Lesson 7: ROAD CONSTRUCTION Types of Road According to Surface Course

METHODS
Earth Road - It is the “simplest form of road”
Road - is a structure that link barangays and cities in constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil
the country. It serves as medium in transporting goods traversed by the road line.
and commodities from one place to another, and as
Gravel Road-Are constructed from natural gravel
communication link which brings economic
together with a sufficient amount of good quality soil
development to a nation.
to serve as binder.
Classifications of Road
It is sometimes termed as an “all weather road” and
Types of Road According to Usage are used to construct Farm to Market Roads which
serves to connect rural and agricultural areas to market
National Road towns

1.Primary National Road Asphalt Road- It is frequently described as “flexible

pavement”.
a. is the main highway trunk line system
that is continuous in extent that goes It is composed of hot-mix combination of asphalt
from province to province and region cement, crushed stone, sand fines and a small amount
to region. of air.
b. Secondary National Road - it
connects a provincial road or national PCC Pavement Road - It is sometimes termed as
road to a public wharf or railway “rigid pavement”.
station
It is composed of cement and water which are mixed
2.Provincial Road - it connects two municipalities or with clean sand and graded sizes of crushed rock or
cities within a province. similar material to make concrete.

3. City Road - it a street within the urban area of the Types of Road According to Traffic Volume
city.
➢ For heavy traffic load
4. Municipal Road - it is a street within the poblacion ➢ For medium traffic load
area of a municipality. ➢ For light traffic load

5. Barangay Road - it is a street located outside the

poblacion area of a municipality or urban area of a city
and those outside industrial, commercial areas or Main Road Components
residential subdivisions.

Types of Road According to National Importance

Major Roads - are frequently used by traffic and

classified as National Roads or those which are part of
the highway system. Sub-grade - is the upper layer of natural soil which
Minor Roads - are roads which is local in nature. It may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil
serves only the interest of the locality such as a street. excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
They are less frequently used by traffic. In either case, it is compacted during construction for
What is the difference between a street and a highway? road stability.

Aggregate Sub-base and Base Courses - are individual

➢Highway - it can accommodate greater traffic
stabilizing layers of selected material and designed
volume.
thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute
➢Street - it serves as a service area connecting to the load transmitted from the surface course.
highways
Surface Course - is the uppermost structural Preliminary Preparations
component of the roadway, which provides resistance
to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load. Before the start of work, the Project Engineer should
make sure that all of the following items applicable to
It also provides an even skid resistance surface with the project are always on site:
comfortable durability and is appropriately crowned to
prevent rain water from penetrating into the sub grade. – Complete contract drawings, including any revisions
that have been done
Shoulders - are located beside the carriage way which – Cross-sections
is the total width available for passing vehicles, and is – Blue Book and Standard Specifications
used to receive lateral clearance to protect major – Right-of-Way plans, Entry Agreements
structures on the roadside, to secure safety and comfort – Plans for adjustments or relocations of any utilities
of both motorists and pedestrians and for emergency that may be affected
stopping purposes. – Contract Agreement
– Notice to Proceed
Drainage Structures - are located beneath or – Material Test Equipment
alongside the roadway used in collecting, transporting – Material Test Reports
and disposing of surface water originating in or near – Project Logbooks (Construction Logbook and
the road right-of-way. Materials Logbook)
– Surveying Equipment and Surveying Notes –
Types of Drainage - can be lateral drainage such as a
U-shaped, V-shaped lined canal (side ditch) or Pertinent Correspondence
perforated drain canal. As - Stake Survey
It can also be transverse or cross drainage such as a Determines the actual position of the road structure
box culvert or a pipe culvert. based on the plans.
Slope Protection Structures - are constructed along Helps in determining what necessary deviation should
the side of the roadway to stabilize the slopes. be undertaken.
Retaining Walls - are constructed along the side of the Plans That Govern an Infrastructure Project
roadway if there are space constrictions.
➢Original Plans
Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to
➢As-Stake Plans
prevent detrimental effects.
➢As-Built Plans
PREPARATORY WORK
Temporary Facilities and Equipment
Pre-construction Conference /Preliminary
Preparations Client's Side :
➢ Facilities for the Engineer
Pre-construction conference between the Contractor’s ➢ Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the Engineer ➢
representative on the project and the Project Engineer Vehicle for the Engineer
and his staff is required. ➢ Assistance to the Engineer
A discussion of the project, on the specifications, ➢ Progress Photographs
unusual conditions, Contractor’s plan and schedule of
Contractor’s Side :
operation, and other pertinent items is helpful to a
➢ Office
better job understanding in the implementation.
➢ Equipment Yard
The site for the project field office should be ➢ Fabrication Area/Shop
determined, as well as the sites for storage of material ➢ Workmen’s Quarters
and equipment.
➢ Storage/Warehouse
Road Construction are classified into five (5) Construction Procedures
parts
1. Plans, special provisions and right-ofway limits
PART I: EARTHWORK must be provided with stakes, as reference in
determining the vertical/horizontal control.

2. Trees that are selected for preservation must be

protected while trees that are needed to be cut / ball
shall be identified.

3. After the construction limits are established, scarify

up to a depth of 6 inches (150 mm.) the existing
roadway and segregate the roots, stumps and other
unsuitable materials for proper disposal.

4. Hauled the excavated materials to the designated

disposal area or to the stockpile of the contractor.

