Electrical Circuits (1)

By:
Dr. Aya Hossam
Lecture 5
“Network Theorems (1)”
 Today’s Menu
➢Explain Source Conversions.
➢Explain Mesh Theorem.
• To introduce the mesh – current method.
• To formulate the mesh-current equations.
• To solve electric circuits using the mesh-current method.
➢Explain Nodal Voltage Theorem.
• To introduce the Node Voltage method.
• To formulate the Nodal - voltage equations.
➢Compare between Mesh and Nodal Voltage Theorem
 1. Source
Conversions
 1. Source Conversions
1. Converting a Voltage Source to a Current Source:

The source resistance, RS, is the same for both Voltage and Current Sources.
 1. Source Conversions
2. Converting a Current Source to a Voltage Source:
The source current Is ,multiplied by the internal source resistance Rs ,gives the
value of the equivalent source voltage.
 1. Source Conversions
Example-1:

Convert the current source in Figure shown to an

equivalent voltage source and show the equivalent
circuit.

Solution:
 1. Source Conversions
Example-2:

Find the current i in the circuit shown.

Solution:
First, you must convert from current source to voltage source
 2. Mesh
Theorem
 2. Mesh Method
Overview on Mesh method
• Mesh Analysis is developed by applying KVL to find unknown currents.
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loops.
• The current through a mesh is known as the mesh current.
• Loop (mesh) analysis results in a system of linear equations which must be solved for
unknown currents.
• As usual, be careful writing mesh equations.
2. Mesh Method
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
To illustrate the steps, consider the circuit in Figure shown.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
The first step requires that loop currents 𝒊𝟏 and 𝒊𝟐 are assigned to loops 1 and 2. Although a loop current
may be assigned to each loop in an arbitrary direction, it is conventional to assume that each loop current
flows clockwise.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.

Using the assigned loop currents, indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors in the circuit. For a
resistor which is common to two loops, the polarities of the voltage drop due to each loop current should
be indicated on the appropriate side of the component.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.

Using the assigned loop currents, indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors in the circuit. For a
resistor which is common to two loops, the polarities of the voltage drop due to each loop current should
be indicated on the appropriate side of the component.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.

Using the assigned loop currents, indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors in the circuit. For a
resistor which is common to two loops, the polarities of the voltage drop due to each loop current should
be indicated on the appropriate side of the component.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.

Using the assigned loop currents, indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors in the circuit. For a
resistor which is common to two loops, the polarities of the voltage drop due to each loop current
should be indicated on the appropriate side of the component.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.

Using the assigned loop currents, indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors in the circuit. For a
resistor which is common to two loops, the polarities of the voltage drop due to each loop current should
be indicated on the appropriate side of the component.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
As the second step, we apply KVL to each loop.

Using the assigned loop currents, indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors in the circuit. For a
resistor which is common to two loops, the polarities of the voltage drop due to each loop current should
be indicated on the appropriate side of the component.
 Loop (Mesh) Current Method
The third step is to solve for the loop currents.
Solve the resultant simultaneous linear equations by the determinant's method.
+6 −4
∆= = 6)(5 − −4 −4 = 30 − 16 = +14
−4 +5
+2 −4
∆1 = = 2)(5 − −4 −6 = 10 − 24 = −14
−6 +5
+6 +2
∆2 = = 6)(−6 − 2 −4 = −36 + 8 = −28
−4 −6

∆1 −14
∴ 𝐼1 = = = −1 𝑨
∆ +14

∆2 −28
and 𝐼2 = = = −2 𝑨
∆ +14
The minus signs indicate that the currents have a direction opposite to that indicated by the assumed loop current.
 2. Mesh Method
Steps of Mesh Analysis:
Solve the resulting Mesh-Current equations.
➢ For loop 1:

➢ For loop 2:
 Examples on Mesh Method
Example-1:
For circuit shown. write the mesh equations and solve for the currents I1, and I2
4 2

Solution: 6
7

4 I1 + 6 (I1 – I2) = 10 - 2
+
Mesh 1 10V _ I1
2V +_
I2
_
20V
+

Mesh 2 6(I2 – I1) + 2 I2 + 7 I2 = 2 + 20

Simplifying Eq (1) and (2) gives,
I1 = 2.2105A
10 I1 – 6 I2 = 8
I2 = 2.3509A
-6 I1 + 15 I2 = 22
 Examples on Mesh Method
Example-2:
For circuit shown. write the mesh equations and solve for the currents I1, I2, and I3.
12V
9
Solution: _
_+

