CLASS 11 GOVERNMENT QUARTERLY EXAM

UNIT TEST
STATE BOARD CHEMISTRY - ANSWER KEY

PART – I
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. The equivalent mass of a trivalent metal element is 9 g eq-1, the molar mass of its anhydrous oxide is

(a) 102 g (b) 27 g (c) 270 g (d) 78 g

2. Basicity of Sulphuric acid is

a) 3 b) 1 c) 2 d) none

3. Splitting of spectral lines in an electric field is called

a) Zeeman effect b) Shielding effect c) Compton effect d) Stark effect

4. In a given shell the order of screening effect is

a) s > p > d > f b) s > p > f > d c) f > d > p > s d) f > p > s > d

5. Atomic number of element having temporary name unniltrium is

a) 101 b) 102 c) 103 d) 104

6. The cause of permanent hardness of water is due to

a) Ca(HCO3)2 b) Mg(HCO3)2 c) CaCl2 d) MgCO3

7. The value of universal gas constant depends upon

a) Temperature of the gas b) Volume of the gas

c) Number of moles of the gas d) units of Pressure and volume

𝑃 𝑃
8. The pressure density relationship 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 derived from the law
1 2

a) Charles law b) Gay – Lussac’s law c) Avogadro’s law d) Boyle’s law

9. If one mole of ammonia and one mole of hydrogen chloride are mixed in a closed container to form ammonium chloride gas,

then

a) ∆H > ∆U b) ∆H - ∆U = 0 c) ∆H + ∆U= 0 d) ∆H < ∆U

10. If the entropy change of a liquid is 16 J mol–1 K–1, and the boiling point is 270C, then the molar heat of vaporisation is

a) 4.8 kJ mol–1 b) 4.6 kJ mol–1 c) 4.3 kJ mol–1 d) 4.2 kJ mol–1

11. Which one of the following is incorrect statement?

a) for a system at equilibrium, Q is always less than the equilibrium constant

b) equilibrium can be attained from either side of the reaction

c) presence of catalyst affects both the forward reaction and reverse reaction to the same extent

d) Equilibrium constant varied with temperature

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12. Ortho and para-nitro phenol can be separated by

a) azeotropic distillation b) destructive distillation c) steam distillation d) cannot be separated

13. Which of the following compounds exhibits optical isomerism?

a) Dimethyl ether b) Acetic acid c) Lactic acid d) 2 -butene

14. Assertion: Tertiary Carbocations are generally formed more easily than primary Carbocations ions.

Reason: Hyper conjugation as well as inductive effect due to additional alkyl group stabilize tertiary carbonium ions.

(a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false (d) Both assertion and reason are false

15. What is the hybridisation state of benzyl carbonium ion?

(a) sp2 (b) spd2 (c) sp3 (d) sp2d

II. Answer any Six questions. Question. no. 24 is compulsory:

16. Define equivalent mass.

Gram equivalent mass is defined as the mass of an element (compound or ion) that combines or displaces 1.008 g hydrogen or

8 g oxygen or 35.5 g chlorine.

17. State Pauli’s Exclusion Principle.

“No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values of all four quantum numbers”

18. Why halogens acts as oxidizing agents?

• The general outer electronic configuration of halogens is ns2 np5.

• So, all the halogens are ready to gain one electron to attain the nearest noble gas configuration.

• An oxidizing agent is the one which is ready to gain the electron.

• So, all the halogens act as oxidizing agents.

19. Give the uses of hydrogen peroxide.

• It is used in water treatment to oxidize pollutants

• It is used as a mild antiseptic

• It is used as bleach in textile, paper and hair-care industry

• It is used to restore the white colour of the old paintings which was lost due to the reaction of hydrogen sulphide in air

with the white pigment Pb3(OH)2 (CO3)2 to form black coloured lead sulphide.

20. What is Compressibility factor?

• The deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour is measured in terms of a ratio of PV to nRT.

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• This is termed as compressibility factor.

𝑃𝑉
• Mathematically, Z = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

21. What is lattice energy?

Lattice energy is defined as the amount of energy required to completely remove the constituent ions from its crystal lattice

to an infinite distance from one mole of crystal.