Before the start of work on the different items, a joint 5. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe
survey must be undertaken in order to locate the of the fill slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes for
centerline of the proposed road, to check the existing the entire length of the project.
elevations, cross-sections and other existing structures
as shown on the original plan and prepare/submit an
“As-Staked Plan”, for the approval of the higher Item 101-Removal of Structures and Obstructions
authorities.
Removal of structures and obstructions - consist of the
Item 100-Clearing and Grubbing taking away, wholly or in part, and the satisfactory
disposal off the site of all structures within the
Clearing and Grubbing - is the removal and disposal of
construction site and right-of-way which have not been
all surface objects including vegetation, grass, stumps,
designated to remain. It is important that removal
trees and other protruding obstructions not designated
operations are carefully studied and carried out under
to remain along the roadway prior to commencing of
the careful supervision of the Project Engineer with
any earth-moving activity.
adequate consideration of safety
Types of Clearing and Grubbing
Types of Obstruction
1. Individual Removal of Trees - removal is
1. Existing Pavements
classified depending on the size :
2. Existing Drainage Structures
a. Item 100(3) - Individual Removal of Trees, Small
3. Underground Waterline
b. Item 100(4) - Individual Removal of Trees, Large
4. Electrical Post and Lines
2. Disposal of Debris - The Contractor should 5. Cable and Telephone Lines
coordinate with the Project Engineer regarding the 6. Residential Houses & Buildings
identification of sites for disposal area in compliance
Equipment Requirements
with the provisions stated in the Environmental
Clearance Certificate issued by the Department of - Backhoe
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). - Dump Truck
- Minor Tools
Equipment Requirements
Construction Procedures
• Bulldozer (155 HP) D65A-8
• Backhoe Simultaneously with the clearing and grubbing works,
• Payloader (1.5 cu.m.) removal of obstructions both overhead and
• Dump Truck (10 cu.m. cap.) underground utilities in particular waterlines and
• Road Grader telephone lines shall be undertaken.
Item 102- Excavation • Dump Truck
• Loader
Excavation - consists of all the excavation for grading
and draining the roadway, and includes loading, Construction Procedures
hauling and placing the excavated materials from 1.Conduct survey works on the existing ground to
roadway cuts to construct embankments or its disposal compare the data as reflected in the approved plans.
to a designated location. 2.Excavate the roadway having unsuitable materials up
to the stable soil condition.
Types of Excavation 3.Dispose/haul the said materials to the
1. Common Excavation designated/approved disposal area.
2. Unsuitable Excavation Item 102(2) - Common Excavation
3. Rock Excavation
4. Unclassified Excavation Common Excavation - refers to the excavation of
5. Surplus Excavation common materials along the road traverse that may be
placed as fill or disposed as surplus.
Equipment Requirements
- Bulldozer - Backhoe Item 102(3) - Rock Excavation
- Dump Truck - Loader
- Drilling Machine Rock Excavation - is the digging on the ground
- Blasting Equipment and Accessories necessary along the road way traverse to remove
encountered rock to its designed elevation either for
Construction Procedures use as an embankment or for hauling to a waste
deposit area.
1. Right-of-way limits must be provided with stakes.
2. Survey works must be conducted on the existing Means of Excavating Rock
ground.
3. Excavate the roadway to the required elevation per 1. Thru Mechanical Ripping - if the rock is soft.
approved plans 2. Thru Controlled Blasting - if the rock is too hard.
4. If unsuitable materials are encountered, excavate the
Item 102(4)-Surplus Excavation
roadway up to the stable soil.
5. If surplus materials are encountered, haul the said Surplus Excavation - are suitable materials excavated
materials to the designated disposal area. along the road traverse which are disposed as excess in
the formation of embankment subgrade.
Item 102(1) - Unsuitable Excavation
Types of Surplus Excavation
Unsuitable Excavation - is the removal and disposal of
saturated mixture of soils and organic matter such as 1. Surplus from Common Excavation
peat and muck which are not suitable as road 2. Surplus from Rock Excavation
foundation materials which can cause instability in 3. Surplus from Unclassified Excavation
embankments
Item 103-Structure Excavation
As a rough guide in recognizing and identifying
unsuitable materials, said materials is composed of Structure Excavation - consists of the necessary
thoroughly decomposed organic material with excavation, removal and satisfactory disposal of all
considerable mineral material, usually black with a materials within the stipulated limits.
few fibrous remains, odorous when dried or burnt,
Types of Structure Excavation
some sand and silt and those materials excavated from
swamps and stagnant water. In order to determine the 1. Culvert Excavation
exact property of the unsuitable materials subject a 2. Dry Excavation
representative sample to laboratory test. 3. Wet Excavation
4. Rock Excavation
Equipment Requirements
5. Bridge Excavation (Unclassified)
• Bulldozer
• Backhoe
Equipment Requirements 2.The material is spread in relatively thin layer of 200
• Dump Truck (10 cu.m.) mm with appropriate crown/cross slope to ensure
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.) proper draining of surface water when it rains.
• Minor Tools
3.Compaction should be done by rolling with a
Construction Procedures minimum weight of 10 tons. Rolling/compaction
operation shall progress gradually from the sides to the
1.Prior to structure excavation, all necessary clearing center, parallel to the center of the road and shall
and grubbing shall have been performed. continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to
2.Check and review the plans. the number of passes required based on the trial
section result where a minimum density of 95% is
3.Trenches shall be excavated to the lines and grades attained. During the progress of rolling, a minimum
or elevations shown on the Plans. overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for
each succeeding parallel passes to ensure level
4.The foundation surface shall provide a firm compacted surface.
throughout the length of the culvert.
4.Conduct one group of three in-situ density tests for
Item 104-Embankment each five hundred (500) square meter or fraction
thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the
Embankment - is describe as the work or volume of
minimum 95% density, additional rolling shall be
earthen material necessary in the formation of
undertaken until such time that the required
embankment roadway thru the use of suitable materials
compaction is obtained.
which may be sourced along the road traverse or
borrow from an outside source. These materials are For a saturated material wherein the minimum density
brought and compacted together to a specified degree could not be attained, windrowing should be
to form a stable embankment to bring the road to a undertaken and allow it to dry, and proceed with
desired grade or to elevate it above flood level. rolling up to the desired compaction.
Material Requirements If the material is too dry, watering/sprinkling with
water shall be undertaken uniformly.
Please refer to Section 104.2, Material Requirements
of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, What Is an FDT ?
Bridges and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
FDT is Field Density Test which is conducted on site
Types of Embankment in order to determine if the required compaction
specification has been attained to a specific layer.
1. Embankment from Excavation
2. Embankment from Borrow What Do We Mean by Blue Tops?
Equipment Requirements Blue Tops are painted sticks placed along the side of
the road traverse as guide and reference in the
• Grader, 150 HP
elevation of the different layering requirements of the
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
road project
• Water Truck, 500-1000 galloons
Item 105- Subgrade Preparation
For clay material : sheepsfoot roller shall be used to
obtain proper compaction. Subgrade - is that portion of the earth roadbed which
after having been constructed to reasonably close
Construction Procedures
conformance with the lines, grades and cross-sections
A. Construction of embankment on a relatively flat indicated on the plans, receives and supports the sub
terrain: base or base course materials.
1.Check sub grade if already completed in accordance
In a fill section, the sub grade is the top of the
with the plans and specifications for clearing and
embankment or the fill.
grubbing and sub grade preparation prior to filling of
In a cut section, the sub grade is the bottom of the cut.
embankment materials.
Material Requirements Construction Procedures

