ASSIGNMENT I: PHYS 602

By
Teshome Senbeta

Phys 602
ASSIGNMENT
AT
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA
MAY 2020

c Copyright by Teshome Senbeta, 2020

Chapter 1

Phys 602 Assignment I Solutions

Problem 6.8
A dielectric sphere of dielectric constant  and radius a is located at the origin. There
is a uniform applied electric field E0 in the x direction. The sphere is rotates with an
angular velocity ω about the z axis. Show that there is a magnetic field
~ = −∇Φ
H ~ M,

where    5
3  − 0 a
ΦM = 0 E0 ω · xz
5  + 0 r>
where r> is the larger of r and a. The motion is non-relativistic.
You may use the results of Section 4.4 for the dielectric sphere in an applied field.
Solution
From J. D. Jackson Chapter 4 section 4.4 equation (4.57), for uniform applied electric
~ 0 , the sphere is uniformly polarized with polarization vector given by
field E
 − 0 ~
P~ = 30 E0 (1.0.1)
 + 20
More over, we need to calculate the corresponding bound volume (ρb ) and surface
(σb ) charge densities before calculating the magnetic potential ΦM .

~ · P~ = 0,
ρb = −∇ σb = P~ · ~n, (1.0.2)

where ~n is the normal vector on the sphere surface. A uniformly rotating sphere
result in effective surface current density due to the bound surface given by

~ M = σb~v = (P~ · ~n)(~ω × ~x)

K (1.0.3)

1
 2

~ × ~r with ~r = a~n.
where ~v (~x) = ω

~ M = a(P~ · ~n)(~ω × ~n)

K (1.0.4)

~ M is defined as
From the other hand the effective surface current density K

~M = M
K ~ × ~n, (1.0.5)

where M~ is the total magnetization, and comparing these two equations of surface
current density, we identify the quantity a(P~ · ~n)~ω as effective magnetization (M
~ ef f ).
This leads to write the effective magnetic surface charge density as

~ ef f · ~n = a(P~ · n)(~ω · ~n)

σM (θ, φ) = M (1.0.6)

Substituting the expression of P~ and noting that ω is along z-axis as given in the
~ 0 = E0 x̂ we have
equation, ~n = ~r, and E
 − 0  − 0
σM (θ, φ) = 30 aE0 (x̂ · ~n)(ω cos θ) = 30 aE0 ω sin θ cos θ cos φ (1.0.7)
 + 20  + 20
Now we employ the definition of the magnetic potential ΦM ;

 − 0 3 sin θ0 cos θ0 cos φ0 0

I Z
1 σM 0 3
ΦM (~r) = da = 0 a ωE0 dΩ (1.0.8)
4π |~r − ~r0 | 4π  + 20 |~r − ~r0 |

To solve this integral we need the identity relation and the inverse radius expansion.
That is
r r
0 0 0 8π 0 0 0 0 15 0
sin θ cos θ cos φ = − Re{Y21 (θ φ )}, Y21 (θ , φ ) = − cos θ0 sin θ0 eiφ
15 8π
(1.0.9)

∞
X rl l
1 < 4π X ∗ 0 0
= Pl (γ), Pl (γ) = Y (θ , φ )Yl (θ, φ). (1.0.10)
0
|~r − ~r | r
l=0 >
l+1 2l + 1 m=−l l

Hence,
r
sin θ0 cos θ0 cos φ0 0 l
Z X Z 
8π 4π r< ∗ 0 0 0 0
dΩ = − Re Y (θ, φ) Ylm (θ , φ )Y21 (θ , φ )dΩ
l+1 lm
|~r − ~r0 | 15 l,m
2l + 1 r>
 3

r
l
X 
8π 4π r<
=− Re Y (θ, φ)δl,2 δm,1
l+1 lm
(1.0.11)
15 lm
2l + 1 r >

The presence of the Dirac delta function impose l = 2, m = 1 for this case. Moreover,
the notation rr = r0 or the distance inside the sphere that is r< = r < a and
r> = r > a.
 r
sin θ0 cos θ0 cos φ0 0 4π r<2 2
Z 
8π 4π r<
dΩ = − Re[Y lm (θ, φ)] = sin θ cos θ cos φ
|~r − ~r0 | 3
5 r> 15 3
5 r>
(1.0.12)
q
15
where Re[Ylm (θ, φ)] = − 8π sin θ cos θ cos φ In spherical coordinates

x = r sin θ cos φ, z = r cos φ.

