ˆWUv UvBc
iii. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii ci fzj ˆLuvRv
M. ˆWUv N. Z^Å
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 88. cÉv^wgK ˆWUv UvBc KZ aiGbi?
K. i I ii L. i I iii K. 2 L. 3
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. 4 N. 5
 508 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

89. DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki: eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²

main()
{ 99. wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg K´ÖUÅv´Ÿ ˆNvlYv Kiv hvq-
const int k = 5; i. Const wKIqvWÆ eÅenvi KGi
k++; ii. ÷ay bvg eÅenvi KGi
printf("k is %d", k);
iii. #define wcÉcÉGmmi eÅenvi KGi
}
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. k is 5 K. i I ii L. i I iii
L. k is 6 M. iiI iii N. i, ii I iii
M. Error, aË‚eK PjGKi gvb ˆKej `yBevi cwieZÆb 100. Empty ˆWUv wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq
i. integer ii. void
nq
iii. null
N. Error, aË‚eK PjGKi gvb cwieZÆb nq bv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
90. wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. #define pi 31.1416
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
L. #define pi=31.1416;
101. wm fvlvi ˆnWvi dvBj nGœQ
M. const int pi=3.1416
i. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvekÅwKq Ask
N. const pi=3.1416;
ii. ˆWUvUvBc aviYKvix dvBj
91. char UvBc ‰i gwWdvqvi ˆKvbwU?
iii. dvskGbi eYÆbv aviYKvix dvBj
K. short L. sqrt
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. long N. signed
K. i I ii L. i I iii
92. Integer ˆWUv UvBGci ˆgGgvwi ˆÕ·m KZ?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. 1 byte L. 2 byte
M. 3 byte N. 4 byte 102. ˆWUv UvBc gwWdvqvi
i. Short ii. Long
93. C ˆcÉvMÉvGg KÅvGiÙvi ˆWUv UvBcGK Kx «¼viv cÉKvk
iii. Signed
Kiv nq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. int L. char K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. float N. double M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
94. C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj KiGj ˆKvb dvBj ŠZwi nq?
K. .CPP L. .obj  ivwkgvjv, wK-IqvWÆ I BbcyU AvDUcyU
M. .exe N. .dba ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
95. AeÕ©vGbi Ici wfwî KGi PjKGK KZ fvGM fvM mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²
Kiv hvq?
K. 2 fvGM L. 3 fvGM 103. pow((15/39/3),(17%5))4+3*2+7 wnmvewUi
M. 4 fvGM N. 5 fvGM wm fvlvq djvdj KZ?
96. float UvBc ˆfwiGqeGji gvb BbcyU/AvDUcyU Kivi
K. 1 L. 4
RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq? M. 13 N. 10
K. %d L. %c 104. wm fvlvq MvwYwZK ‰es ˆhŒwÚK KvR wbq¯¨Y Kivi
M. %f N. %g RbÅ weGkl wmÁ¼jàGjvGK Kx eGj?
97. long int UvBGci ˆfwiGqeGji gvb BbcyU/AvDUcyU K. ivwkgvjv L. AcvGi´£
ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq? M. PjK N. AcvGiUi
K. %d L. %ld 105. wZbwU cƒYÆ msLÅv BbcyGUi RbÅ wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. %f N. %lf K. scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
98. a×b×c ‰i wm fvlvq ‰ÝGcÉkb Kx nGe ? L. scanf(“%d,%d,%d,&a,&b,&c);
K. a×bc L. a*b*c M. scanf(“%d %d %d”,&a,&b&c);
M. a×b×c N. ab×c N. scanf(“%d %d %d,&a,&b,&c);
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 509
106. KZàGjv AcvGiUi, AcvGi´£ ‰es KbÕ¡ÅvG´Ÿi 117. wbGPi ˆKvbwU jwRKÅvj AcvGiUi?
A^ÆGevaK I mvgéÅcƒYÆ DcÕ©vcbGK Kx ejv nq? K. || L. |
K. ‰ÝGcÉkb L. ˆUvGKb M. << N. > =
M. PjK N. wKIqvWÆ 118. wbGPi ˆKvbwU AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi?
DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki: K. << L.  M. = N. !
int a=4,b=5; 119. RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆKvbwU?
printf("%d",a++); K. goto L. switch
printf("%d",++b); M. if-else N. do-while
107. ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi AvDUcyU KZ nGe? 120. wbGPi ˆKvbwU BbcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ?
K. 46 L. 4 6 K. scanf() L. puts()
M. 4 N. 4 M. ifelse N. for ....
6 6 121. wÕ¡Ès AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅen†Z nq?
108. wbGÁ²i wK-IqvWÆ ˆKvbwU? K. scanf( ) L. puts
K. static L. dynamic M. getchar N. putchar
M. img N. table
DóxcKwU jÞÅ Ki: eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
main() 122. cƒYÆmsLÅv BbcyGUi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq-
{ i. scanf(“%i”,&a); ii. scanf(“%d”,&a);
int i = 3; iii. scanf(“%u”,&a);
int l = i / -2; wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
int k = i % -2;
printf("%d %d\n", l, k);
K. i I ii L. i I iii
return 0; M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
} 123. ˆKvb AcvGiUi ÷aygvò 0 I 1 Qvov AbÅ wKQz wiUvbÆ
109. ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi AvDUcyU KZ nGe? KGi bv?
K. 1 1 L. 1  1 i. Arithmatic ii. Logical
M.  1 1 N.  1  1 iii. Relational
110. a=10, b=20, c=7 ‰es d=2 nq ZvnGj wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
a+(a*b-(c%d)/2)*3-(c-d+(a-b))=KZ? K. iI ii L. i I iii
K. 590 L. 615 M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. 680 N. 670 124. wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv:
int x = 8;
111. digÅvGUW AvDUcyU dvskb ˆKvbwU? int y = 4;
K. putc() L. printf() x % = y;
M. putchar() N. puts() printf("%d", x);
112. MvwYwZK I ˆhŒwMK KvR wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ KZKàwj DóxcGKi AvDUcyU KZ nGe?
weGkl KÅvGiÙvi eÅen†Z nq, ‰àGjvGK Kx eGj? K. 0 L. 1 M. 2 N. 4
K. wK-IqvWÆ L. AcvGiUi 125. wm fvlvq eÅen†Z wewf®² wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi nGœQ 
M. AcvGi´£ N. ‰ÝG·Ékb i. > I < ii. => I >=
113. ˆKvbwU jwRKÅvj AÅv´£ ‰i AcvGiUi wPn×? iii. <= I !=
K. | | L. = = wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ! N. && K. i I ii L. i I iii
114. Relational Operator ˆKvbwU? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. + L.  Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk²
M. > N. And DóxcKwU jÞÅ KGiv ‰es wbGPi cÉk² `ywUi Dîi `vI:
115. < = ˆKvb aiGbi AcvGiUi? main()
K. MvwYwZK L. wiGjkbvj {
M. jwRKÅvj N. AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ int i = 5;
i = i / 3;
116. ˆKvbwU mÁ·KÆhyÚ AcvGiUi? i = i / 3;
K. + L. > = printf("%d\n", i);
M. AND N. << }
 510 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

126. ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi AvDUcyU KZ nGe? 134. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰K jvBb ˆ^GK cieZÆx jvBGb bv wMGq
K. 0 L. 1 DcGi ev wbGP AbÅ ˆKvGbv jvBb ˆ^GK KvR ÷i‚
M. 2 N. 5 Kivi RbÅ ˆh ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq ZvGK Kx eGj?
127. A=3, B=4 nGj printf(“%d”, A>B); ‰i AvDUcyU K. Kw´£kbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ L. jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
KZ? M. RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ N. BbcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
K. 0 L. 1 135. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi 1wU kZÆmvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
M. 3 N. 4 mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ Kx eÅen†Z nq?
wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es cÉk² `ywUi Dîi `vI: K. if L. if  else
main ( ) M. if  else  else if N. do .... while
{ 136. ˆcÉvMÉvGg AGbK kGZÆi RbÅ ˆKvbwU eÅenvi Kiv hywÚhyÚ?
int a=5,b=4: K. if  else  else if L. switch
a+=b; M. for N. do  while
printf (“%d”, sqrt(a)); 137. jyc ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ jyc ewW I ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kGbi AeÕ©vGbi
} wfwîGZ jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸGK KZfvGM fvM Kiv hvq?
128. DóxcGK Kx aiGbi AcvGiUi eÅen†Z nGqGQ? K. 2 L. 3 M. 4 N. 5
K. AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi 138. jyc KZevi nGe Zv Rvbv ^vKGjB ˆKvb ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
L. Uvibvwi AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv hvGe?
M. weUIqvBR AcvGiUi K. if L. switch
N. wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi M. for N. ifelse
129. DóxcGK AvekÅK ˆnWvi dvBj nGjv 139. KLb do while jyc ‰i Condition cixÞv Kiv nq?
i. stdio.h ii. conio.h K. jyGci ˆkGl L. jyGci ÷i‚GZ
iii. math.h
M. jyGci gvSLvGb N. ˆhGKvGbv mgq
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
140. for(i=1;i<=10;i=i+2)
K. i I ii L. i I iii
{
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii printf(“%d”,i);
DóxcKwU cGo 130 I 131 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: }
X = 100; ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwUi djvdj ˆKvbwU?
X = 5; K. 13579 L. 2 4 6 8 10
X = X% 10;
M. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
130. X-‰i gvb KZ?
K. 0 L. 2 eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
M. 10 N. 20
141. RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ nGjv
131. DóxcGK eÅen†Z AcvGiUi nGœQ  i. continue ii. break
i. Arithmetic iii. goto
ii. Assignment iii. Logical
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 142. jywcs ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ nGjv
 ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ i. do ii. for
iii. while
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
132. ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ jyGci mvaviY ˆdÑv cwieZÆb Kivi K. i I ii L. i I iii
RbÅ eÅen†Z nq? M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
K. if-else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ L. for ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ 143. wm ˆcÉ v MÉ v Gg jy w cs ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv nGjv
i. for ii. dowhile
M. continue ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ N. while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
iii. while
133. for jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ KqwU Ask wbGq KvR KGi? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. 1 L. 2 K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. 3 N. 4 M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 511
144. jyc ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸmgƒGni AskàGjv nGjv 152. ˆKvbwU wm fvlvi dvskb?
i. jyc ewW ii. ˆUÕ¡ Kw´£kb K. int() L. stdio.h
iii. jyc ‰wÝwKDkb M. printf() N. for()
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? 153. BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskGbi bvg Kx?
K. i I ii L. i I iii K. ˆfwiGqej L. aË‚eK
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. AvBGWw´Ÿdvqvi N. Õ¡ÈvKPvi
145. wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z jvBGeËwi dvskb nGjv@ 154. BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskGbi ewW ˆKvbwU?
i. printf() ii. const() K. dvskGbi eYÆbv L. dvskb Kj
iii. scanf()
M. dvskb ˆcÉvGUvUvBc N. wiUvbÆ UvBc
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii 155. BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskGb AvàÆGg´Ÿ ˆfwiGqej bv
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii ^vKGj Kx eÅenvi Kiv nq?
K. return L. void
Awf®² Z^ÅwfwîK cÉk² M. AbÅ ˆfwiGqej N. AbÅ dvskb
wbGPi DóxcKwU co ‰es 146 I 147 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI: 156. dvskb Kj-‰i ˆkGl ^vGK ˆKvbwU?
# include < stdio.h > K. (:) L. (;)
main ( ) M. (,) N. (())
{
int a = 3, b; 157. wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg WÈvBfvi dvskb ˆKvbwU?
b = 2* a; K. jvBGeËwi dvskb L. BDRvi wWdvB´£ dvskb
print f("% d", b); M. main() dvskb N. weΟ-Bb dvskb
} 158. wbGPi ˆKvbwU MvwYwZK dvskb?
146. ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb KiGj b ‰i gvb KZ nGe? K. stremp L. sum
K. 3 L. 4 M. printf N. pow
M. 5 N. 6
147. ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb KiGj AvDUcyU gvb 3 nGe, hLb eüc`x mgvwµ¦mƒPK cÉk²
i. b = a ++; ii. b = a  ; 159. ˆh dvskb wbGRB wbGRGK Kj KiGZ cvGi ZvGK eGj
iii. b + = a; i. wiKvwmÆf
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? ii. jvBGeËwi
K. i I ii L. i I iii iii. BDRvi wWdvBb
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
 AÅvGi I dvskb K. i L. ii
mvaviY eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk² M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
148. AÅvGi KZ cÉKvi? 160. AÅvGii cÉKviGf` nGjv
K. 2 L. 3 i. ‰KgvwòK
M. 4 N. 5 ii. eügvwòK
iii. kƒbÅgvwòK
149. a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3] ‰KB AÅvGii A¯¦MÆZ nGj
mwVK AÅvGi PjK ˆNvlYv ˆKvbwU? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. int a[0] L. int a[1] K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. int a[3] N. int a[4] M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
150. ˆh AÅvGii ˆiv I mvwi DfqB ^vGK ZvGK Kx eGj? 161. eügvwòK AÅvGiàGjv nGjv
K. ‰KgvwòK AÅvGi L. w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi i. kƒbÅgvwòK
M. wògvwòK AÅvGi N. eügvwòK AÅvGi ii. w«¼gvwòK
151. Š`NÆÅ, cÉÕ© I DœPZv wewkÓ¡ ˆKvGbv eÕ§i AvqZb iii. wògvwòK
wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆKvb AÅvGi eÅenvi Kiv nq? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. ‰KgvwòK L. w«¼gvwòK K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. wògvwòK N. PZz^Æ gvwòK M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
 512 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

