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Chapter 13

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13 views2 pages

Chapter 13

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Unicorn Believer
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 13:

Questions 1

1. a. **Causes of variation between species**: Different genetic material, mutations, and


environmental adaptations.
b. **Causes of variation within a species**: Genetic differences, mutations, sexual reproduction,
and environmental factors.

2. a. **General appearance of the puffins**: Black and white birds with colorful beaks.
b. **Variation in puffins**: Differences in beak size and color, feather patterns, and body size.

3. a. **Type of variation in human blood groups**: Discrete variation (ABO blood group system).
b. **Surety of variation type**: Blood groups fall into distinct categories without intermediate
forms.

4. a. **Variation in spider orchids**: Color of flowers, size of flowers, and shape of petals.
b. **Genetic and environmental variation in plants**: Genetic variation comes from mutations and
sexual reproduction, while environmental variation comes from climate, soil, and other external
factors.

Questions 2

1. **Reason for stable species numbers**: Balance between birth and death rates, resource
limitations, and predation.

2. a. **Natural selection**: Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to
survive and produce more offspring.
b. **Process of natural selection**: Variation, competition, survival of the fittest, and reproduction.

3. **Examples of natural selection in animals**: Peppered moth color change due to industrial
pollution; antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

4. **Examples of natural selection in plants**: Drought-resistant plants thriving in arid regions; plants
with better defense mechanisms surviving herbivory.

Questions 3

1. **Environmental changes and natural selection**: Changes in climate, food supply, or predation
pressure can lead to certain traits becoming more or less advantageous, influencing population
dynamics.

2. a. **7-flowered plants**: Most common due to optimal resource allocation.


b. **5-flowered plants in drier climate**: Better adapted to conserve water.
c. **Population change prediction**: If the climate becomes wetter, 7-flowered plants might
become more common again.

3. a. **Kestrels' adaptation**: Changes in prey availability or habitat.


b. **Average data indication**: Based on observations from multiple nests.
c. **Natural selection in kestrels**: Kestrels with traits suited to new environmental conditions
survive and reproduce.

Questions 4

1. a. **Extinction**: The end of an organism or group of organisms.


b. **Importance of some extinctions**: They can pave the way for new species and biodiversity.
2. a. **Environmental changes causing extinction**: Climate change, habitat destruction, pollution,
overhunting.
b. **How extinction happens**: When species cannot adapt quickly enough to environmental
changes.

3. a. **Year extinction rates sped up**: Refer to data from Fig 13.4 D.
b. **Rapidly extinct animals**: Typically those with specific habitat requirements or slow
reproduction rates.
c. **Environmental changes and extinction**: Habitat loss and climate change as primary drivers.

Questions 5

1. a. **Kettlewell's theory on peppered moths**: Industrial melanism.


b. **Proof of theory**: Observation of moth color changes, experimental releases, and data on
predation rates.
c. **Support for theory**: Correlation between moth color and survival rates in polluted vs.
unpolluted areas.

2. a. **Data in Fig 13.5 C**: Shows changes in moth populations.


b. **Natural selection explanation**: Moths better camouflaged in their environment had higher
survival rates.

3. a. **Bar chart for Table 13.5.1**: Create visual representation.


b. **Majerus' work**: Supports Kettlewell’s findings, showing natural selection’s impact on moth
populations.

Questions 6

1. a. **Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power (Article 1)**:


- **Advantages**: Renewable, low emissions.
- **Disadvantages**: Habitat disruption, high initial costs.

b. **Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power (Article 2)**:


- **Advantages**: Consistent energy supply, flood control.
- **Disadvantages**: Displacement of communities, impact on aquatic ecosystems.

2. a. **Concern about freshwater fish**: Impact on biodiversity and ecosystems.


b. **Issues with hydroelectric power**: Ecosystem disruption, fish migration interference.
c. **Balancing benefits and damage**: Implementing fish ladders, careful site selection, and
continuous environmental monitoring.

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