So, from the product of xz, we have

xz = r2 sin θ cos φ cos θ V sin θ cos φ cos θ = xz/r2 .

Substituting (1.0.12) in to (1.0.8) we have

3  − 0 a3 r <
2
3  − 0 a5
I
1 σM 0 xz
ΦM (~r) = da =  0 ωE0 =  0 ωE0 xz
4φ |~r − ~r0 | 5  + 20 r 2 r>
3 r2 5  + 20 5
r>
(1.0.13)

where we have used

5
a3 r <
2
a3 r <
3 2
a3 r 2 a2

r> a
= = = .
r 2 r>
3 r 2 r>
5 r 2 r>
5 r>

Equation (1.0.13) is the required solution and one can determine the magnetic field
~ from
H
~ = −∇Φ
H ~ M,
where
~ = r̂ ∂ + θ̂ ∂ + φ̂
∇
∂
r r∂θ r sin θ∂φ

5
~ M = 3 0  − 0 ωE0 a (r̂ ∂ + θ̂ ∂ + φ̂
~ = −∇Φ
H
∂
)(r2 sin θ cos θ cos φ)
5  + 20 5
r> r r∂θ r sin θ∂φ
(1.0.14)
 4

Problem 6.10
With the same assumption as in the Problem 6.9 discuss the conservation of an
angular momentum. Show that the differential and integral forms of the conservation
laws are
∂ ~ ·←→


Lmech + Lf ield + ∇ M =0
∂t
and
←→
Z Z
d
3
Lmech + Lf ield d x + ~n · M da = 0
dt V S
where the field angular momentum
~ f ield = ~x × ~g = µε ~x × (E
L ~ × H)
~

and the flux of angular momentum is described by

←
→ ← →
M = T × ~x

Note: Here we have used the dyadic notation Mij and Tij . A double-headed arrow
←→
conveys a fairly obvious meaning. For example, ~n · M is a vector whose jth component
P ←
→
is i ni Mij . The second-rank M can be written as a third rank tensor, Mijk =
Tij xx − Tik xj . But the indices j and k it is antisymmetric and so has only three
independent elements. Including the index i, Mijk therefore has nine components
and can be written as a pseudotensor of the second tensor, as above.
Solution: the angular momentum is defined as

~ = ~r × P~ = ~x × P~
L (1.0.15)

In Jackson notation the radius vector ~r is ~x. And the field-momentum density is given
by

~ ×B
~g = µE ~ (1.0.16)

with momentum
Z
P~ = µ ~ × Hd
E ~ 3x (1.0.17)

and the rate change of the combined momentum is

d ~ XZ ∂
~
[Pmec + Pf ield ]α = Tαβ d3 x (1.0.18)
dt β V ∂
 5

P
where the β Tαβ is the the αth component of the flow per unit area of momentum
across the surface S into the volume V with
1
Tαβ = [Eα Eβ + µHα Hβ − δαβ (E 2 + µH 2 )] (1.0.19)
2
In view the above equations (1.0.15 t0 1.0.19) we can write the angular momentum
conservation law as
Z I
d 3
(~x × ~gmech + ~x × ~gf ield )d x = ~x × Tαβ nβ da,
dt V S

←
→
Z I
d
(Lmech + Lf ield )d3 x = ~r × T · ~nda,
dt V S
←
→
Z I
d 3
(Lmech + Lf ield )d x = − ~n · M da,
dt V S

←→
Z I
d 3
(Lmech + Lf ield )d x + ~n · M da = 0. (1.0.20)
dt V S
←
→ ←
→
where M = T × ~x. Equation (1.0.20) represents the conservation law of angular
momentum in the integral form, we can write this conservation law in the differential
form as
∂
(Lmech + Lf ield ) + ∇ ~ ·←→
M =0 (1.0.21)
∂t

Problem 6.12
Consider the definition of the admittance Y = G − iB of a two-terminal linear passive
network in terms of field quantities by means of the complex Poynting theorem of
Section 6.9.
(a) By considering the complex conjugate of (6.134) obtain general expressions for
the conductance G and susceptance B for the general case including radiation loss.
(b) Show that at low frequencies the expressions equivalent to (6.139) and (6.140) are
Z
1 ~ e d3 x
G' σ|E|
|Vi |2 V
Z
4ω
B'− 2
(ωm − ωe )d3 x
|Vi | V
Solution
(a)From Equation (6.134) J. D. Jackson we have
Z Z I
1 ∗ 3 3
J · Ed x + 2iω (we − wm )d x + S · nda = 0 (1.0.22)
2 V V S
 6