Please refer to Section 105.2, Material Requirements 1. Check the subgrade, if already completed in
of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, accordance with the plans specifications before
Bridges and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition. proceeding with the laying of sub base course
materials.
Equipment Requirements
2. Provide blue-top of every 20 meters interval
• Grader, 150 HP (marked staked) for vertical control reference, to be
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem placed along the side of the roadway.
• Water Truck, 500 – 1,000 galloons
3.Laying and spreading of aggregate sub base
Construction Procedures materials shall be done using road grader on a prepared
subgrade in a quantity which will provide the required
1. Subgrade in Common Excavation :
compacted thickness.
a. Roadbed shall be cleared of unstable materials.
Appropriate crown/cross slope should be maintained
b.Compaction shall be done by rolling using vibratory during laying/spreading operation to ensure proper
road roller or tandem roller. draining when rains occur. No laying/spreading
operation should be done when it is rain; or when base
c.Conduct one group of three in-situ density test for is too saturated.
each 500 square meter or fraction thereof of
compacted layer. 4. Compaction should be done using a vibratory road
roller or tandem roller with a minimum weight of 10
-if it fails to meet the minimum 95 percent density, tons. A maximum compacted thickness for any layer
additional rolling is needed to obtained the required shall not exceed 150 mm. No rolling / compaction
density. operation should be done when it is raining or when
the laid sub base course is fully saturated with rain.
d.The succeeding structural layers should proceed
immediately after preparation of the subgrade. Rolling/compaction shall progress gradually from the
sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road
PART II SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
and shall continue until the whole surface has been
rolled up to the number of passes required based on the
trial section result where 100% compaction is attained.
Progress rolling should provide 300 mm. overlap of
the width of the wheel for each succeeding parallel
Item 200-Aggregate Sub base Course passes to ensure level compacted surface.

Aggregate Sub base Course - refers to the structural 5. Conduct Field Density Test (FDT) for each
sub-layer material of a roadway placed directly on top compacted layer. If failed to satisfy the Field Density
of the sub-grade. requirements of at least 100% of the maximum dry
density, additional rolling shall be undertaken until
Equipment Requirements such time that the required compaction is attained.
Check the allowable tolerance prior to the start of the
• Road Grader with Scrapper (GD511A-1) succeeding layer. Allowable tolerance is plus or minus
• Vibratory Drum Roller (BW151AC) 20 mm.
• Water Truck (500-1000 gal.)
• Minor Tools Item 201-Aggregate Base Course

Material Requirements In flexible pavement, “aggregate base course” is the

load-carrying portion and provides the structural
Please refer to Item 200.2, Material Requirements of capacity to bituminous concrete slabs by carrying the
DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges load and distribute it to the soil under the layers of
and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition. asphalt concrete. The life and riding qualities of
asphalt concrete surface depends directly on the care Item 301 Bituminous Prime Coat
exercised in the construction of aggregate base course.
Prime Coat - is an application of thin bituminous
Equipment Requirements material to a porous base before putting on a surface
course.
• Road Grader with Scrapper (GD511A-1)
• Vibratory Drum Roller (BW151AC) • serve to stabilize the base material.
• Water Truck 500 - 1,000 galloon • serve to plug the capillary voids in the pavement.
• Minor Tools • applied only to dry or slightly moist surfaces.

Material Requirements Material Requirements

Please refer to Section 201.2 Material Requirements of Bituminous material shall either be Rapid Curing
DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges (RC) or Medium Curing (MC) Cutback Asphalt,
and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition. whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities (Refer
to the requirements of Item 702 –Bituminous
Construction Procedures Materials).
1. Check the preparation of the existing surface, if it is Range of Temperature: Temperature Range = 32*C
in accordance with the plans and specifications. (min.) to 68*C (max.)
2. Aggregate Base Course shall be placed spread and Equipment Requirements
compact at a uniform mixture on a prepared subgrade
in a quantity which will provide the required • Self-powered pressure bituminous material
compacted thickness, using road grader vibratory road distributor
roller simultaneously. • Power broom or other mechanical sweeping
equipment
3. Conduct Field Density Test for each compacted • Bituminous heating equipment
layer. Allowable tolerance is plus or minus 10mm. • Pressure distributor
• Water sprinkler
Spreading
• Armored Thermometer
➢The subbase/base materials shall be spread to the
Construction Procedures
required thickness for compaction.
1. Prior to the application of the prime coat, check the
➢If the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the
base if it conforms with the required specifications.
material may be spread and compacted in one layer.
2. Apply the prime coat by using pressure distributor at
Compaction a rate of 1 to 2 liters per square meter.
➢Each layer shall be compacted to the full width. 3. Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of
at least 24 hours.
➢Required degree of compaction is 100%
4. Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the
edge of the surface on each side.
PART III SURFACE COURSES
5. Observed the time of penetration starting from the
time of its application.