22. What is the relation between Kp and KC. Give one example for which KP is equal to KC.

Kp = Kc (𝑅𝑇)∆𝑛𝑔

E.g. H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)

∆𝑛𝑔 = np – nr = 2 – 2 = 0

Kp = Kc (𝑅𝑇)0

Kp = Kc

23. What is heterolytic fission?

• Heterolytic cleavage is the process in which a covalent bond breaks unsymmetrically such that one of the bonded atoms

retains the bond pair of electrons.

• It results in the formation of a cation and an anion.

• Of the two bonded atoms, the most electronegative atom becomes the anion and the other atom becomes the cation.

• The cleavage is denoted by a curved arrow pointing towards the more electronegative atom.

• Example:

24. Briefly explain geometrical isomerism in alkene by considering 2- butene as an example.

• Geometrical isomers are the stereoisomers which have different arrangement of groups or atoms around a rigid frame

work of double bonds.

• E.g. 2 – butene

• These two compounds are termed as geometrical isomers and are distinguished from each other by the terms ‘cis’ and

‘trans’.

• The cis isomer is one in which two similar groups are on the same side of the double bond.

• The trans isomer is that in which the two similar groups are on the opposite side of the double bond.

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III. Answer any Six questions. Question. no. 33 is compulsory:

25. How many moles of hydrogen is required to produce 10 moles of ammonia?

26. Explain Davison and Germer experiment.

• The wave nature of electron was experimentally confirmed by Davisson and Germer.

• They allowed the accelerated beam of electrons to fall on a nickel crystal and recorded the diffraction pattern.

• The resultant diffraction pattern is similar to the X-ray diffraction pattern.

• The finding of wave nature of electron leads to the development of various experimental techniques such as electron

microscope, low energy electron diffraction etc…

27. Ionisation potential of ‘N’ is greater than that of ‘O’. Give appropriate reasons.

N (Z = 7) - 1s2 2s2 2p3 O (Z = 8) - 1s2 2s2 2p4

• Nitrogen has half-filled 2p orbital whereas Oxygen has partially filled 2p orbital.

• Half-filled configuration is more stable than partially filled configurations.

• Hence, more energy is required to remove an electron from 2p orbital of nitrogen.

• Removal of one 2p electron from oxygen leads to a stable half-filled configuration.

• Thus, ionization potential of Nitrogen is greater than that of Oxygen.

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28. What is Ortho and Para hydrogen?

• When molecular hydrogen is formed, if the spins of two hydrogen nuclei are in the same direction, it is called as ortho

hydrogen.

• If the spins of two hydrogen nuclei are in the opposite direction, it is called as para hydrogen

29. Derive the relation between ∆H and ∆U for an ideal gas. Explain each term involved in the equation.

• When the system at constant pressure undergoes changes from an initial state with H1, U1, V1 and P parameters to a

final state with H2, U2, V2 and P parameters, the change in enthalpy ∆H, is given by

H = U + PV

• At initial state,

H1 = U1 + PV1 ………(1)

At final state,

H2 = U2 + PV2 ……..(2)

Change in enthalpy is (2) – (1)

(H2 – H1) = (U2 – U1) + P(V2 – V1)

∆H = ∆U + P∆V …………(3)

According to first law of thermodynamics,

∆U = q + w

Equation (3) becomes

∆H = q + w + P∆V

We know that, w = - P∆V

∴∆H = q – P∆V+ P∆V

∆H = qp …………(4)

qp - heat absorbed at constant pressure and is considered as heat content.

• Consider a closed system of gases which are chemically reacting to produce gaseous products at constant temperature

and pressure

• Vi – total volume of the gaseous reactants

• Vf – total volume of the gaseous products

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• n1 – number of moles of gaseous reactants

• nf – number of moles of gaseous products

• For reactants (initial state):

P Vi = ni RT …………(5)

• For products (final state):

P Vf = nf RT …………(6)

(6) – (5)

P (Vf – Vi) = (nf – ni) RT

P∆V = ∆ng RT ------------(5)

Substituting equation (5) in (3)

∆H = ∆U + ∆ngRT ……….(5)

∆H = Change in enthalpy

∆U = Change in internal energy

∆ng = Number of moles of gaseous products – Number of moles of gaseous reactants

R = Gas constant

T = Temperature

30. What are the various steps involved in crystallization?

• Selection of solvent

• Preparation of solution

• Filtration of hot solution

• Crystallization

• Isolation and drying of crystals

31. Complete the following reactions:

a) CH3Br + KOH → CH3OH + KBr

b) CH3OCH3 + HI → CH3OH + CH3I

𝑷𝒕/𝑯𝟐
c) C6H6 → C6H12

32. State reaction quotient.

Reaction quotient ‘Q’ is defined as the ratio of the product of active masses of reaction products raised to the respective

stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to that of the reactants under non-equilibrium conditions.