For two input system the input power confined to the area Si is given by
Z Z I
1 ∗ 1 ∗ 3 3
I Vi = J · Ed x + 2iω (we − wm )d x + S · nda (1.0.23)
2 i 2 V V S−Si

The impedance Z is defined as

Z = Vi /Ii
and the admittance Y is
Y = 1/Z = Ii /Vi
Hence

Ii = Y Vi , Ii∗ = Yi∗ Vi∗ . (1.0.24)

Inserting (1.0.24) in to (1.0.23) we have

Z Z I
1 ∗ 2 1 ∗ 3 3
Y |Vi | = J · Ed x + 2iω (we − wm )d x + S · nda (1.0.25)
2 2 V V S−Si

From Y = G − iB we can see that G = ReY ∗ and B = ImY ∗ .

 Z Z I 
1 ∗ 3
G= Re J · Ed x − 4ωIm (we − wm ) + 2Re S · nda (1.0.26)
|Vi |2 V V S−Si

and
 Z Z I 
1 ∗ 3
B= Im J · Ed x − 4ωRe (we − wm ) + 2Im S · nda (1.0.27)
|Vi |2 V V S−Si

(b) At low frequencies there is no significant contribution from the surface integral and
we can omit this term. In addition with the assumption Ohm’s law holds (J = σE)
together with we , wm are real, the real part G and the imaginary part B of the
admittance Y reduced to
Z Z
1 2 3 4ω
G= 2
σ|E| d d, B= 2
(we − wm )d3 x (1.0.28)
|Vi | V |Vi | V

Problem 6.13
A parallel plate capacitor is formed of two flat rectangular perfectly conducting sheets
of dimensions a and b separated by a distance d small compared to a or b. Current
is fed in and taken out uniformly along the adjacent edges of length b. With the
input current and voltage defined at this end of the capacitor, calculate the input
impedance or admittance using the field concepts of Section 6.9.
a) Calculate the electric and magnetic fields in the capacitor correct to second order
 7

in powers of the frequency, but neglecting fringing fields.

(b) Show that the expansion of the reactance (6.140) in powers of frequency to an
appropriate order is the same as that obtained for a lumped circuit consisting of a
capacitance C = 0 ab/d in series with an inductance L = µ0 ad/3b.
Solution (a)
Lets choose a cartesian coordinate system with its origin at (x = 0, y = 0), where
the x-axis choosen along the age a and the y-axis along age b as shown in the figure.
Let Q(t) = Q0 e−iωt be the total positive charge on lower plate and −Q(t) is the
total charge on the upper plate. The electric field between the plates separated by
a distance d (d~ points in the positive z direction, that is the direction of the electric
field) with harmonically varing potential difference V (t) = V0 e−iωt = V0 cos(ωt) is
given by
~ (0) (t) = −∇V
E ~ (t) = −(V0 /d) cos ωt ẑ, (1.0.29)
where we considered the real part of the potential.

d
y
a

x b

Figure 1.1: slab of dimension a and b

This electric field is varying in time, it induces a displacement current, which in

turn generates a magnetic field through the Ampere-Maxwell equation
~
∇ ~ = µ0 J~ + 1 ∂ E ẑ
~ ×B (1.0.30)
c2 ∂t
 8

. Recall that the current between any capacitor is zer0. That is J~ = 0 between the
plates of the capacitor. Hence equation (1.0.30) reduced to

~
~ (1) = 1 ∂ E = − iω E
~ ×B
∇ ~ = iω V0 e−iωt = iω V (t) ẑ. (1.0.31)
2
c ∂t c 2 c2 d c2 d
Note that real part of equation (1.0.31 will be sin(ωt).
Since the current fed in and taken out uniformly along the adjacent edges of length
b, the fields are assumed independent of the y, provided we are not close to the edges
of the capacitor. Further more as the distance d is constant and very small, the field
are independent of the z-coordinate. With this assumptions the induced magnetic
magnetic field, B (1) can only depend on the x-coordinate and points along y-axis.
Hence,
Z x
~ =
(1) iω V (t) iω V (t)
B 2
dx ŷ = 2 (x − x0 ) ŷ. (1.0.32)
c d x0 c d

~ on the upper plate

From the definition of the current density, the current density K
is
~
~ = ~n × H,
K ~ ~ = B
H (1.0.33)
µ0

where ~n is the unit normal pointing from the negative plate (top plate) towards the
bottom plate, or ~n = −ẑ. Hence,

~ = −ẑ × iω V (t) (x − x0 ) ŷ = 0 iω V (t) (x − x0 )x̂.