L. ˆevWÆ cixÞvi eüwbeÆvPwb cÉk²

162. ˆKvb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ Abyev`GKi 174. OPS5 ˆKvb cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv? [Kz. ˆev. 19]
cÉGqvRb nq bv? [iv. ˆev. 19] K. cçg L. PZz^Æ
K. Natural L. Machine M. Z‡Zxq N. w«¼Zxq
M. High Level N. Assembly 175. Abyev`K mdUIqÅvi Kq aiGbi? [P., h. ˆev.- 16]
163. ˆgwkb fvlvi myweav ˆKvbwU? [Xv. ˆev. 2017] A K. 2 L. 3
A K. ˆcÉvMÉvg mnGR ˆjLv hvq M. 4 N. 5
L. meaiGbi ˆgwkGb eÅenvi DcGhvMx
176. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwiGZ ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGbi cieZÆx avc
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg mivmwi I `Ë‚Z KvhÆKwi nq
ˆKvbwU? [mKj ˆevWÆ 2018]
N. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj mnGR kbvÚ Kiv hvq
164. ˆKvb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi eySGZ K. mgmÅv weGkÏlY L. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs
cvGi? [Xv. ˆev.- 16] M. ˆcÉvMÉvg evÕ¦evqb N. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY
A K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv 177. Drm ˆcÉvMÉvg  ?  eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvg (?)
M. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv N. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv
165. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv ˆKvb cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv? [w`. ˆev.- 16] wPwn×Z Õ©vGb Kx nGe? [Kz. ˆev. 19]
A K. 1g L. 2q K. KÁ·vBjvi L. B´ŸviGcÉUvi
M. 3q N. 4^Æ M. AÅvGmÁ¼jvi N. wjsKvi
166. mvsGKwZK fvlv ˆKvbwU? [wm. ˆev.-16] 178. C fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK Kx ˆKvW ejv nq?
A K. ˆgwkb fvlv L. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv [gv`&ivmv- 16]
A K. AvmwK L. ˆmvmÆ
M. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv N. AwZ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv
167. ˆKvb fvlvq nvWÆIqÅvi wbq¯¨GYi cvkvcvwk DœPÕ¦Gii M. AeGRÙ N. BDwb
fvlvi myweav cvIqv hvq? [iv. ˆev. 19] 179. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvGUÆ cÉwKÌqvKiGY ˆKvb cÉZxKwU eÅen†Z
K. PASCAL L. COBOL nq? [iv., Kz., e. ˆev.-16; w`., gv`ivmv ˆevWÆ 19]
M. C N. FORTRAN
168. ˆKvbwUGZ Kg ˆgGgvwi I wiGmvmÆ wbGq mnGR ˆcÉvMÉvg K. L.
ˆjLv hvq? [h. ˆev.- 16] M. N.
A K. ‰GÝm L. IivKj 180. ˆdÑvPvUÆ KZ cÉKvi? [wm. ˆev.- 16]
M. wm N. cvB^b A K. 2 L. 4
169. Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ‰KGò eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi M. 6 N. 8
ˆKvbwU? [w`. ˆev. 2017] 181. cÉZxKwU ˆKvb KvGR eÅenvi nq? [e. ˆev. 19]
A K. KÁ·vBjvi L. B´ŸviGcÉUvi K. wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY L. cÉwKÌqvKiY
M. wjsKvi N. AÅvGmÁ¼jvi M. ˆWUv BbcyU N. ˆWUv AvDUcyU
170. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK Kx ejv nq?
[wm. ˆev.- 16] 182.  wPn× «¼viv C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ Kx ˆevSvGbv nq?
A K. M¯¦eÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg L. Drm ˆcÉvMÉvg [w`. ˆev.-16; gv`ivmv ˆevWÆ 19]
M. wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvg N. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg K. wm«¬v¯¦ L. BbcyU
171. 4GL ejGZ eySvq  [Kz. ˆev.- 16] M. UxKv N. msGhvM
A K. AwZ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv L. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv 183. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i ˆÞGò BbcyU ev AvDUcyU wPn× wnGmGe
M. gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv N. wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv eÅen†Z nq ˆKvbwU? [gv`&ivmv- 16]
172. ˆKvbwU Õ¼vfvweK fvlv? [h. ˆev.-2017] A K. L.
A K. 4GL L. 5GL M. N.
M. ˆgwkb fvlv N. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv 184. ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰B wPn×wU «¼viv Kx eySvGbv nq?
173. ˆKvbwU PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv? [w`. ˆev.-2017] [gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 2018]
A K. BASIC L. PASCAL K. cÉevGni w`K L. msGhvM
M. INTELLECT N. CSL M. wUKv N. ÷i‚
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 513
185. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs ‰i cƒeeÆ ZÆx avc ˆKvbwU? [w`. ˆev. 19] 196. double ˆWUv UvBGci RbÅ digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi
K. mgmÅv weGkÏlY L. ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb ˆKvbwU? [iv. ˆev.-2017]
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg evÕ¦evqb N. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY A K. %d L. %f
186. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzjò‚wU LuGy R ˆei KGi Zv msGkvaGbi M. %1f N. %s
cÉwKÌqvGK wK ejv nq? [wm. ˆev. 17] 197. wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? [h. ˆev. 19]
K. Encoding L. Debugging K. int number-1 L. int number 1
M. Coding N. Decoding M. int 1 number N. int number_1
187. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwiGZ ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGbi cieZÆx avc 198. printf( ) ‰i mvnvGhÅ ˆWUv ˆKv^vq cvVvGbv nq?
ˆKvbwU? [mKj ˆevWÆ. 18] [w`. ˆev.- 16]
K. mgmÅv weGkÏlY L. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs A K. BbcyU gvb BbcyU gvaÅGg
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg evÕ¦evqb N. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY L. AvDUcyU gvb AvDUcyU gvaÅGg
188. ˆKvbwU AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv? M. BbcyU gvb AvDUcyU gvaÅGg
[wm. ˆev. 19] N. AvDUcyU gvb BbcyU gvaÅGg
K. BASIC L. HTML 199. wbGPi ˆKvbwU Kx IqvGWÆi D`vniY? [Kz. ˆev. 19]
M. C N. Java K. long, int, scanf L. short, cos, void
189. BbGnwiGU´Ö ˆKvb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å? M. for, line, while N. return, goto, break
[h. ˆev. 19]
200. wm fvlvq wiGjkb AcvGiUi Kq aiGbi? [P. ˆev. 17]
K. Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
K. 2 L. 3
L. AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
M. 5 N. 6
M. wfRyqvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
201. for (i = 1; i < 8; i+ = 2)
N. BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs printf ("%d", i);
190. “wm” fvlvq Bw´ŸRvi ˆWUv UvBc KZ weGUi? ˆKvbwU DcGii ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi djvdj? [w`. ˆev. 16]
[X. ˆev. 19] K. 1 2 3 4 5 6 L. 1 3 5 7
1 8 L. 16 M. 2 4 6 8 N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M. 32 N. 64 202. ˆKvbwU wm-fvlvq eÅen†Z Kx-IqvWÆ? [iv. ˆev. 16]
191. wm fvlvq float ˆWUv UvBc KZ weGUi? [iv. ˆev. 19] K. img L. for
K. 16 L. 32 M. select N. href
M. 48 N. 64 203. for (i = 1; i < = 5; i ++)
192. float type PjGKi RbÅ ˆgGgvwiGZ KZ evBU { if (i = = 3) continue;
RvqMvi cÉGqvRb nq? [iv. ˆev.-2017] printf ("HSC Exam");
A K. 1 L. 2 }
M. 4 N. 8 DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ "HSC Exam" KZevi
193. C ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvq long integer PjK ˆgGgvwiGZ cÉ`wkÆZ nGe? [mKj ˆevWÆ 18]
KZ evBU RvqMv ˆbq? [Kz. ˆev.- 16] K. 1 L. 2
A K. 2 evBU L. 4 evBU M. 4 N. 5
M. 8 evBU N. 16 evBU 204. wm fvlvq mgRvZxq ˆWUv msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆKvbwU
194. mKj abvñK I FYvñK cƒYÆmsLÅvGK Kx ejv nq? eÅenvi Kiv nq? [mKj ˆevWÆ 2018]
[P. ˆev.- 16] K. dvskb L. cGq´Ÿvi
A K. KÅvGiÙvi L. Bw´ŸRvi M. Õ¡ÈvKPvi N. AÅvGi
M. wiqvj N. Wvej 205. wbGPi ˆKvbwU w«¼-gvwòK AÅvGii D`vniY?
195. ˆdÑvwUs ˆWUvi diGgU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi ˆKvbwU? [h. ˆev. 19] [iv. ˆev.-2017]
K. %d L. %f A K. mark [5, 6] L. mark (5, 6)
M. %c N. %s M. mark [5] [6] N. mark (5) (6)
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-33K
 514 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