Types Of Bituminous Prime Coat

The following is a list of bituminous material used for

prime coats considering the condition of the soil base
and the climate:

1. In moderate and warm climates, use MC-70.

2. In cold climates, use RS asphalt cutbacks such as 3. The rate of application shall be within the range of
RC-70 or RC-250. 0.20 to 0.70 liters per square meters. The atmospheric
temperature shall be above 15.56*C
3. In very cold climates, eliminate the prime coat
because the curing process may be extremely slow. 4. After application of tack coat, the surface should be
allowed to cure without being disturbed.
4. On densely graded base courses, use MC-30.
5. Ensure that the traffic should not be allowed on the
5. On loosely bonded, fine-grained soils, such as well- tack coat.
graded sand, use MC-70 or SC-70.
Item 310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot
6. On coarse-grained sandy soils, use MC-250 or SC- Laid
250.
One of the two basic types of pavement is the “flexible
Item 302 Bituminous Tack Coat pavement” which is made of compacted mass of
Tack Coat - is an application of liquid asphalt on an mineral aggregate mixed with asphalt laid at a high
existing pavement temperature of about 135*C to 148.89*C. Aggregates
account for 92% to 95% of the weight of the mixture
Tack coat, as the name implies is intended only to while asphalt accounts for 5% to 8% of the weight of
provide a “tacky” surface between the surfaces. the mix. The exact percentage to be used is established
by the “job-mix formula”
Tack Coat consists of a light application of asphalt
material to an existing road surface before placing a Bitumen is the essential ingredient in practically all
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) course. flexible pavements.

Material Requirements Bitumen - it is a black or brownish-black amorphous

solid which is hard or even brittle when cold.
Bituminous material shall either be Rapid Curing (RC)
Cut-back or Emulsified Asphalt, whichever is called - when heated, it gradually softens and then liquefies
for in the Bill of Quantities. without any definite melting point

Range of Temperature: Material Requirements

Temperature Range = 10*C (min.) to 71*C (max.)
Composition and Quality of Bituminous Mixture (Job-
Equipment Requirements Mix Formula) Job-Mix Formula:

• Self-powered pressure bituminous material 1. Aggregate

distributor including the following accessories: 2. Mineral Filler
3. Hydrated Lime
✓ Tachometer 4. Bituminous Material
✓ Pressure gauges
Note: At least 3 weeks prior to production, the
✓ Calibrated tank
contractor shall submit in writing a jobmix formula for
• Power broom or other mechanical sweeping each mixture
equipment
Equipment Requirements
• Bituminous heating equipment
• Water Sprinkler • Asphalt Paver (80 Hp)
• Armored Thermometer • Pneumatic Tire Roller (10 m.t.)
• Water Truck (1000 gal.)
Construction Procedures
• Power Broom
1. Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, • Tandem Roller
The Project Engineer should designate the beginning • Thermometer
and ending points of the area to be covered.

2. The surface shall be slightly sprayed/sprinkled with

water but not saturated.
Construction Procedures 16. Each sample of at least 150mm x 150mm or 100
mm diameter full depth shall be neatly cut by saw or
1. Before placing the bituminous mixture, the existing core drill.
surface shall be cleaned of loose deleterious materials.
17. At least one (1), but not more than 3 samples shall
2. The Hot - Mix Asphalt (HMA) shall be spread and be taken for each full day’s operation.
distribute to the grade and elevation in accordance
with the approved plans by means of an Asphalt Paver 18. No acceptance and final payment shall be made on
over the entire width or partial width of the paving completed asphalt pavement unless core test for
surface. thickness determination is conducted.

3. The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer shall be offset 19. If the deficiency in the core thickness is more than
that in the layer immediately below approximately 15 5 mm, additional asphalt overlay thickness shall be
cm. permitted to meet the desired thickness but it shall not
be less than 50 mm.
4. The joint in the top layer shall be at the center line
of the pavement if the roadway comprises of 2 lanes. 20. Completed asphalt pavement shall have thickness
tolerance of -5mm.
5. Mechanical spreading shall be used on areas with
irregularities or unavoidable obstacles.

6. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) shall be placed at a

temperature not less than 107*C.

7. After the HMA has been spread, it shall be

compacted by rollers.

8. Rolling shall begin at the sides and proceeds

longitudinally parallel toward the road center line.

9. Each trip overlapping ½ the roller width, gradually This drawing shows the methodology of constructing a
progressing to the crown of the road. multi layered asphalt concrete pavement includes the
10. For paving in abutting a previously placed lane, the following: application of prime coat, application of
longitudinal joint shall be rolled first followed by the binder course, application of tack coat and the
regular rolling procedure. application of wearing course

11. For super-elevated curves, the rolling shall begin at

the low side and progresses to the high side Spreading Of Asphaltic Material
overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel to the center
line. Manual Spreading
Breakdown Rolling
12. Rollers shall move at a slow but uniform speed Finishing Compaction
with the drive roll or wheels nearest the paver. Completed Asphalt Pavement
13. Rolling shall be continued until roller marks are
eliminated.

14. Transverse joints shall be formed by cutting back

on the previous run to expose the full depth of the
course (HMA).

15. Brush coat of bituminous material shall be used on

contact surfaces of transverse joints before additional
mixture is placed against the previously roll material.
Asphalt Concrete Overlay on PCCP a. Condition of sub-base or base
b. Working condition of major equipment
c. Number of types of hand tools and finishing
tools.
d. Provision of curing.
e. Number of crews to place, finish and cure the
concrete.