K (1.0.34)
c2 d d
Based on our geometry choice of Fig. 1 the current fed in at x = 0 and out at x = a.
But from the conservation of current, since the charge can not be disappear at x = a,
the current must be zero at x = a. This lead to choose the constant of integration
x0 = a. This lead to

~ (1) = iω V (t) (x − a) ŷ.

B (1.0.35)
c2 d
As the fields are oscillatory (harmonically time dependent) this induced magnetic
~ (2) that is given by Faraday’s law
field in turns induce electric field E
~ (1) (2)
~ (2) = − ∂ B = iω B
~ ×E
∇ ~ (1) = − ω V (t) (x − a)ŷ (1.0.36)
∂t c2 d
 9

~ (2) is independent of y and z. This means it depends on

The induced electric field E
~ = x̂∂/∂x. Therefore,
x-coordinate; that is ∇
2
ω 2 V~ 1
Z
~ (2) = ω V~ dẑ
E (x − a)dx = [ (x − a)2 − C]ẑ, (1.0.37)
c2 c2 d 2

where C is constant of integration. As E ~ (0) (x = 0) = −V0 /d cos(ωt), no need ad-

ditional correction. This means no additional correction is needed. This means we
impose E~ (0) (x = 0) = 0. This enables us to fix C = a2 /2 in equation (1.0.37).
Finally
2
~ (2) = ω V [(x − a)2 − a2 ]ẑ
E (1.0.38)
c2 2d
~ (2) in turn induce B
The field E ~ (3) . This can be calculate from
3
~ ×B
∇ ~ (2) = − iω V [(x − a)2 − a2 ]ẑ
~ (3) = − iω E (1.0.39)
c2 c4 2d
~ (3) has x dependence and points alon ŷ and solving equation (1.0.39) we
The field B
get,

~ (3) iω 3 V 1
B =− 4 [ (x − a)2 a2 (x − a)]ŷ (1.0.40)
c 2d 3
Organizing the so far obtained results

ω2
 
~ ~ (0) ~ (2) V (t) 2 2
E = E + E + ... ≈ − 1 − 2 [(x − a) − a + ...] ẑ (1.0.41)
d 2c

with the real part V (t) = V0 cos(ωt),

2
 
~ ≈− V0 ω 2 2
E 1 − 2 [(x − a) − a + ...] cos(ωt)ẑ (1.0.42)
d 2c
Similarly

ω2 1
 
~ =B ~ (1) ~ (3) iω V (t) 2 2
B +B + ... ≈ 2 (x − a) 1 − 2 [ (x − a) − a + ...] ŷ (1.0.43)
c d 2c 3

~ fields the part of V (t) that contributes real is −i sin(ωt), and hence Similarly
For B
2
 
~ ≈ ω V0 ω 1 2 2
B (x − a) 1 − 2 [ (x − a) − a + ...] sin(ωt)ŷ (1.0.44)
c2 d 2c 3
 10

(b) From Eqn. (6.140) the reactance of a two input channel is given by
Z
4ω
X≈ (wm − we )d3 x (1.0.45)
|Ii |2 V
Recall that the time harmonic electric and magnetic energy densities are defined as
1 ~ ~∗ 0 ~ 2 1 ~ ~∗ 1 ~ 2
we = (E · D ) = |E| , wm = (B ·H )= |B| (1.0.46)
4 4 4 4µ0
We can use the field in its lowest order to tackle this problem. The fields in the lowest
~ 0 and B
order are E ~ 1 . Hence,

0 ~ 2 0 |Vi |2 1 ~ 2 ω 2 |Vi |2
we = |E| ≈ , wm = |B| ≈ (x − a)2 (1.0.47)
4 4d2 4µ0 4µ0 c4 d2
~ recall the
To relate the current Ii to the potential difference Vi and the electric field E,
total charge on the bottom plate Q(t) and the corresponding surface charge density
σ as

~ = 0 Vi 0 Vi ab
σ = |E| , Q(t) = σ(ab) ≈ , (1.0.48)
d d
where ab is the area of the slab. Since the current Ii is
dQ iω0 Vi ab
Ii = = −iωQ ≈ − (1.0.49)
dt d
Rearranging
iIi d
Vi =
0 ωab
Substituting this into 1.0.47 we get
|Ii |2 µ0 |Ii |2
we ≈ , wm ≈ (x − a)2
40 ω 2 a2 b2 4a2 b2
Finally, substituting this in to (1.0.45)
Z
4ω
X≈ (wm − we )d3 x
|Ii |2
a Z bZ d a Z bZ d
|Ii |2 µ0 |Ii |2
 Z Z 
4ω 2
≈ − dxdydz + (x − a) dxdydz
|Ii |2 0 0 0 40 ω 2 a2 b2 4a2 b2 0 0 0