206. weU, evBU, ˆggwi AÅvGWÈm wbGq KvR KGi 212. C ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi RbÅ ˆKvb Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg
[Xv. ˆev. 19] eÅen†Z nq? [Kz. ˆev.- 16]
i. ˆgwkb fvlv i. KÁ·vBjvi
ii. gaÅÕ¦Gii fvlv ii. B´ŸviwcÉUvi
iii. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv iii. AÅvGmÁ¼jvi
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii A K. i L. i I ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
207. ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ ˆgwkb fvlv eÅenvi Kiv nGj 213. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGc ˆKvwWs [Xv. ˆev.- 16]
[e. ˆev. 19]
i. mgmÅvi weGkÏlGYi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ
i. ˆcÉvMÉvg cwieZÆb Kiv KÓ¡mvaÅ nq
ii. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi mvnvGhÅ Kiv
ii. `Þ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi cÉGqvRb nq
iii. ˆcÉvMÉvg `Ë‚Z wbeÆvn nq iii. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii ci fzj ˆLuvRv
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii A K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
208. ˆgwkb fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvg  [P. ˆev.- 16] 214. ‰B cÉZxKwUi A^Æ nGjv [gv`&ivmv- 16]
i. mivmwi I `Ë‚Z KvhÆKi nq i. BbcyU
ii. KwÁ·DUvi msMVb eYÆbv KGi ii. AvDUcyU
iii. ˆjLv mnR I mvaviGYi eÅenvi DcGhvMx iii. cÉwKÌqvKiY
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
A K. i I ii L. i I iii A K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
209. weU, evBU, ˆggwi AÅvGWÈm wbGq KvR KGi [Xv. ˆev. 19] 215. ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGbi A¯¦fÆÚ z KvR nGœQ  [e. ˆev.- 16]
i. ˆgwkb fvlv ii. gaÅÕ¦Gii fvlv i. AÅvjMwi`g cÉYqb
iii. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv ii. cÉevnwPò ŠZwi
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? iii. myGWvGKvW ŠZwi
K. i I ii L. i I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii A K. i I ii L. i I iii
210. KÁ·vBjvGii myweav nGjv [gv`&ivmv ˆevWÆ 2018]
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
i. mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ‰KevGi Abyev` KGi
216. C fvlvq jvBGeËwi dÅvskb nGjv [Xv. ˆev. 19]
ii. ˆcÉvMÉvGg wWevwMs I ˆUwÕ¡s `Ë‚ZMwZ mÁ·®²
i. printf( )
iii. fzj ^vKGj Zv gwbUGi cÉ`kÆb KGi ii. scanf( )
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? iii. add( )
K. i I ii L. i I iii wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii K. i I ii L. i I iii
211. ‘KÁ·vBjvi’ I ‘B´ŸviGcÉUvi’ ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
iGqGQ [w`. ˆev.- 16] 217. wm-fvlvi PjKàGjv jÞ KGiv [mKj ˆevWÆ 2018]
i. ˆcÉvMÉvgwU AbyevG`i ˆÞGò i. student_name
ii. KvGRi MwZi ˆÞGò ii. student name
iii. fzj cÉ`kÆGbi ˆÞGò iii. student@name
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
A K. i I ii L. i I iii K. i L. iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ (ˆevWÆ)-33L
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 515
218. ‘%f ’ KvR KGi  [h. ˆev. 16] wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK?
i. Bw´ŸRvi ii. ˆdÑvU K. i I ii L. i I iii
iii. wiGqj M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbGPi ˆKvbwU mwVK? DóxcKwU co ‰es 221 I 222 bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI:
K. i I ii L. i I iii # include < stdio.h>
main ( )
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
{
DóxcKwU cGo 219 I 220 bs cÉGk²i Dîi: int i, s = 0;
ˆRwi wm-fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KGi hvGZ `yBwU msLÅvi for (i = 1; i <= 6; i ++)
ˆhvMdj wbYÆq Kiv hvq| ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb Kivi ci 2wU msLÅv {
s = s + i;
cÉ`vb KiGj djvdGj ÷ay 2q msLÅvwU cÉ`wkÆZ nq| [Xv. ˆev. 16] }
219. DóxcGK D«¿„Z mgmÅvi KviY ˆKvbwU? print f ("%d", s);
K. mwVK ˆnWvi dvBj DGÍÏL bv Kiv }
L. BbcyGU f™²vsk msLÅv cÉ`vb Kiv [w`. ˆev. 19]
M. AvDUcyU dvskGb fzj PjK eÅenvi Kiv 221. ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi AvDUcyU KZ?
N. cÉGqvRbxq PjK ˆNvlYv bv Kiv K. 6 L. 15
220. DóxcGKi bÅvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii ˆÞGò cÉGqvRb M. 19 N. 21
i. weGkl ˆWUvGeR ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv Rvbv ^vKv 222. "i" ‰i gvGbi Kx cwieZÆGb AvDUcyU 12 nGe
ii. PjK I ˆWUv UvBc mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ^vKv K. i = 0, i = i + 1 L. i = 1, i = i + 2
iii. BbcyU AvDUcyU mÁ·GKÆ mwVK aviYv ^vKv M. i = 2, i = i + 1 N. i = 2, i = i + 2

Dîigvjv
1 N 2 K 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 K 7 N 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 N 12 K
13 L 14 L 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 K 19 K 20 M 21 L 22 M 23 L 24 L
25 K 26 K 27 M 28 K 29 K 30 L 31 L 32 K 33 K 34 L 35 N 36 K
37 N 38 N 39 L 40 M 41 L 42 L 43 M 44 L 45 N 46 M 47 K 48 L
49 L 50 L 51 L 52 N 53 N 54 L 55 N 56 K 57 M 58 L 59 L 60 L
61 L 62 N 63 M 64 L 65 K 66 K 67 K 68 N 69 M 70 L 71 L 72 M
73 M 74 L 75 L 76 K 77 K 78 L 79 K 80 K 81 K 82 K 83 L 84 L
85 K 86 K 87 L 88 M 89 N 90 K 91 N 92 L 93 L 94 L 95 K 96 M
97 L 98 L 99 L 100 M 101 L 102 N 103 M 104 N 105 K 106 K 107 K 108 K
109 M 110 L 111 L 112 L 113 N 114 M 115 L 116 L 117 K 118 M 119 K 120 K
121 L 122 N 123 M 124 K 125 N 126 K 127 K 128 K 129 L 130 K 131 K 132 M
133 N 134 M 135 K 136 L 137 K 138 M 139 K 140 K 141 N 142 M 143 N 144 K
145 L 146 N 147 K 148 K 149 N 150 L 151 M 152 M 153 M 154 K 155 L 156 L
157 M 158 N 159 K 160 K 161 M 162 L 163 M 164 K 165 L 166 L 167 M 168 M
169 K 170 L 171 K 172 L 173 M 174 K 175 L 176 L 177 K 178 L 179 L 180 K
181 K 182 N 183 N 184 M 185 L 186 L 187 L 188 N 189 L 190 L 191 L 192 M
193 L 194 L 195 L 196 M 197 N 198 M 199 N 200 N 201 L 202 L 203 M 204 N
205 M 206 K 207 N 208 K 209 K 210 L 211 N 212 L 213 K 214 K 215 N 216 K
217 K 218 M 219 M 220 M 221 N 222 N
 516 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

M. mswÞµ¦ cÉk²
1. ˆKvb fvlvi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM 10. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ ˆnWvi dvBj LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ eYÆbv KGiv|
Kiv hvq? eYÆbv KGiv| 11. ˆjvKvj I ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqeGji gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK eYÆbv
2. ˆgwkb fvlvi myweavmgƒn wjGLv| KGiv|
3. hvw¯¨K I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv| 12. wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆcvÕ¡wdÝ I wcÉwdÝ ejGZ Kx ˆevS?
4. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg ejGZ Kx ˆevS? msGÞGc eYÆbv KGiv| 13. digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi ejGZ Kx ˆevS? %c, %d, %1d,
5. KÁ·vBjvGii myweavmgƒn wjGLv| %f, %1f mÁ·GKÆ wjGLv|
6. ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avcmgƒn msGÞGc wjGLv| 14. BbwKÌGg´Ÿ I wWwKÌGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi KvGK eGj? D`vniY
7. ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kivi wbqgvejx wjGLv| `vI|
8. AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ ‰i cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv| 15. ˆcÉvMÉvGg AÅvGi Õ¡ÈvKPvGii myweav I Amyweav wjGLv|
9. AeGRÙ IwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 16. ˆcÉvMÉvGg dvskGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv wjGLv|