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33. An unknown gas diffuses at a rate of 0.5 time that of nitrogen at the same temperature and pressure. Calculate the

molar mass of the unknown gas.

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

34. a) Explain the following redox reactions with an example.

(i) Decomposition reaction (ii) Metal displacement reaction

(i) Decomposition reaction

• Redox reactions in which a compound breaks down into two or more components are called decomposition

reactions.

• These reactions are opposite to combination reactions.

• In these reactions, the oxidation number of the different elements in the same substance is changed.

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(ii) Metal displacement reactions:

• A zinc metal strip is placed in an aqueous copper sulphate solution taken in a beaker.

• The intensity of blue colour of the solution slowly reduced and finally disappeared.

• The zinc metal strip became coated with brownish metallic copper.

• This is due to the metal displacement reaction.

(b) (i) Give the electronic configuration of chromium and copper.

Chromium (Z = 24): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Copper (Z = 29): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

(ii) How many radial nodes for 2s, 4p, 5d and 4f orbitals exhibit? How many angular nodes?

Orbital n l Radial nodes (n – l – 1) Angular nodes (l)

2s 2 0 2–0–1=1 0

4p 4 1 4–1–1=2 1

5d 5 2 5–2–1=2 2

4f 4 3 4–3–1=0 3

35. a) (i) Define ionisation potential.

Ionisation energy or ionisation potential is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most

loosely bound electron from the valence shell of the isolated neutral gaseous atom in its ground state.

(ii) Explain the periodic trend of ionization potential.

Variation in a period:

• As we move from left to right along a period, the valence electrons are added to the same shell, at the same

time protons are added to the nucleus.

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• This successive increase of nuclear charge increases the electrostatic attractive force on the valence electron

and more energy is required to remove the valence electrons

• Hence, ionisation energy increases along the period.

Variation in a group:

• As we move down a group, the valence electron occupies new shells, the distance between the nucleus and the

valence electron increases.

• So, the nuclear forces of attraction on valence electron decreases

• Hence, ionisation energy decreases down a group.

b) What is hydrogen bonding? Explain the types of hydrogen bonding with example.

• When a hydrogen atom (H) is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as fluorine (F) or

oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N), the bond is polarized.

• Due to this effect, the polarized hydrogen atom is able to form a weak electrostatic interaction with another

electronegative atom present in the vicinity.

• This interaction is called as a hydrogen bond.

Types of Hydrogen Bonding:

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding:

• Intramolecular hydrogen bonds are those which occur within a single molecule

• E.g. o-nitrophenol

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding:

• Intermolecular hydrogen bonds occur between two separate molecules.

• They can occur between any numbers of like or unlike molecules as long as hydrogen donors and acceptors are

present in positions which enable the hydrogen bonding interactions.

• E.g. Water molecules form strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds with one another.

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36. a) (i) State Graham’s law of effusion or diffusion.

The rate of diffusion or effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass.
1
Rate of diffusion ∝
√𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠

(ii) What are ideal gases? In what way real gases differ from ideal gases?

Ideal gases are the gases which obeys all the gas laws (i.e. Boyle’s law, Charles law and Avogadro’s law) at all

temperature and pressure and has no attractive force between the molecules.

Ideal gas Real gas

• There is no attractive force between the gas • There exists attractive force among the gas

molecules. molecules

• The individual gas molecules occupy negligible • The individual gas molecules occupy a certain

volume when compared to the total volume of volume when compared to the total volume of the

the gas gas

• It obeys all gas laws at all temperature and • Real gas behaves as ideal gas at high temperature

pressure and low pressure

b) State the various statements of second law of thermodynamics.

Entropy statement:

The entropy of an isolated system increases during a spontaneous process.