µ0 ωad d
X≈ − (1.0.50)
3b 0 ωab
 11

For a circuit consisting of inductance L and capacitance C, the inductance X is given

by
X = XL − XC
XL = ωL, XC = 1/(ωC)
Hence,
0 ab µ0 ad
C= L= (1.0.51)
d, 3b

Probleman 6.14
An ideal parallel plate capacitor of radius a and plate separation d << a is connected
to a current source by axial leas, as shown in the sketch. The current in the wire is

I(t) = I0 cos ωt.

(a) Calculate the electric and magnetic fields between the plates to the second order
in power of the frequency (or wave number), neglecting the effects of the fringing
fields.
(b) Calculate the volume integrals of we and wm that enters the definition of reactance
X, (6.140), to the second order in ω. Show that in terms of the input the current Ii ,
defined by Ii = −iωQ, where Q is the total charge on one plate, these energies are
1 |Ii |2 d
Z
we d3 x = ,
4π0 ω 2 a2
µ0 |Ii |2 d a2 d2
Z  
3
wm d x = 1+
4π 8 12c2
(c) Show that the equivalent series circuit has

C ' π0 a2 /d, L ' µ0 d/8π

an that an estimate for the resonant frequency of the system is

√
ωres ' 2 2a/c.

Compare with the first root of J0 .

Solution
(a) The charge on the plate is
Z 1 Z t
0 I0
Q(t) = I(t )dt = I0 cos(ωt) = sin(ωt) (1.0.52)
0 0 ω
 12

Figure 1.2: Sketch for problem 6.14

In it appropriate to use the cylindrical coordinates to solve this problem. From

the sketch the electric field along the z-axis and the magnetic field curl around the
azimuthal angle φ. It is suffice to determine the fields to the second order in frequency.
To the first order the electric field is given by

σ Q(t) 1 I0
E0 = = 2 = sin(ωt) (1.0.53)
0 πa 0 π0 ωa2
Ampere-Maxwell law tells us that changing electric field (oscillating electric field
)result in induced magnetic fields. Hence, from this law we have

~
∇ ~ = µ0 J~ + 1 ∂ E
~ ×B (1.0.54)
c2 ∂t

But there is no free current density, J~ = 0 and in cylindrical coordinator the del
operator is

~ ×B~ = ρ̂ 1 ∂Bz − ∂Bφ + φ̂ ∂Bρ − ∂Bz + ẑ 1 ∂(ρBφ ) − ∂Bρ .

∇
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
∂(ρB )

The only term that survive in this differential equation is ẑ ρ1 ∂ρ φ , where Bφ = B0
along φ̂ to the first order. With this concept equation (1.0.54) yields

~
~ = 1 ∂(ρBφ ) = 1 ∂ E = 1 I0 ∂ sin(ωt)
~ ×B


∇
ρ ∂ρ c2 ∂t c2 π0 ωa2 ∂t
 13

B0 µ0 I0
=⇒ = cos(ωt)
ρ πa2
Z Z
µ0 I0 µ0 I0 ρ
∂(ρB0 ) = cos(ωt) ρ∂ρ =⇒ B0 = cos(ωt) (1.0.55)
πa2 2πa a
This oscillating magnetic field B0 in turns induce electric field due to Faraday’s law
(here the electric field is along z-axis and the curl operator that contribute is −φ̂ ∂E
∂ρ
z
)

~
~ 1 = − ∂ B0 =⇒ − ∂E1 = − µ0 Iρ ∂ cos(ωt)
~ ×E
∇
∂t ∂ρ 2πa2 ∂t

µ0 I0 ρ2
=⇒ E1 = − ω sin(ωt) (1.0.56)
4π a2
Now we need to calculate the magnetic field in the second order as the oscillating
electric field E1 induces B1 .
~ 2
~ 1 = 1 ∂ E1 =⇒ 1 ( ρB1 ) = − µ0 I0 ωρ cos(ωt)
~ ×B
∇
2 ∂1 ρ ∂rho 4πc2 a2
Therefore, rearranging and integrating we get
µ0 I0 ρ3 2
B1 = ω cos(ωt). (1.0.57)
16πc2 a2
To get the total fields to the second order we add Eqs. (1.0.53) and (1.0.56) for
electric field and Eqns. (1.0.55) and (1.0.57) for magnetic field.
ρ2 2
 