N. m†Rbkxj cÉk²
printf("Type the marks(%d): ",i);
1. ‰KwU KGjGRi AvBwmwU wkÞK wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆcÉvMÉvwgs scanf("%d",&a[i]);
fvlv I ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi wewf®² avc mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv s=s+a[i];
KiwQGjb| ‰i gGaÅ KGqKRb wkÞv^Æx cÉevnwPò mÁ·GKÆ }
eySGZ bv cvivq wkÞK ˆevGWÆ ‰KwU cÉevnwPò ‰uGK Zv printf("SUM=%d",s);
}
eywSGq w`Gjb ‰es wkÞv^ÆxG`i wZbwU msLÅv ˆ^GK e†nîg
msLÅvwU wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g I cÉevnwPò ŠZwi KiGZ K. AÅvjMwi`g Kx?
ejGjb| L. ˆgwkb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg `Ë‚Z wbeÆvn nq ˆKb?
K. ˆUwÕ¡s Kx? M. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi cÉevn wPò AsKb Ki|
L. nvBGjGej fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvwgs Kiv mnR eÅvLÅv KGiv| N. DóxcGKi “ˆcÉvMÉvgwU jyc KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ QvovI
M. wkÞGKi cÉ`vbK‡Z AÅvjMwi`g I cÉevnwPòwU ŠZwi mgvavb mÁ¿e”- ˆKvwWsmn eÅvLÅv Ki|
KGi ˆ`LvI| 4. aviv wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg `ywU jÞÅ Kwi:
main() main()
N. DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU wm-fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KGiv| { {
2. KwÁ·DUvi mvGqG´Öi Qvò cjvk ‘wm’ fvlvq wKQy Drm int a, n; inta,i,n,j;
ˆKvW wjLj| dvBjwU X bvGg msiÞY KiGjv| ‰ici ˆm for(a=1;a<=10; a=a+1) printf("First term: ");
{ scanf("%d",&a);
dvBjwUGK KÁ·vBj KGi Drm ˆKvWGK AeGRÙ ˆKvGW printf("%d\t ",a); printf("Increment: ");
cwiYZ Kij ‰es AeGRÙ ˆKvWGK Y bvGg msiÞY } scanf("%d",&i);
KiGjv| KvRwU ˆkl nGj cjvGki ˆQvU ˆevb Pvi‚ ZvGK } printf("Last term: ");
wRævmv KiGjv ˆKb Zzwg Drm ˆKvWGK AeGRÙ ˆKvGW ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 scanf("%d",&n);
i…cv¯¦i KiGj? printf("Series: ");
for(j=a;j<=n; j=j+i)
K. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? {
L. KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvGii gGaÅ `ywU cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL| printf("%d\t ",j);
M. Pvi‚i cÉGk²i Dîi Zzwg KxfvGe w`Ge? eYbÆv KGiv| }
N. X I Y dvBj `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU cjvGki RbÅ }
Abyaveb Kiv mnR? DîGii Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI| ˆcÉvMÉvg-2
3. ˆcÉvMÉvgwU jÞÅ Ki ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: K. aË‚eK Kx?
main() L. scanf (“ %mf ”, &a); ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwU eÅvLÅv Ki|
{ M. ˆcÉvMÉvg-2 ‰i MwZaviv mnGR eySvGbvi Dcvq ˆ`LvI|
int a[10],i,s=0;
for(i=1;i<=4;++i) N. ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvg-2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGK Zzwg
{ Dîg eGj gGb Ki  weGkÏlY cƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 517
5. ˆcÉvMÉvg `ywU jÞ Ki ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| { {
1: scanf("%d",&n); 1: scanf("%d",&n); int a = 10, b = 15; int a, b, c:
2: s=0; 2: s=0; int c = a + b; scanf ("% d % d", & a, &
3: do 3: while(n<=10) printf ("% d", c); b);
4: { 4: { } c = a + b;
5: s=s+n; 5: s=s+n; printf ("% d", c);
6: n=n+1; 6: n=n+1; }
7: }while(n<=10); 7: } ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 ˆcÉvMÉvg-2
8: printf("%d ",s); 8: printf("%d ",s); [Kz. ˆev. 19]
ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 ˆcÉvMÉvg-2 K. aË‚eK Kx?
scanf ("%f", & a); ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
L.
K. PjK Kx?
M.
ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 ‰i cÉevnwPò AsKb Ki|
L. wm (C) ‰KwU ˆKm ˆmbwmwUf fvlv eywSGq ˆjL|
N.
ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 I ˆcÉvMÉvg-2 ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGK Zzwg Dîg
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg-2 ‰i AÅvjMwi`g ˆjL ‰es eÅvLÅv Ki|
eGj gGb Ki? weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI|
N. n>10 ‰i RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg-1 I ˆcÉvMÉvg-2 ‰i AvDUcyU
9.
‰KB nIqvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGg wK aiGbi cwieZÆb AvbGZ
nGe- weGkÏlY KGiv|
6. # include < stdio.h >
# include < conio.h >
main ( )
{
int a, s;
s = 0;
for (a = 1; a < = 30; a+ = 2}
{
s = s + a;
}
printf ("sum = % d", s); [Xv. ˆev. 16]
getch ( ); KÁ·vBjvi Kx?K.
} L.
AÅvjMwi`g ˆKvwWs-‰i cƒeÆkZÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
[iv. ˆev. 19]
M.
DóxcGKi mgmÅvwUi “wm” fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
K. msiwÞZ kõ Kx?
L. K + + I + + K eÅvLÅv KGiv| N.
DóxcGKi aviYv ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi avGci mvG^ wKfvGe
M. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi RbÅ ‰KwU cÉevnwPò Aâb mÁ·wKÆ Z? weGkÏlY KGiv|
KGiv| 10. ˆcÉ v MÉ v gwU ˆ`L ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
N. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU while jyc eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi Kiv #include<stdio.h>
#define a 3.1416
mÁ¿e wKbv weGkÏlY KGiv|
main()
7. evwlÆK KÌxov cÉwZGhvwMZvq ‰Kv`k ˆkÉYxi wkÞv^xÆG`i {
A, B I C `Gj wefÚ Kiv nq| ˆivj bÁ¼i 1 ˆ^GK 30 int r;
chƯ¦ A `Gj, 31 ˆ^GK 60 chƯ¦ B `Gj ‰es 61 ˆ^GK float area;
100 chƯ¦ C `Gj A¯¦fÚ zÆ nGe| [Xv., w`., wm., h. ˆev. 18] printf("Type the radius: ");
K. AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? scanf("%d",&r);
L. wm ‰KwU ˆKm ˆmbwmwUf fvlv- eywSGq ˆjL| area=a*r*r;
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ `j MVGbi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g ˆjL| printf("Area=%f",area);
}
N. wm fvlvq Kw´£kbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi `j MVGbi
RbÅ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KGiv| K. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wfwî Kx?
8. `ywU msLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg jÞÅ KGiv: L. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg & eÅen†Z nGqGQ ˆKb?
# include <stdio.h > # include < stdio. h > M. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg r eÅenvGii myweav eYÆbv KGiv|
main ( ) main ( ) N. ˆcÉvMÉvGg a ‰es r ‰i eÅenvwiK cv^ÆKÅ wbi…cY KGiv|
 518 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