2. Check the Setting of Forms:

a. It should be of steel, of an approved section

b. Check the base of the form
c. Steel forms should be installed firmly
d. Steel forms shall be rigidly supported on bed
e. Steel forms shall be provided with adequate
devices for secure setting

Preventive Measures for Reflection Cracks on Asphalt 3. Placing of Steel Reinforcement:

Concrete Overlay a. Deformed Tie Bars shall not be painted or
Item 311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement coated
b. Provide Dowel Bars as required at all
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP) - is contraction joints
constructed by casting in place, on a prepared
foundation, a concrete slab with the top finished to 4. Handling, Measuring and Batching Materials:
provide a smooth and durable wearing surface for
a. Check the batching plant site, equipment, and
traffic. provisions for transporting materials.
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement is one of the two
5. Placing of Concrete:
basic types of pavement which is also called “rigid
pavement”. a. Concrete shall be unloaded into an approved
spreading device
Material Requirements b. Workers are not allowed to walk on the freshly
1. Portland Cement concrete
2. Fine Aggregate c. Placing should be continuous
3. Coarse Aggregate d. test Specimen - at least one (1) set consisting
4. Water of three (3) concrete beam test specimens, 150
mm x 525 mm or 900 mm shall be taken from
Equipment Requirements each 330 sq. m. of pavement, 230 mm depth,
• Concrete Vibrators (2” 50mm) fraction thereof each day.
• Concrete Cutter / Rebar Cutter e. Using of Concrete Vibrator - Concrete
• Concrete Paver / Screeder should be thoroughly consolidated along faces
• Water Truck of all steel forms
• Concrete Batch Plant
• Transit Mixers Concrete Vibrators shall be operated longer than
• Wheel Loader fifteen (15) seconds in any single location.
• Minor Tools
6. Screeding :
Construction Procedures a. Screeder is used to grade concrete in such
1. Before concreting operation start considering manner as to prevent segregation
that the road foundation are properly prepared,
7. Concrete Finishing :
check over the job to determine the adequacy of the
following details: a. Longitudinal Float is used after the concrete
has been consolidated
8. Brooming : 2. Contraction Joint :

• Brooming of concrete shall be in a uniform • Contraction Joint is also called as Weakened

appearance of corrugations Plane Joint
• If Contraction Joint or Weakened Plane Joint
9. Concrete Curing : (WPJ) is not installed, random cracking will
• Curing is necessary for the hydration to take occur
place 3. Longitudinal Joint :
10. Curing Method : • If the lanes are concreted separately, a
a. Earth or straw longitudinal construction joint in the form of a
b. Burlap or cotton mats key and keyway is used.
• Deformed Tie Bars are placed perpendicular to
• Spread over the surface
• Mats are sprinkled and kept constantly wet this joint
c. Waterproof paper or polytelene sheets 4. Expansion Joint :
• May be placed over the surface to retain
moisture • Expansion Joint is usually from 19 to 25 mm
d. Curing Compound wide and extend the full depth of the slab.
• Popular method • Dowel Bars is used in expansion joint
• Involves the spray application of light –
colored fluid to the entire area of the wet Types Of Re-bars Used In Pccp
concrete
1. Dowels :
11. Removal of Forms: • Dowels are “plain round steel bars” generally
a. Crowbars are used in the removal of steel coated with a thin file of bitumen to protect
forms them against corrosion and to facilitate sliding
b. Forms for concrete shall remain in place in concrete.
undistributed within 24 hours after pouring.
2. Tie Bars :
12. Concrete Cutting : • Tie Bars are deformed bars used in
a. Cutting at weakened plane joint /contraction construction joints and longitudinal joints
joint is done within 24 hours after concrete together with keys to tie two slabs together.
pouring . • Its installation must be midway in the slab

13. Sealing of Joints : TYPES OF PAVEMENT

a. Joints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant 1. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP) –
Rigid Pavement
14. Pavement Protection :
2. Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP) – Flexible
a. Against Rain – To protect the newly poured Pavement
concrete pavement.
b. Against Traffic - To protect the newly poured RIGID PAVEMENT
concrete pavement at its early age Rigid Pavement (PCCP) consists of three (3) layers:
“To have a good workmanship, a well trained mason 1. Concrete Slab – Made of reinforced on plain
should be hired to have a smooth pavement surface.”
concrete;
Types Of Pccp Joints 2. Subbase – Portion of the pavement structure
1. Construction Joint : between the subgrade and the slab; and
• Construction Joint is also called “cold joint” 3. Subgrade – Bottom portion of the pavement
structure
I. Quality Control (Pccp) • All joints shall be protected from the intrusion of
injurious foreign material until sealed;
The contactor shall perform all sampling, testing, and
inspection necessary to assure quality control of the • All joints shall be cut within 4 to 24 hours after
component materials of the concrete pouring and sealed with asphalt sealant;

II. Design Mix And Trial Paving (Pccp) • Depth of the weakened plane joint shall not be less
than 50mm whole the width not more than 6mm.
The contractor is required to formulate the design mix,
conduct trial mix and trial paving for approval of the VII.Types And Functions Of PCCP Joints
Project Engineer before commencement of pavement
construction

Flowchart for Preparatory Work for Concrete Paving

III.Admixture/Additive (Pccp)

Admixture/Additive shall be added only to the

concrete mix to produce some desired modifications to
the properties of concrete whenever necessary, but not
as partial replacement of cement.
VIII.PCCP Joints And Load Transfer Device

Requirements for Admixture

IV.Concrete Paving Activities (PCCP)

1. Preparation and Cleaning

2. Moistening prior to placing
3. Transport of concrete (from slipform paver)
4. Placing of Concrete
5. Conduct of slump test
6. Checking of temperature of the mix IX.Size And Length Of Dowel/Tie Bars
7. Checking of the thickness
8. Finishing by means of a floater
9. Finishing by means of a screeder
10. Checking of the texturing Tool
11. Texturing of the surface
12. Spraying of curing compound
13. Provision of protective cover sheets
14. Sawing of weakened plane joint • Tie bars are installed across longitudinal joints to
15. Checking the depth and width of the joint hold the 2 slabs in close contact or to prevent them for
separating;
V. Types Of Formworks (PCCP) • Tie bars are located at mid-depth of the pavement; •
Dowel bars are placed in contraction joints and in
1. FIXED-FORM (Using Fixed Form)
some construction joints when it falls at full block
2. SLIP FORM (Using Slipform Paver)
(4.5m) to transfer a portion of the load across the joint
VI.WEAKENED PLANE JOINT (PCCP) and to hold the 2 slab ends at the same location; •
Dowel bars must be parallel to the surface and to the b. Shading and water sprinkling of
centerline of the pavement aggregates, formworks and steel bars.
c. Shading of working area.
X. Replacement Of Deteriorated Pccp Slabs d. In transporting concrete using trucks,
1. The Engineer and the Contractor conduct joint provide necessary cover sheets.
inspections prior to the commencement of work to e. Placing of concrete at a time when the
humidity is low
confirm the current conditions and identify the PCC
slabs to be replaced. Thermometer
2. The Contractor removes broken/deteriorated PCCP XIII.Surface Texturing (PCCP)
slabs in accordance with the Plans, Specifications or as
directed by the Engineer. Surface texturing is necessary to keep a skid resistant
surface and is done after the surface has hardened
3. The subgrade and subbase course are prepared in enough.
accordance with the specifications or as directed by the
Engineer. XIV.Spreading Of Subbase Materials (PCCP)