+
Write KVL, clockwise, for each mesh.
I3 8V
Mesh 1: 6 I1 +10 (I1 – I3) + 4 (I1 – I2) = 20 + 10 10  11 
+ _
Mesh 2: 4 (I2 – I1) + 11 (I2 – I3) + 3 I2 = -10 - 8
6 4
Mesh 3: 10 (I3 – I1) + 11 (I3 – I2) + 9 I3 = 12 + 8 3
I1 _ I2
20V +_ 10V
_ +
 Examples on Mesh Method
Continue:
Standard Equation form
20I1 – 4I2 – 10I3 = 30 9
_
12V
_+

+
-4I1 + 18I2 – 11I3 = -18
I3 8V
10  11 
-10I1 – 11I2 + 30I3 = 20 + _

6 4
In matrix form: _
3
I1 I2
20V +_ 10V
 20 − 4 − 10  I1   30  _ +
 − 4 18 − 11  I  =  − 18
  2   
 − 10 − 11 30   I 3   20 
 Example-3: Determine the current through the 8-V battery for the circuit of Figure shown.

Solution Convert the current source into an equivalent

voltage source.

𝑬 = 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝟓 × 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑽
 Solution The equivalent circuit may now be analyzed
by using the loop currents.

Rewriting the linear equations, you get the following:

Solving the equations using determinants, we have the following:

+5 −3
∆= = 5)(4 − −3 −3 = 20 − 9 = +11
−3 +4
−18 −3
∆1 = = −18)(4 − −3 +4 = −72 + 6 = −66
+2 +4
+5 −18
∆2 = = 5)(2 − −18 −3 = 10 − 54 = −44
−3 +2
 ∆1 −66
∴ 𝐼1 = = = −6 𝑨
∆ +11

∆2 −44
and 𝐼2 = = = −4 𝑨
∆ +11
If the assumed direction of current in
the 8-V battery is taken to be I2, then

𝑰𝟖𝑽 = 𝑰2 − 𝑰1 𝑰𝟖𝑽 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

= −4 − −6 = 𝟐 𝑨

The direction of the resultant current is the same as I2 (upward).

*SuperMesh
Analysis
 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
Special cases
CASE 1 When a current source exists only in one mesh:
Consider the circuit in Figure shown, for example. We set 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟓 𝑨 and write a loop equation for the other loop in
the usual way; that is,
Loop 2: 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟓
Loop 1: 𝟒 + 𝟔 𝑰𝟏 − 𝟔𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎

Rearrange, then:
Loop 2: 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟓
Loop 1: 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟔𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟔(−𝟓) = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = = −𝟐 𝑨
𝟏𝟎
Example-4
Find the three mesh currents in the circuit below
Solution: 2
20V

When a current source is present, it will be directly related

_ +

to one or more of the mesh current. In this case I2 = -4A. I3

10  20 

Equation for mesh 1: Equations for mesh 2: 10V +_ I1 5 I2 4A

10 I1 + 5 (I1-I2) = 10 2I3 + (I3-I2)20 = 20 15 

or or
15 I1 – 5 I2 = 10 - 20I2 + 22I3 = 20

Constraint Equation I2 = - 4A
 Examples on Mesh Method
Continue:
20V
In matrix form: 2
_ +

15 −5 0   I1  10  10  I3
20 
 0 −20 22  I  =  20 
  2  
 0 1 0   I 3   −4 10V +_ I1 5 I2 4A

15 

I1 = -0.667 A
I2 = - 4 A
I3 = - 2.73 A
 CASE 2 When a dependent source exists only in one mesh:
Example-5
Use Loop analysis to find Io in the circuit shown.
Solution:
Note that : using KCL at node A,
Io = i1 - i2.

Equation for mesh 1: Equations for mesh 2: Equations for mesh 3:

10 (i1 - i2 )+ 12 (i1-i3) = 24 24i2 + 4 (i2 – i3) + 10 (i2 – i1 ) =0 4 (i3 – i2) + 12 (i3 – i1 ) = -4 Io
or or
22 i1 – 10i2 – 12i3 = 24 -10i1 +38 i2 - 4i3 = 0 or
-i1 - i2 + 2i3 = 0
 Examples on Mesh Method
Continue:
In matrix form:
 CASE 3 Supermesh Analysis
• If there is a current source between meshes which is common for meshes, then we have to combine meshes
which is called a supermesh.
• In supermesh write a KVL equation combining meshes.
Example: In the circuit shown in Figure 18 determine the current through 2 Ω resistor.
Solution: Draw a supermesh by combining two meshes I1 and I2
3. Node Voltage
Method
 2. Node voltage Method
Nodal Analysis: The Concept.
• Nodal analysis provide a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node
voltages as the circuit variables
➢ Steps:
1. Determine the number of nodes.
2. Select one node as a reference. Assign voltage designations to each
unknown node.
3. Assign currents into and out of each node except the reference node.
4. Apply KCL at each node where currents are assigned.
5. Express the current equations in terms of the voltages and solve for the
unknown voltages using Ohm’s law.
 2. Node voltage Method
Nodal Analysis: The Concept.
• Using the circuit shown, we can summarize the node-voltage method as shown next
:
R1 A R3

