Unit -2

Here are some dos and don'ts for effective communication:

 Be a good listener: Pay attention to what others say, and don't interrupt them.
 Be respectful: Avoid offensive language, and don't dominate the conversation.
 Be clear: Use clear, concise language, and avoid jargon and technical terms.
 Be aware of your body language: Avoid negative body language, like frowning or
giving angry glances.
 Make eye contact: Eye contact helps build a connection with the person you're
speaking to.
 Practice active listening: This involves paying attention, reflecting, clarifying,
summarizing, and sharing feedback.
 Give and receive feedback: Feedback is an important part of communication, and can
help you improve and grow.
 Ask open-ended questions: Questions that start with "how" or "what" encourage the
other person to think about what to say.
 Follow up: Schedule a follow-up meeting or call to discuss your message and address
any questions or concerns.
Some things you should avoid include:
 Interrupting others
 Dominating the conversation
 Using too much jargon or corporate-speak
 Relying on email for important communication
 Waiting until the last minute to send an important message
 Overcomplicating your message
 Using too many filler words like "um" or "uh"
 Being defensive or offensive
 Bringing up inappropriate topics
 Criticizing in public
Barriers to Effective Communication
Communication is defined as the process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a system of signs, symbols. The concept of communication involves
a sender, a message and a recipient.

The sender sends the message and the recipient is the receiver of the message. The
process of communication is never smooth as it is affected by the barriers of
communication.

Barriers to effective communication can result in confusion which can lead to incorrect
information being conveyed or miscommunication which can lead to loss of business.

Following are some of the barriers to effective communication:

1. Semantic barriers

2. Psychological barriers

3. Organisational barriers

4. Cultural barriers

5. Physical barriers

6. Physiological barriers

Let us study in detail about the various types of barriers to effective communication.

Semantic barriers: Semantic barriers are also known as language barriers. These
barriers are caused due to improper communication between the sender and the
receiver. The following instances of semantic barriers can be witnessed in
communication.

Poor quality of message: Message when communicated should be precise and easy to
understand, that makes it easy for the receiver to grasp the information conveyed.

Sometimes, due to the lack of clarity or complexity of the way of providing information
from the sender, there can be a case of semantic barriers.
For e.g. A manager is conversing in English to a group of workers who understand and
speak Bengali. It will create confusion among workers as they will not be able to
understand what is being conveyed by the manager.

Technical language: Language barriers also arise when the sender of the message is
speaking in technical terms while the receiver is unaware of the terms. It creates
confusion and misunderstanding between the sender and receiver by acting as a barrier
to effective communication.

Psychological Barriers: Psychological barriers play an important role in interpersonal

communication as the state of the mind of the sender or the receiver can make it difficult
to understand the information that is conveyed, which often leads to misunderstanding.

Here are some instances where psychological barriers to communication can be seen.

1. Premature evaluation of information by the receiver even before it is transmitted can

lead to barriers in communication, as it will create premature conclusion to the
message, which withholds the original message.

2. Inadequate attention from the receiver’s end at the time of communication can lead to
barriers of communication as the information conveyed by the sender is not properly
received by the receiver.

3. When information is passed within multiple sources, the final information is distorted
as the receivers of the message are not able to retain everything that was conveyed.
This can cause communication barriers.

Organisational barriers: Organisational barriers are those barriers that are caused due
to the structure, rules and regulations present in the organisation. The various types of
barriers that can be encountered due to superior subordinate relationships where the
free flow of communication is not possible.

Sometimes the complexity of organisational structure and multiple managers make it

difficult to convey information properly, and the information gets distorted leading to
miscommunication.

Cultural barriers: Cultural barriers are those that arise due to lack of similarities among
the different cultures across the world. A term that can be harmless in one culture can
be regarded as a slang in another culture. Moreover, various beliefs can differ from one
culture to another.