11. #Include (stdio.h) K. PjK Kx?

void main ( ) L. WKzGgG´Ÿkb ˆKb KiGZ nq?
{ M. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi AÅvjMwi`g wjL|
int i, S=0; N. DóxcGKi ˆKvGW eÅen†Z jyGci cwieGZÆ do while
Print f ("Enter last number =") jyc eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU wjL|
Scan f ("% d", n)
I = 10;
14. wPò `ywU jÞ KGiv:
while (i < n)
{
S=S+i
i = i + 10
} wPò-1 wPò-2
Print f ("Sum = %d" s) Z¯Ãbv KwÁ·DUvGi C ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KGi wPò-2 ‰ AswKZ
}
[h. ˆev. 19]
welqwUi ˆÞòdj wbYÆq Kij| Hkx wPò-1 ‰i ˆÞòdj avGc
K. ˆnWvi dvBj Kx? avGc I wPGòi mvnvGhÅ wbYÆGqi eÅeÕ©v Kij| [Kz. ˆev. 16]
K. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx?
L. C I C + + ‰i gGaÅ wf®²Zv Kx? eÅvLÅv Ki|
L. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆewk DcGhvMx
M. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU wWevwMs Ki|
eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. DóxcK ˆcÉvMÉvgwU goto jyc w`Gq evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e M. DóxcGK Hkxi wPò-1 ‰i ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
ˆ`LvI| AsKb KGiv|
12. ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ˆ`L ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: N. Z¯Ãbvi wPòwUi ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| eÅvmvaÆ
main() I ‰i ˆÞGò djvdGji mZÅZv hvPvB KGiv|
{
15. wbGPi avivwU jÞ KGiv:
int a;
7 + 14 + 21 + .. .. .. .. .. .. + 100
for(a=1; a<=10;a++)
K. ‘wm’ fvlvi RbK ˆK?
{
L. ‘wm’ fvlvGK ˆKb Mid Level fvlv nq? eywSGq ˆjL|
printf(“%d”,a);
}
M. avivwUi 10g c` wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
} N. do-while jyc eÅenvi KGi avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi
K. digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdqvi Kx? ˆÞGò jy c wU KZ evi NyiGe Zv avivevwnKfvGe weGkÏlY
KGiv|
L. \n ‰es \r ‰i eÅenvwiK ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|
16. (i) 1+4+7+........+N| (ii) ˆKvb msLÅvi dÅvÙwiqvj
M. do-loop eÅenvi KGi DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ˆjL| gvb wbYÆGqi dgyÆjv: n!=n(n-1)(n-2)............1
N. Amxg jyc ‰i RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ Kx cwieZÆb AvbGZ K. ˆgwkb fvlv Kx?
nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| L. wm-fvlvq PjGKi bvgKiGY wKQy wbqgKvbyb ˆgGb
13. #include < stdio. h> PjGZ nq ˆKb?
#include < conio. h> M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ (i)-‰i ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ
int main ( ) ˆdÑvPvUÆ AuvK|
{ N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ (ii)-‰i dÅvÙwiqvj gvb wbYÆGqi
int i, Sum, n; ‘wm’-fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
clrser ( );
printf ("Enter the value of n = "); 17. wiGqj Zvi fvB wiqv`GK ejj, cÉ^g 100wU abvñK
scanf ("% d", & n); cƒYÆ msLÅvi ˆhvMdj KZ? wiqv` ZvGK For Loop eÅenvi
Sum = 0; KGi ‰KwU ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL w`j ‰es ejj ‰wU wbeÆvn
for ( i = 1; i < = n; i ++) KiGj ˆhvMdjwU cvIqv hvGe|
Sum = Sum + i; K. AÅvGmÁ¼ wj fvlv Kx?
printf("\n\sum of all numbers from 1 to % d is L. wKIqvWÆ GK ˆfwiGqej wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv ˆKb?
= % d", n, Sum); M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mgmÅvi ‘wm’ fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvW wjL|
getch ( ); N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mgmÅvi mgvavb Avi Kx Kx fvGe
}return 0; [iv., Kz., P., e. ˆev. 18] Kiv ˆhZ, ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv KGiv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 519
18. KGjGRi AvBwmwU wkÞK wkÞv^ÆxGK 1 ˆ^GK 100 K. wWevwMs Kx?
chƯ¦ ˆhvM KGi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ wm ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ L. Drm ˆKvWGK KÁ·vBj Kivi cÉGqvRb nq ˆKb? eÅvLÅv
ejGjb| wkÞv^Æx ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvgwU wjLGjb Zv wbÁ²i…ct KGiv|
#include<stdio.h> M. DóxcGKi wm-ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi ˆdÑvPvUÆ Kx aiGbi nGe
#include<conio.h> eYÆbv KGiv|
main ( )
{ N. mwVK ˆcÉvMÉvGg PjK i ‰es s ‰i gvb hw` BbcyU
int a, m, n, s = 0; wnGmGe 35 I 20 ˆ`Iqv nq ZGe jyGci cÉwZwU avGc
scanf (“%d %d”, &m, &n); wK NUGe weGkÏlY KGiv|
for (a = m; a<=n; a++)
{ 21. wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
s=s+a; # include < stdio. h>
} main ( )
printf (“Sum = %d”, s) ; {
getch ( ) ; int SUM, N:
printf ("Enter the last number");
}
scanf("%d", N);
K. 4GL Kx? SUM = 0
L. wm-ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ # include <stdio.h> AvekÅK ˆKb? for (i = 1; i  N; i = i + 3)
eÅvLÅv Ki| {
M. wkÞGKi wbG`Æk ˆgvZvGeK wmwiRwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi SUM = SUM + i;
RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g ˆjL| }
N. `yBwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU myweavRbK weGkÏlYcƒeÆK printf("Result: % d", SUM);
gZvgZ `vI| }
[e. ˆev. 17]
19. 1+33+.......+nn ‰B wmwiGRi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq Kivi
RbÅ wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| K. my G WvGKvW Kx?
#include <stidio.h> L. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆewk DcGhvMx
void main( ) eÅvLÅv KGiv|
{ M. DcGii DóxcKwUi ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb KGiv|
int n,c,s=(); N. DcGii DcóxcKwU do ..... while jyGci mvnvGhÅ KiGZ
scanf(“%d”, &n); nGj ˆKvGWi wK cweZÆb KiZGZ nGe weGkÏlY KGiv|
for(c=l;c<n;c++)
{s=s+c*c 22. i  C  F  32 ii  13  23  .......  N 3
printf(“%”,s); 5 9
K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? K. Syntex Error KvGK eGj?
L. for ‰es do jyc `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU eÅenvi Kiv mnR? L. wm ‰KwU DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. DwÍÏwLZ wmwiRwUi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb KGiv| M. i  bs DóxcGKi ˆmw´ŸGMÉWGK dvGibnvBGUi
N. wm ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ Kx Kx mgmÅv AvGQ Zv weGkÏlYcƒeÆK
gZvgZ `vI| i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ ‰KwU ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZix KGiv|
N. ii  bs DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mgmÅvwUi ‘wm’ fvlvq
20.
#include < > ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
void main() 23. gvaex KwÁ·DUvGi eGm wbGÁ²vÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU UvBc KiGjv:
{ # include<stdio.h>
printf(“enter two number”); # include<conio.h>
main ()
do {
{ int i, sum=0 n;
t=i%S; printf (“Enter the value of n=”);
i=s; Scanf (“%d”, & n);
s=t; for (i=1; i<n; i++)
} While (s!=0) sum=sum+1;
printf(“GCD is %d”,i); printf(“In total of series is % d”, sum);
getch(); getch ();
} }
 520 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