4. Existing tie bars on longitudinal joints are to be Laying of Base Materials by means of Road Grader
retained if these are still in good condition. Where and Paver
necessary, new tie bars shall be installed on drilled
holes and bonded with high viscosity epoxy resin. PART IV DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION STRUCTURES
5. Install forms; side surfaces of the existing PCCP
shall be cleaned.

6. Pour concrete; perform the required surface

texturing, cutting and curing.

7. Thoroughly clean the joints and apply sealants

Item 500- Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
adequately.
The primary purpose of a drainage system is to provide
Deteriorated PCCP
adequate means of channeling run-off and surface
Drilling of holes for Tie Bars
water so as to prevent damage by water which, either
PCCP Widening
directly or indirectly, is the cause of many roadway
Placing Concrete
failures.

Main Functions of Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains

XI. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Widening
1.Intercept, collect and direct runoff which is draining
• The provision for widening blocks at curves shall be
naturally towards the roadway from adjacent
poured simultaneously with the adjoining lane.
catchments areas.
• Weakened plane joints at curves shall be
2.Collect runoff from the road formation and adjacent
perpendicular to the centerline
cutting and embankment slopes.
XII.Temperature Control (PCCP)
3.Provide the means for containing and draining these
• The Engineer shall require that measures be taken waters to points of disposal.
into consideration to prevent the temperature of
4.Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains may also intercept
concrete mix from exceeding 32oC;
and drain subsoil moisture.
• Shrinkage cracks occur when the concrete is placed
Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains can be constructed
at a high temperature, which may include any or all of
before the commencement of earthworks, during
the following:
earthworks or when the formation has reached sub
a. Addition of ice blocks in the water. grade level.
The key to successful culvert installation is achieving its nearest ends.
the correct standard of bedding and backfill for the ➢Lower segment of each pipe should be in contact
type of conduit being laid with the shape of the bedding throughout its full
length.
Types of Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
Collaring of RC Pipes
1. Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP)
2. Pre-cast or Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete Box ➢Mortar proportion is 1:2 with enough water to
Culverts (RCBC) obtain the desired consistency.
“The type of pipe culverts used depends upon site ➢The collar is to form a continuous bead around the
conditions, waterway requirements, depth of cover and outside of the pipe.
bedding available”. ➢The inside of pipe is finished smooth.

Material Requirements Backfilling

Please refer to Section 500.2, Material Requirements ➢Backfill are placed and compacted in layers not
of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, exceeding 15 cm. on both sides up to an elevation of
Bridges and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition. 30 cm above the top of the culvert.
➢Spreading maybe done manually using rakes and
Equipment Requirements
shovels at a thin layer which is most ideal to produce
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.) easy compaction of material done using hand tampers
• Plate Compactor (5 HP) to insure a thoroughly tamped backfill.
• Minor Tools ➢After backfilling, pipe culverts are protected by
providing extra fill as cover before any heavy
Construction Procedures equipment is permitted to cross during the construction
of the roadway to protect the job from possible damage
1.The Project Inspector should verify if the inlet and
by excessive loads.
outlet channel are adjusted to ensure a smooth flow of
water and avoid scour.

2.It is important that the base of the excavation is Item 505 Riprap and Grouted Riprap
smooth and conforms to the design culvert grade line.
Riprap and Grouted Riprap - is a type of slope
3.If the excavation is being carried out in wet protection using boulders of specified size and
conditions then, it should be started at the lowest point character which may be done with or without grout
and progressively dug to the higher end. The trench or and which holds in place embankment slopes, cut
streambed must be shaped to fit the bottom of the slopes and other earth surfaces that may either be
culvert. Flat if it is flat bottom and circular if RCPC is eroded or washed away by water.
used.
All work must be constructed on firm ground so that
4.Pipes are installed in the original streambed with there is no chance of settlement or failure by cracking.
their grades and flow line conforming to the natural
channel or canal. Pipe is usually laid with the bell or A. Dry Riprap
female ends upstream.
1. Dry Riprap is more economical without
5.Care must be taken in the jointing process that the considering the grout to bring together the
pushing together of the pipes to complete the joint boulders however; it is only applicable to a
does not disturb the bedding. limited height and slope.
2. .Dry Riprap is stone laid carefully by hand
➢Pipes are installed in the original streambed with following a definite pattern with the voids
their grades and flow line conforming to the natural between the larger stones filled with smaller
channel or canal. stones and the surface kept relatively even. It
➢Laying begins at downstream end of the culvert line requires that the stone be relatively uniform in
to use gravity in properly installing the pipes. size and shape (square or rectangular).
➢Groove ends are placed such that the pipe ends fit at
 Advantages associated with the use of Dry Riprap 7. Seat the stones/boulders to the required thickness
include: and that all boulders are placed on firm and compacted
ground.
1. The even interlocking surface produces a neat
appearance. 8. Wet by spraying with water the face of the grouted
2. It is more flexible that it can accommodate riprap structure prior to the application of the grouts
movements due to foundation failures without and fill the voids to the specified depth.
breaking.
9. Check that the faces of stones are relatively free of
Disadvantages associated with Dry Riprap include: grout.