Kelvin-Planck statement:

It is impossible to construct a machine that absorbs heat from a hot source and converts it completely into work by

a cyclic process without transferring a part of heat to a cold sink

Clausius statement:

It is impossible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir without doing some work.

37. a) Derive the relation between Kp and Kc.

Consider the general reaction in which all reactants and products are ideal gases.

xA + yB ⇌ lC + mD

[𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚
Equilibrium constant, Kc = [𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
---------------- (1)

𝑃𝐶𝑙 𝑃𝐷
𝑚
KP = 𝑦 ---------------- (2)
𝑃𝐴𝑥 𝑃𝐵

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For ideal gas, PV = nRT
𝑛 𝑛
P = 𝑉 RT [𝑉 = Active mass = molar concentration]

P = active mass × RT

𝑃𝐴𝑥 = [A]x (RT)x ---------------- (3)

𝑦
𝑃𝐵 = [B]y (RT)y---------------- (4)

𝑃𝐶𝑙 = [C]l (RT)l ---------------- (5)

𝑃𝐷𝑚 = [D]m (RT)m---------------- (6)

Substitute equations (3), (4), (5) and (6) in (2)

[𝐶]𝑙 (𝑅𝑇)𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚 (𝑅𝑇)𝑚

KP =
[𝐴]𝑥 (𝑅𝑇)𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦 (𝑅𝑇)𝑦

[𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚 (𝑅𝑇)𝑙 + 𝑚

KP = [𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦 (𝑅𝑇)𝑥 + 𝑦

[𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚
KP = [𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
(𝑅𝑇)(𝑙 + 𝑚)−(𝑥 + 𝑦)

Kp = Kc (𝑅𝑇)∆𝑛𝑔

Δng = Difference between the sum of number of moles of products and sum of number of moles of reactants in the

gas phase.

b) (i) State Law of mass action.

“At any instant, the rate of a chemical reaction at a given temperature is directly proportional to the product of the

active masses of the reactants at that instant”.

(ii) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds.

S.No. Structure IUPAC Name

a) 2 – bromo – 3 – methylbutane

b) methoxymethane
c) CH3COOH Ethanoic acid

38. a) Define optical isomerism. What are the conditions for optical activity?

• Compounds having same physical and chemical property but differ only in the rotation of plane of the polarized

light are known as optical isomers and the phenomenon is known as optical isomerism.

• Some organic compounds such as glucose have the ability to rotate the plane of the plane polarized light and they

are said to be optically active compounds and this property of a compound is called optical activity.

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• The optical isomer, which rotates the plane of the plane polarised light to the right or in clockwise direction is

said to be dextro rotatory, which is denoted by ‘d’ or by the sign (+)

• The compound which rotates to the left or anticlockwise is said to be leavo rotatory denoted by ‘l’ or by sign (-).

Conditions for optical activity:

• A carbon atom whose tetra valency is satisfied by four different substituents (atoms or groups) is called

asymmetric carbon or chiral carbon.

• A molecule possessing chiral carbon atom and non-super imposable to its own mirror image is said to be a chiral

molecule or asymmetric, and the property is called chirality or dissymmetry.

b) List out the postulates and limitations of Bohr’s atom model.

Postulates of Bohr’s Model of an atom

• Energies of electrons in an atom are quantized.

• Electron is revolving around the nucleus in a certain fixed circular path called stationary orbit.

• Electron can revolve only in those orbits in which the angular momentum (mvr) of the electron must be equal to an
ℎ
integral multiple of .
2π
𝑛ℎ
i.e. mvr = where n = 1, 2, 3, ...etc.,
2π
• As long as an electron revolves in the fixed stationary orbit, it doesn’t lose its energy.

• However, when an electron jumps from higher energy state (E2) to a lower energy state (E1), the excess energy is

emitted as radiation.

E2 – E1 = hν
𝐸2 − 𝐸1
• Frequency of the emitted radiation is ν = ℎ

• Conversely, when suitable energy is supplied to an electron, it will jump from lower energy orbit to a higher energy

orbit

Limitations of Bohr's atom model:

• It is applicable only to species having one electron such as hydrogen, Li2+ etc... and not applicable to multi

electron atoms.

• It was unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or an

electric field (Stark effect).

• It was unable to explain why the electron is restricted to revolve around the nucleus in a fixed orbit in which the

angular momentum of the electron is equal to nh/2π

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