K. bÅvPvivj jÅvãyGqR Kx? K. ˆWUv UvBc Kx?

L. Scanf (“%f”, & a) ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| L. ˆgwkb fvlvq Kgv´£-‰i cÉGqvRb nq bv ˆKb?
M. gvaexi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi cÉevnwPò wjL| M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK for ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwUi eYÆbv `vI|
N. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU do-while jyc eÅenvi KGi ˆjLv N. DóxcGK ˆKvb fzj ^vKGj Zv msGkvabcƒeÆK ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
hvq eYÆbv KGiv| cwicƒYÆ KiGZ Kx cwieZÆb AvbGZ nGe weGkÏlY KGiv|
24. AvBwmwU welGqi wkÞK KÑvGm QvòG`i AcvGiUi, 26.
PjK, ˆWUv UvBc, I wewf®² ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·GKÆ cvV`vb avc-1t ÷i‚ KGiv|
KiwQGjb ‰es ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi KxfvGe wm-fvlvq (i) avc-2t wZbwU msLÅv P, Q, R MÉnY KGiv|
Õ¼vfvweK msLÅvi gGaÅ ˆRvo msLÅvàGjvi ˆhvMdj I (ii) avc-3t P ˆK Q «¼viv àY Ki ‰es àYdjGK K-‰ ivL|
GCD wbYÆq Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ nq Zv QvòG`i
avc-4t K ˆK R w`Gq fvM Ki ‰es fvMdj S-‰ ivL|
ˆevSvGjb|
avc-5t K ˆK QvcvI|
K. jyc Kx?
avc-6t S ˆK QvcvI|
L. ˆcÉvMÉvGg AcvGiUGii ài‚Z½ ˆjL|
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ (i)-‰i wm-fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| avc-7t ˆkl Ki|
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ (ii)-‰ KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi K. ˆfwiGqej KvGK eGj?
KGi KxfvGe ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ nq? gZvgZ `vI| L. ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej main() dvskGbi DcGi eÅenvi
25. int i,sum=0 Kiv nq ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
for (i=l ; i<=n; i++) M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AÅvjMwi`Ggi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆdÑvPvUÆ
{ ŠZwi KGiv|
scanf(“%d”,&n); N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AÅvjMwi`gwUi RbÅ ‘wm’ fvlvq
sum=sum+i; ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KGiv|
}

O. mgw®¼Z AaÅvGqi m†Rbkxj cÉk²

1. DóxcKwU co ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| K. Š«¼Z bxwZ Kx?
ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ L. ˆcÉvMÉvg WKzGgG´Ÿkb ejGZ Kx ˆevS?
M. ÷ay NAND ˆMBU eÅenvi KGi mvwKÆUwU evÕ¦evqb Ki|
N. wm fvlv eÅenvi KGi mvwKÆUwU evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e wKbv -
s = 0, a = weGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvI|
1 3. ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
bv X=(13.5)8, Y=(15.5)10, Z=(17.5)16
1 If 3 I 5 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq
a <= 30
2
K. weU Kx?
nuÅv S L. wbGPi PjKàGjv ˆKb fzj eÅvLÅv Ki|
s=s+a int, main, private, number-1
a=a+2 ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl M. 2’ ‰i cwicƒiK eÅenvi KGi cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq msLÅvi
3 cƒYÆvsGki cv^ÆKÅ wbYÆq Ki|
4 I 5 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq N. DóxcGKi msLÅvàGjv hvB ^vKzK bv ˆKb ZvG`i cƒYÆvskGK
K. ‰BPwU‰g‰j ˆUÝU digÅvwUs Kx? `kwgK aGi ˆh aviv ŠZwi nq Zvi cÉ^g n msLÅK cG`i
L. wbÁ²Õ©Gii fvlv ejGZ Kx GevS? ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL|
M. cÉevn wPòwU ˆh KvhÆKvwiZv cÉ`kÆb KGi ‰wÝU KG´ŸÈvj 4. iwng ˆ`vKvb ˆ^GK (30)8 UvKvi LvZv, (AB)16 UvKvi
jyc KGi wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| Kjg wKGb ˆ`vKvb`viGK (500)10 UvKvi 1wU ˆbvU
N. DóxcGKi 1 bs ˆK ˆnvgGcBR, 2 I 3 bs ˆK w`Gjb| 3 I 5 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq
gƒjavivi ˆcBR aGi wjwbqvi I ˆgby Õ¡ÈvKPvGii RbÅ K. jyc Kx?
ˆjAvDU ‰es html ˆKvW ˆ`LvI| L. 4 weGUi ˆKvb ˆKvWàGjv BCD-ˆZ eÅen†Z nq bv ‰es ˆKb?
2. DóxcKwU co ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI| M. iwng KZ UvKv ˆdiZ cvGe Zv ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv
X S c«¬wZGZ ˆ`LvI|
H/A N. iwng KZ UvKv ˆdiZ cvGe Zv wbYÆGqi ˆdÑvPvUÆwU AuvK
Y C 4 I 5 AaÅvGqi mg®¼Gq ‰es ‰i Õ¼cGÞ hywÚ `vI|
 521 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