Physical barriers: Physical barriers to communication are those that arise due to
certain factors like faulty equipment, noise, closed doors and cabins that cause the
information sent from sender to receiver to become distorted, which results in improper
communication.

Physiological barriers: Physiological barriers arise when a sender or the receiver of

the communication is not in a position to express or receive the message with clarity
due to some physiological issues like dyslexia, or nerve disorders that interfere with
speech or hearing.

Types of Communication
The four main categories of communication are

 Verbal – It is a method that uses speech in the form of speaking to convey a message or
information. It is the most popular and effective mode of communication, usually practised
during video conferences, phone calls, presentations, one-on-one conversations, and
meetings. It supports both nonverbal and written communication.

 Nonverbal – It is basically a practice of gestures, facial expressions, and body language to

send information. It can be implemented intentionally and unintentionally when
communicating. For instance, a person can smile unintentionally when they hear an
interesting piece of information or a pleasant idea.

 Written – It is all about typing, printing symbols, numbers, letters, and writing to send a piece
of information. Sometimes used to record information for evidence or reference purpose. In
general, the written style of communication is used in books, blogs, pamphlets, memos, and
letters to share and spread information. In the workplace, e-mail is a common example of
written communication.

 Visual – It uses art, photographs, sketches, graphs, charts, and drawings, to pass on the
information. It is used especially during presentations to present to give a visual effect and
support written or verbal communication.
 What is Verbal Communication?
Verbal communication involves the exchange of thoughts, feelings and ideas using
spoken words. Its effectiveness depends upon various aspects, including the choice of
words, tone and clarity of speech. It is a two-way process in which the speaker
transmits information while the listener comprehends and interprets the message.
Verbal communication is oral communication. It’s when we speak aloud. And it’s a two-
way process. Meaning it takes both a sender (the person talking) and a receiver (the
person listening/receiving the message).

Nonverbal communication can include facial expressions, hand gestures and body
language. We often mix verbal and nonverbal communication when we’re trying to
express ourselves or convey a message to others.

We can communicate verbally with others over the phone, online on a Zoom call or via
FaceTime. But with all the technology and gadgets in the world, nothing beats having
face-to-face conversations.

Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of language in spoken or written form for
the exchange of information, ideas, and emotions. It depends on words,
syntax, grammar, and vocabulary for communication. Verbal communication
can be direct or indirect, formal and informal, it may be different in tone and
pitch which influences how the message is perceived.
Characteristics of Verbal Communication
1. Involves spoken or written words.
2. Provides precise and detailed information.
3. Allows for immediate and direct feedback.
4. Influenced by language and dialect.
5. Dominant in formal communication settings.
6. Can be hindered by language barriers.
7. Suitable for conveying complex ideas.
8. Emotions are expressed through words.
9. Communication speed can be faster for conveying information.
Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication includes all types of communication without using
words. It includes hand gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body
language and voice tone. Non-verbal communication can convey emotions
stronger than words way.
Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication
1. Involves gestures, body language, facial expressions, and visual cues.
2. Provides emotional depth and context to messages.
3. Feedback is often subtle, indirect, or delayed.
4. Can have cultural universality in some expressions.
5. Crucial in conveying emotions and attitudes, especially in emotional
situations.
6. Overcomes language barriers.
7. Supplements, reinforces, or contradicts verbal messages.
8. Emotions are often displayed non-verbally.
9. Non-verbal cues can be interpreted quickly.

Aspect Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication

Body language, facial

Medium Spoken or written words
expressions, gestures, etc.

Channel Auditory and visual Primarily visual

Language proficiency can affect More universal, transcending

Language Barriers
understanding language barriers.

Slower, allowing for more

Speed of Delivery Faster in conveying information
subtle nuances

Often requires conscious effort Often unconscious and

Conscious Control
and articulation spontaneous.

Can be more precise and Can be ambiguous and open to

Ambiguity
explicit interpretation.

Tone of voice conveys Facial expressions and body

Emotional Expression
emotions language convey emotions.