1. Installation is very labor-intensive resulting in Grouted Riprap Methodology

high costs. ➢ Excavation of Foundation
➢ Use of Batterboards As Guide
B. Grouted Riprap
➢ Laying of Boulders and Grout
1. Grouted Riprap requires the use of grout to fill ➢ Finishing Work
up the interstices of the boulders both of which ➢ Importance of Weep Holes
are put together to form a monolithic armor
and obtain a strong but rigid slope protection Excavation of Foundation
structure.
2. Grouted Riprap can reduce the quantity of A backhoe is an ideal equipment to use in the
boulders required as grouting anchors the excavation of foundation for grouted riprap.
boulders. Use of Batterboards As Guide
Material Requirements
➢Good workmanship requires a reliable reference to
Please refer to Item 505.2.1 – Material Requirements guide the work up to completion.
of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, ➢The unevenness of the embankment slopes is then
Bridges and airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition. trimmed using shovels and rakes.
➢The high areas are removed and patched and
Equipment Requirements compacted to low areas until a flat surface is attained.
• One Bagger Mixer Laying of Boulders and Grout
• Water Truck (500-1000 gal.)
• Minor Tools ➢Boulders and grout are placed layer by layer
alternately.
Construction Procedures
➢Each stone is laid with its longest axis perpendicular
1. Excavated the trench to the required depth, per to the slope in close contact with the adjacent stone.
approved plan. Shape the side slopes and compact
Laying of Boulders and Grout
same before placing the stones/boulders.

2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the ➢The riprap is thoroughly rammed into place and the
first layer of stones/boulders for the foundation. finished stone are laid to an even tight surface.
➢Spaces between stones are filed with cement mortar
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is sufficient enough to fill completely all the voids.
bedded.
Finishing Work
4. Lay the stones/boulders wherein the longer axis of
the stones/boulders is perpendicular to the slopes. ➢Cement grout is placed starting from the bottom to
the top of the surface and then swept with a stiff
5. Alternately lay the stones/boulders and fill all voids broom.
with concrete mortar for the succeeding layers. ➢After grouting, the surface is cured for a period of at
6. Install the weep holes (usually, PVC – 2 inches in least 3 days from the date of installation.
diameter, staggered 1.0 m. on center) provided with
Measurement of Thickness
filter cloth and granular materials.
What is the importance of weep holes in slope 4. Place the larger stones in the foundation to give the
protection/retaining structure? greatest strength and lessen the danger of unequal
settlement.
➢Weep holes are opening provided to permit draining
of water in filter layer or soil layer from behind the 5. Alternately lay the stones/boulders and fill all voids
structure. and interstices of the stones/boulders with concrete
➢If no or insufficient weep holes are installed, this mortar for the succeeding layers.
will cause oversaturation of the embankment and the
6. Lay the stones/boulders upon its broadest face, so
subsequent failure of the road structure.
that the spaces between the stones may be filled most
Item 506-Stone Masonry easily.

Retaining wall - are structures that support soils at 7. Install the weep holes (usually, PVC – 2 inches in
slopes steeper in their angle of repose and because of diameter, staggered 1.0 m. on center) provided with
their resistance to earth pressure derived from their filter cloth and granular materials.
own weight they are also known as “gravity walls”.
8. Seat the stones/boulders to the required thickness
Types of Stone Masonry and that all stones/boulders are placed firmly;

1. Sizes and Shapes : Stones should have a thickness of 9. Flush with mortar all joints between stones/boulders
not less than 150 mm. so that the individual stones laid are parallel to the
faces of the wall in which the stones are set.
2. Dressing : Stones should be dressed to remove any
thin or weak portions 10.Backfill the stone masonry when the mortar has
gained sufficient strength.
3. Finish for expose faces : Face stones should be
pitched to the line along the beds and joints. The Stone Masonry Specifications
maximum projection of rock faces beyond the pitch
➢ Boulders - thickness of not less than 150 mm, and
lines should not be more than 50 mm
widths of not less than one and one-half times their
Equipment Requirements respective thickness, and lengths of not less than one
and one-half times their respective widths.
• One Bagger Mixer
• Water Truck (1000 gal.) ➢ Mortar - composed of one part of Portland Cement
• Backhoe Wheel Type (0.28 cu.m.) and two parts of fine aggregate by volume and
• Minor Tools sufficient water to make the mortar such consistency
that it can be handled easily and spread with a trowel.
Material Requirements
Excavating Stone Masonry Foundation
Please refer to Section 506.2, Material Requirements
of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, ➢The foundation bed where the masonry is to be
Bridges and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition. placed should be firm and normal to the face of the
wall.
Construction Procedures
➢The bed that will receive the stone should be clean
1. Excavate the trench to the required depth and/or at
and moistened before the mortar is spread.
the stable foundation of the stone masonry structure.
Use of Batterboards Essential to Produce Good
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the
Workmanship
first layer of stones/boulders for the foundation.
As in grouted riprap, batter boards are necessary to
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is
keep the lines and grades of the finished stone masonry
bedded to prevent the stone from absorbing moisture
structure in accordance to the lines and grades of the
from the mortar and thereby causing the mortar to
plans.
shrink and become non-plastic
Laying of Boulders and Grout Equipment Requirements

➢ Large stones are used in the corners. • Concrete Vibrator

➢ Bunching of small stones of the same size is not • One Bagger Mixer
allowed. • Water Truck (1,000 galloon), All Make
➢ Stones are laid with their longest face horizontal in • Minor Tools
full beds of mortar. Material Requirements
➢ Joints are flushed with mortar.
➢ The exposed face of the individual stone should be Please refer to Section 600.2, Material Requirements
parallel to the face of the wall in which stones are set. of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways,
➢ The stones are handled carefully so as not to jar or Bridges and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
displace the stones already set. Construction Procedures
Finishing Works 1. Check curb and/gutter if already completed in
accordance with the plans and specification before
➢Immediately after laying and while the mortar is still
pouring.
fresh, all face should be thoroughly cleaned of mortar
stains and should be kept clean until the work is 2. Curb and/or gutter forms should be watered ahead
completed. of placing concrete.