P. m†Rbkxj ævb I AbyavebgƒjK cÉk²

 ævbgƒjK 35. ˆWUv UvBc gwWdvqvi ejGZ Kx eySvq?
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv 36. wWivBfW ˆWUv UvBc Kx?
1. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? [iv. ˆev. 17; w`., Kz. ˆev. 16] 37. duvKv ev ‰Á·wU ˆWUv ˆmU Kx?
2. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs Kx? 38. BDRvi wWdvBb ˆWUv UvBc Kx?
3. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv Kx? ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z PjK I aË‚eK
4. ˆgwkb fvlv Kx? 39. aË‚eK Kx? [Xv.ˆev. 17; Kz.ˆev. 19]
5. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv Kx? 40. PjK Kx? [iv.,Kz.,P.,e.ˆev. 18; Xv.,P.ˆev. 19]
6. gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv Kx? 41. ˆjvKvj I ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej Kx?
wewf®² DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv 42. weΟ Bb ˆfwiGqej Kx?
7. DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv Kx? ivwkgvjv
8. 4GLKx? [h. ˆev. 16; Xv. ˆev. 19] 43. AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ AcvGiUi Kx? [w`.ˆev. 17]
9. cçg cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv Kx? 44. BDbvwi I evBbvwi AcvGiUi Kx?
10. bÅvPvivj jÅvãyGqR Kx? 45. ˆUvGKb ejGZ Kx ˆevS?
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBjvi ,AÅvGmÁ¼jvi , B´ŸviGcÉUvi 46. Presidence Kx?
11. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? [e. ˆev. 19] 47. KxIqvWÆ Kx? [P.ˆev. 19]
12. AÅvGmÁ¼jvi Kx? BbcyU / AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
13. B´ŸviGcÉUvi Kx? 48. BbcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx?
14. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? 49. AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx?
15. AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? [Xv.,w`.,wm.,h.ˆev. 18] 50. digÅvU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi Kx?
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb KG´ŸÈvj I Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
16. ˆUwÕ¡s Kx? 51. KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx?
17. wWevwMs Kx? 52. RvwÁ·s ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx?
18. evwMs Kx? jyc I jyGci eÅenvi
19. ivb UvBg ‰ii Kx? [wm.ˆev. 19] 53. jyc Kx?
20. ˆhŒwÚK fzj Kx? 54. ‰w´ŸÈ I ‰wÝU KG´ŸÈvj jyc Kx?
21. Syntax Error Kx? [wm.ˆev. 16]
AÅvGi I AÅvGii eÅenvi
AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ
55. AÅvGi Kx?
22. AÅvjMwi`g KvGK eGj? [w`.ˆev. 19]
56. AÅvGi ˆWUv UvBc wKfvGe wWGKÑqvi Kiv hvq?
23. ˆdÑvPvUÆ Kx?
24. myGWvGKvW Kx? [e.ˆev. 17; h.ˆev. 19] dvskb I dvskGbi eÅenvi
57. dvskb Kx?
ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWj
25. Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj KvGK eGj?  AbyavebgƒjK
26. OPP gGWj KvGK eGj?
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi aviYv
27. wfRyqÅvj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj KvGK eGj? 1. ˆgwkb fvlvq Kgv´£-‰i cÉGqvRb nq bv ˆKb?
28. BGf´Ÿ WÈvBGfb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs gGWj KvGK eGj? 2. hvw¯¨K fvlvGK wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv ejv nq ˆKb?
29. cwjgiwdRg Kx? 3. 0, 1 w`Gq ˆjLv fvlv eÅvLÅv Ki| [P.,h.ˆev. 16]
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg 4. ˆgwkb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg `Ë‚Z wbeÆvn nq ˆKb?
30. ‘wm’ fvlvi RbK ˆK? 5. ˆgwkb fvlvi myweav I Amyweav ˆjL|
31. wjsKvi Kx? 6. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv ˆgwkb fvlvi ˆPGq Dîg ˆKb?
32. ˆnWvi dvBj Kx? [h.ˆev. 19] 7. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK Abyev` Kivi RbÅ ˆKvb weGkl
33. General Purpose GcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv Kx? mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq?
‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z ˆWUv UvBc 8. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi myweav I Amyweav ˆjL|
34. ˆWUv UvBc Kx? 9. hvw¯¨K fvlv I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|
 522 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wewf®² DœPÕ¦Gii fvlv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv 35. wm’ ˆK ‰KwU General Purpose ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ejv nq
10. ˆKvb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGj KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi eySGZ ˆKb? eywSGq ˆjL|
cvGi bv? eÅvLÅv Ki| 36. wm-ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ main() dvskb ‰i ài‚Z½ eÅvLÅv Ki|
11. High level language-‰i Amyweav eÅvLÅv KGiv| [h.ˆev. 17]
12. ˆgwkb fvlv / wbÁ²Õ¦Gii fvlv I DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi gGaÅ 37. wm-ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ #include<stdio.h>AvekÅK ˆKb?
cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI| eÅvLÅv Ki|
38. wm fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z dvskGbi ˆnWvi dvBj
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg- KÁ·vBjvi, AÅvGmÁ¼jvi, DGjÐL AvekÅK  eÅvLÅv Ki|
B´ŸviGcÉUvi 39. math.h dvBjwU eÅvLÅv Ki| [P.ˆev. 19]
13. KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvGii gGaÅ `ywU cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL| 40. C I C++ ‰i gGaÅ wf®²Zv Kx? eÅvLÅv Ki| [h.ˆev. 19]
14. Drm ˆKvWGK KÁ·vBj Kivi cÉGqvRb nq ˆKb? eÅvLÅv
‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z ˆWUv UvBc
Ki|
41. BDRvi wWdvB´£ ˆWUv UvBc ejGZ Kx ˆevS?
15. DœPZi fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg
42. ˆWUvUvBc gwWdvqvi Kx? eywSGq ˆjL |
cÉGqvRb ˆKb? 43. Integer ‰i cwieGZÆ KLb Long Integer eÅenvi
16. KÁ·vBjvi myweavRbK ˆKb? eÅvLÅv Ki| [w`.ˆev. 19] KiGZ nq?-eywSGq wjL| [P.ˆev. 17]
17. B´ŸviGcÉUvGii Zzjbvq KÁ·vBjvi myweavRbK - eÅvLÅv
Ki| [Xv.ˆev. 19] ‘wm’ fvlvq eÅen†Z PjK I aË‚eK
18. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆewk DcGhvMx - 44. ˆfwiGqej bvgKiGYi wbqgvejx wjL |
eÅvLÅv Ki| [Kz.ˆev. 16] 45. ‘wm-fvlvq PjGKi bvgKiGY wKQy wbqgKvbyb ˆgGb
19. cÉGZÅKevi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq KÁ·vBj Kiv PjGZ nq |’-eÅvLÅv Ki| [Kz.ˆev. 17]
cÉGqvRb eÅvLÅv Ki| 46. ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej I ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqeGji gGaÅ
20. KÁ·vBjvi KxfvGe Abyev`GKi KvR mÁ·®² KGi? ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL|
47. PjGKi bvGg Av´£viGÕ•vi eÅenvi Kiv hvGe-eÅvLÅv
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msMVb Ki| [wm.ˆev. 19]
21. WKzGg´Ÿkb ˆKb KiGZ nq? [iv.,Kz., P.,e.ˆev. 18] 48. ˆfwiGqej bvgKiGYi mxgve«¬Zv Kx?
AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvUÆ 49. wm fvlvq “1 number” mwVK PjK bq-eÅvLÅv Ki|
22. AÅvjMwi`Ggi myweavmgƒn ˆjL| [P.ˆev. 19]
23. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs-‰ AÅvjMwi`Ggi ài‚Z½ ˆjL| 50. PjK I aË‚eK ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL|
24. AÅvjMwi`g ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi mnvqK  eÅvLÅv Ki| ivwkgvjv I wKIqvWÆ
25. AÅvjMwi`g ˆKvwWs-‰i cƒeÆkZÆ eÅvLÅv Ki| [Xv.ˆev. 51. KLb BDbvix AcvGiUi eÅenvi Kiv nq? eÅvLÅv Ki|
16] 52. ˆcÉvMÉvGg AcvGiUGii ài‚Z½ ˆjL|
26. ˆdÑvPvUÆ nGjv wPòwfwîK AÅvjMwi`g eÅvLÅv Ki| 53. ++i ‰es i++ ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL|
27. AÅvjMwi`g I ˆdÑvPvGUÆi cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL| 54. wKIqvWÆGK ˆfwiGqej wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv
28. wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvGUÆi ˆPGq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv ˆewk ˆKb?
cÉGqvRb nIqvi KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 55. \n ‰es \r ‰i eÅenvwiK cv^ÆKÅ eÅvLÅv Ki|
29. mƒGWvGKvGWi ˆPGq ˆdÑvPvUÆ ˆewk meÆRbxb- eÅvLÅv Ki| BbcyU / AvDUcyU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
30. mƒGWvGKvW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv wbfÆi bq-eÅvLÅv Ki| [e.ˆev. 56. scanf ( “%f ”,&a) ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwU eÅvLÅv Ki| [Kz.ˆev. 19]
19]
57. scanf() dvskGb ‘&’ eÅen†Z nq ˆKb?
‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg 58. printf(“%d %x”, &a, &b); GÕ¡UGg´ŸwU eÅvLÅv Ki|
31. wm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ejv nq ˆKb? [iv.ˆev. 17]
32. ‘wm’ ‰KwU ˆKm ˆmbwmwUf fvlv? eywSGq ˆjL| [wm.ˆev. 59. AvDUcyU dvskb ejGZ Kx eySvq? [e.ˆev. 16]
17; Xv.,w`.,wm.,h.ˆev. 18; Xv.ˆev. 19] AÅvGi I AÅvGii eÅenvi
33. ‘wm’ ˆK gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv ejv nq ˆKb?| [w`.ˆev. 16; 60. AÅvGi I PjK ‰K bq­ eÅvLÅv Ki|
Xv.ˆev 17]
34. wm’ ˆK Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ev ˆcÉvwmwWDi AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs dvskb I dvskGbi eÅenvi
jÅvãyGqR ejv nq ˆKb? eywSGq ˆjL| 61. dvskb wbGRB wbGRGK Kj KGi- eÅvLÅv Ki|