Non-verbal cues can be

Memory Retention Easier to remember and recall
challenging to recall accurately.

Language may have cultural Non-verbal cues can vary

Cultural Differences
nuances significantly across cultures.
Aspect Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication

More effective for expressing

Scope Covers a broad range of topics
feelings and attitudes.

Similarities

Purpose: Both verbal and non-verbal communication are aimed to convey emotions, information and
intentions among different individuals.

Contextual: Both forms of communication are influenced by cultural norms, social ways and relationship
between the communicators.

Subjectivity: They can be interpreted and meaning may vary based on the receiver’s perception and
understanding.

Feedback: Verbal and non-verbal communication will possess responses and feedback from the
receiver, allowing to interact.

Expressiveness: Both verbal and non-verbal communication had strong forms of expressing emotions,
feelings and attitudes helps in improving the message totally

Conclusion

In summary, verbal and non-verbal communication are two important forms for the human interaction
which are playing key roles in expressing the messages, emotions and thoughts. Verbal communication
is the spoken or written words to express the information. Non-verbal communication is body language,
facial expressions, gestures and visual to communicate without using words. Both are fundamental way
of communication among human individuals for interaction used to express ideas.

What is enochlophobia?
Enochlophobia is an irrational fear of crowds. A person with this phobia
experiences high levels of anxiety when they’re in a crowd or just thinking
about being in a crowd.

Many people with enochlophobia do their best to avoid crowds in any

situation. They may avoid:
  movies
 parties
 festivals
 theme parks
 concerts
 any other place that might draw a lot of people

Enochlophobia isn’t a separate diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), but it can be categorized as
a specific phobia.

Specific phobias are some of the most common disorders, with a lifetime
prevalence of 7.4%Trusted Source.

Enochlophobia shares some characteristics with other phobias and mental

health conditions, including:

 agoraphobia
 ochlophobia
 social anxiety disorder

Still, these conditions are not the same.

Enochlophobia vs. agoraphobia

Enochlophobia is sometimes confused with agoraphobia, but these phobias

have clear differences.
Enochlophobia is the specific fear of crowds. Agoraphobia is similar in that it
can sometimes involve crowds, but it also involves other situations where
escape could be difficult or embarrassing. This may include:

 taking public transportation

 being in open spaces
 being away from home alone

Agoraphobia is usually an extension of panic disorder. Many people with

agoraphobia fear having a panic attack in these places, particularly a location
where they’ve already had one.

Enochlophobia vs. ochlophobia

Enochlophobia is a fear of any crowd, while ochlophobia is a fear of mobs or

violent crowds.

Enochlophobia vs. social anxiety disorder

(social phobia)

A person with social anxiety disorder is fearful in social situations where they
may feel judged or rejected. This may involve crowds, but it could also include
just being around a few people or individuals.
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What are the symptoms of

enochlophobia?
The symptoms of enochlophobia are similar to those of other anxiety
disorders and specific phobias.

They may include:

 pounding or fast-beating heart

 shortness of breath
 shaking or trembling
 sweating
 feeling lightheaded, faint, or dizzy
 feelings of unreality or detachment
 fear of losing control
 feeling of choking
 chest pain
 avoidance
 fear of dying
 tingling sensations
 nausea or stomach pain
 chills
What causes enochlophobia?
The exact cause of enochlophobia is unknown, but researchers have two
basic theories about how specific phobias develop.

These theories include:

 Classic conditioning model. A specific phobia may be caused by a

fearful or highly emotional event that occurs in relation to a neutral
object or event. In the case of enochlophobia, the phobia may begin due
to a previous scary experience in a crowd. For instance, a person who
had a scary childhood experience of getting lost in a crowd may develop
enochlophobia.
 Modeling theory. This occurs when a person observes a panicked
reaction in another person when it comes to a specific object or
situation. This fear is then internalized. For instance, enochlophobia
may arise when a child watches a parent react with extreme fear or
panic in a crowd.