PART V MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 3. Pouring of concrete shall be deposited in such a

manner to require minimal rehandling

Item 600 – Curb and Gutter

Curb and gutter:
Curb - is the raised rim which forms the edge of the
sidewalk while the gutter - is the lower horizontal →It is the raised rim of concrete which forms the edge
paved portion. of the sidewalk while the gutter is the horizontal paved
portion slightly inclined.
Curb and gutter in paved streets serve to channel
storm water to inlets, catch basins, storm sewers and →Both forms the road surface drainage system used to
ditches and prevent surface water from running off the collect surface run-off water.
edges of the pavement between outlets or accumulate
on the road for the proper drainage of the roadway. Item 601 – Sidewalk

Types of Curb and Gutter Sidewalk - is typically 100 mm to 150 mm thick slab
on grade and it is an important feature of the urban
1. Rounded Curbs - are used in many residential environment.
areas and are most often used at driveways.
2. Angled Type - is most often used on major Types of Sidewalk
suburban thoroughfares.
Two categories of Sidewalks :
3. Square (90°-edge) Type - is used in towns and
cities as it is a straight step down and less to be 1. Asphalt Sidewalk
tripped-over by pedestrians. 2. Concrete Sidewalk

Majority of sidewalks are the rigid concrete slab-on-

grade type as concrete sidewalks are more economical
to construct with widths from 1.2 to 2.0 m.
Equipment Requirements 3. Check that the guardrail elements are lapped so that
the exposed ends will not face approaching traffic.
• Concrete Vibrator
• Concrete Mixer 5. Check bolts for tightness and threaded rods for
• Concrete Paver proper trimming.
• Minor Tools
6. Measure the height of the guardrail above the
Material Requirements ground to ensure that the height conforms to the plans

Please refer to Section 601.2, Material Requirements

of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways,
Bridges and Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.

The above drawing shows an example of a Guardrail.

→They are installed to mark the limit of safe travel

and warn of danger beyond.
→It is used to restrain and guide out-of-control vehicle
in a manner that will cause the least damage and not
create undue hazard to other vehicles.
The above drawings show that:
Item 605 – Road Signs
→It is for use of pedestrians
→It provides safety also to motorists as a good Road Signs - are the oldest traffic control device used
clearance so that the roadway can be fully utilized. to guide the safe and orderly movement of traffic.
→It must be wide enough and skid resistant.
Types of Road Signs
Item 603 – Guardrail (Metal)
A. Regulatory Sign :
Guardrails - are installed to mark the limit of safe Regulatory sign is to regulate the movement of
travel and warn of danger beyond. It is used to restrain traffic.
and guide an out-ofcontrol vehicle in a manner that B. Warning Sign:
will cause the least damage and not create undue Warning sign - is always triangular in shape with
hazard to other vehicles. one vertical angle and dark blue symbol two
borders one white and red with reflectorized white
Equipment Requirements background.
• Stake truck Warning sign - is used to warn traffic of
• Minor tools potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to
the road.
Material Requirements
C. Informatory Sign :
• Chain Link
informatory sign – it informs and advices road
• Metal Beam Rail
users about the direction and distance of
Construction Procedures destination on the route they are following or
along other roads which intersect their route.
1. Check backfilling of postholes to conforms to Informatory sign – it supplies information to
specifications. Posts should be set to the full depth identify points of geographical or historical
shown on the plans. interest and give directions to rest, camping or
parking areas.
2. Measure the spacing of posts.
 3. Install proper traffic control to protect the markings.

Material Requirements 4. Check the rate of application of marking and glass

bead materials.
Please refer to DPWH Standard Specifications for
Highways, Bridges and Airports, Volume II, series of 5. Check the line thickness, width and adhesion and
2004. cycle length.

Equipment Requirements 6. Dry all markings sufficiently before opening to

traffic.
• Cargo Truck
• Minor Tools Types of Pavement Markings

1. Longitudinal Lines - are those laid in the direction

of travel.

These include: Center Line; Lane Line; Double Yellow

Line; ‘No-Passing” Zone Markings; Pavement Edge
Line; Continuity Lines; and Transition Line

2. Edge Line - used to delineate the edge of the

Are traffic signs installed along the roadway for the traveled way to distinguish it from the shoulder area. It
following purposes : is a solid white line between 100mm and 200mm wide.

➢For traffic safety 3. Lane Lines – these are 100 mm wide white stripes
➢To remind particular traffic rules between contiguous lanes of pavement carrying traffic
➢To inform drivers how to use the roadway in the same direction.

Item 606 - Pavement Markings 4. Transverse Lines - are laid across the direction of
travel or markings across the carriageway.
Pavement markings - is essential component of
roadway for the guidance and control of vehicles and Transverse lines should be solid stripes 600 mm (24
pedestrians. They take the form of lines, symbols, inches) wide, of the color specified and placed at an
messages or numerals and may be set into the surface angle to the direction of travel.
applied upon or attached to the pavement.
Transverse lines may be classified into the following
Material Requirements types: Stop Line; Yield (Give Way) Lines; and
Pedestrian Crossing Markings.
Please refer to DPWH Standard Specifications for
Highways, Bridges and Airports, Volume II, series of
2004.

Equipment Requirements

• Cargo Trucks
• Applicator Machine
• Kneading Machine
• Traffic Safety Devices • Minor Tools

Construction Procedures

1. Heat and mix as applicable the type of pavement

marking material to be applied.

2. Check the efficiency of the applicator machine.

Applicators should travel with the flow of traffic using
properly equipped lead and shadow vehicles and traffic
control devices.
ANG KAPAL NG MUKHA MO AT NAKARATING SAYO ITONG MODULE
NA TO!!!!!!!!!!!