VS1 270  680  VS2

R2
10 V I1 I3 6.0 V
I2 1.0 k
Apply KCL at node A

I1 + I 3 = I 2 B
VS1 − VA VA VS 2 − VA
I1 = I2 = I3 =
R1 R2 R3
 2. Node voltage Method
Nodal Analysis: The Concept.
R1 A R3
VS 1 − VA VS 2 − VA VA
+ = 270  680  V
R1 R3 R2 VS1 R2 S2
I3
10 − VA 6.0 − VA VA 10 V I1 6.0 V
I2 1.0 k
+ =
0.27 0.68 1.0
B
0.68 (10 − VA ) + 0.27 ( 6.0 − VA ) = 0.183VA
VA = 7.45 V
Example-1: Examples on Node Voltage Method
Solve the following problem for node voltage Vb
i1 = −3 A

i2 =
(Vb
− 0)
=
(Vb )
3 3

i3 =
(Vb − Vc )
8
• Write KCL equations and solve for Vb:

−3 A +
Vb
+
(Vb − Vc ) = 0
3 8

−3 A +
Vb
+
(Vb − 12 )
=0
3 8
 1 1  12V
Vb  +  = 3 A +
 3 8  8
Vb = 9.81V
 Examples on Node Voltage Method
Example-2
Given the following circuit. Set-up the equations to solve for V1 and V2.

Solution: R2 v1 R3 v2 R5
V1 V1 − V2
KCL at node 1 + = I1 • •
R1 + R2 R3
+
V2 − V1 V2 V2 R1 I1 R4 v6 R6
KCL at node 2 + + =0 _
R3 R4 R5 + R6

 1 1   1 
 + V1 −  V2 = I 1
 R1 + R2 R3   R3 

 1   1 1 1 
−  V1 +  + + V2 = 0
 3
R  3
R R4
R5
+ R6 
 Examples on Node Voltage Method
Example-3
Determine the nodal voltages.
1  2 

Solution:
+ 5  10 
10 V − 2 A

1 
v1 2  v2

+ +
+ 5  10 
10 V − v1 v2 2 A

− −
 10 1  v1 2  v2

i1 i2
5 

v 1 − 10
i1 = i3
1
v 1 −v 2
i2 =
2
v
i3 = 1
5
Therefore we can write KCL at node 1 without doing KVL’s as we did previously

v 1 − 10 v 1 −v 2 v1 0
+ + =
1 2 5
Similarly for node 2
v1 2  v2

i1 i3
10  2 A

i2

v 2 −v 1 v 2
KCL at node 2
2
+ 10 −2 = 0
 10 1 
v1 2 
v2

+ 5  10 
10 V − 2 A

v 1 − 10 v 1 −v 2 v1
+ + = 0
1 2 5
v 2 −v 1 + v 2
10 −2 = 0
2
➢ Two equations and two unknowns namely v1 , v2 we can solve and have

100 120
v1 = = 9.09 V v2 = = 10.91 V
11 11
 Examples on Node Voltage Method
Example-4
Determine the nodal voltages.

KCL Equations:
Va (Va − Vb )
NODE A → 0 = −3 + +
6 5
(V − V ) V (V + 12 )
NODE B → 0 = b a + b + b
5 8 6

𝑣𝑎 = 7.66 𝑉, 𝑣𝑎 = −0.95 𝑉
 Examples on Node Voltage Method
Example-5
Solve using node theorem to determine IUNK.
KCL Equations:
Va (Va − Vb )
NODE A → 0 = 3 A + +
2 4
(V − V ) V (V − 16 )
NODE B → 0 = b a + b + b
4 6 7

𝑣𝑎 = −3.1 𝑉, 𝑣𝑎 = 2.7𝑉

I UNK =
(Vb − Va ) = 2.7V − (−3.1V ) = 1.45 A
4 4
 Comparison between Node Voltage and Loop Methods

“Node Equations" “Loop Equations"

• Applies KCL to currents in • Applies KVL to the voltages
and out of a node point. in a closed path.
• Currents are specified as • Voltages are specified as IR
V/R so the equation of so the equation of voltages
currents can be solved to can be solved to find a loop
find a node voltage. current.