~ 1 I0
E(~r) = sin(ωt) 1 − 2 ω ẑ (1.0.58)
π0 ωa2 4c

2
 
~ r) = µ 0I0 ρ ρ 2
B(~ cos(ωt) 1 − 2 ω φ̂ (1.0.59)
2πa ωa 8c
(b) From problem (6.13) above we can use equation (1.0.46), that is
1 ~ ~∗ 0 ~ 2 1 ~ ~∗ 1 ~ 2
we = (E · D ) = |E| , wm = (B ·H )= |B| (1.0.60)
4 4 4 4µ0
Now we can write equation (1.0.58) and (1.0.59) in its complex form as
2
   
~ r) = Re i 1 I0 ρ 2 −iωt
E(~ 1 − 2ω e ẑ (1.0.61)
π0 ωa2 4c
 14

ρ2 2 −iωt
   
~ µ0I0 ρ
B(~r) = Re 1 − 2ω e φ̂ (1.0.62)
2πa ωa 8c
Integrating this over the entire volume gives

0 d
Z Z Z 2π Z a 2
 2

3 ~ ≈
2 1 I 0 d a 2
we d x = dz dφ ρdρ|E| 1 − 2ω (1.0.63)
4 0 0 0 4π0 ω 2 a2 4c

Z Z d Z 2π Z a  2

3 1 ~ ≈ µ 02 2 a 2
wm d x = dz dφ ρdρ|B| I d 1 − 2ω (1.0.64)
4µ0 0 0 0 32π 0 6c
Since the problem is to determine the energy densities to the second order, we need
to determine I0 from the total charge Q. The total charge on the plate to the second
order is
Z 2π Z a
ρ2 ω 2 −iωt
Z Z  
i I0
Q = σda = 0 Eda = 0 dφ ρdρ 1− )e
0 π0 ωa2 4c2

a2 2 −iωt
 
I0
Q=i 1 − 2ω e (1.0.65)
ω 8c
From the definition
a2 a2
   
2 2 2
Ii = −iωQ, =⇒ |Ii | = ω |Q| = I02 1 − 2 ω2 ≈ I02 1 − 2 ω2
8c 4c

a2 2
 
=⇒ I02 2
≈ |Ii | 1 + 2 ω (1.0.66)
4c
Subsititute equation (1.0.66) in to (1.0.63) and (1.0.64) will give the required results
a2 2 a2 2 1 |Ii |2 d
Z    
3 1 d 2
we d x = 1 − ω |Ii | 1 + ω ≈ (1.0.67)
4π0 ω 2 a2 4c2 4c2 4π0 ω 2 a2

a2 2 a2 2 µ0 d |Ii |2 a2 2
Z     
3 µ0 d 2
wm d x = |Ii | 1 + 2 ω 1 − 2ω ≈ 1+ ω (1.0.68)
32π 4c 6c 4π 8 12c2
(c) The reactance of the system will be ready by plugging equations (1.0.67) and
(1.0.68) in tow equation (1.0.54). Hence
Z
4ω 3 µ0 d 1 d
≈ (wm − we )d x ≈ ω − (1.0.69)
|Ii |2 8π ω π0 a2
 15

The effective reactance X in terms of the inductive reactance XL and capacitive

reactance XC is
X = XL − XC
, where XL = ωL and XC = 1/(ωC). Comparing this with equation (1.0.69), one can
read
µ0 d 0 πa2
L= , C=
8π d
p
The resonance frequency ωresonance = 1/(LC). Hence

1 √ c
ωresonance = √ =2 2 . (1.0.70)
LC a

Finally to compare this result with the J0 Bessel function of the zeroth order, one
has to solve the problem from the homogeneous Helmholtz equation in cylindrical
coordinates. That is
 
2 2 1 ∂
(∇ + k )Ez (ρ) = ρ Ez + k 2 Ez = 0 (1.0.71)
ρ ∂ρ

The solution of equation (1.0.70)is a Bessel function of the first kind with
√
Ez (ρ) = AJ0 (kρ), k = ω µ0 0 = ω/c (1.0.72)

From Gauss’s law

Z Z 2π Z a
~ · ~nda = Q iI0
E dφ Ez ρdρ = − =−
0 0  ω0
We know that the integral of J0 is J1 , that is
Z 2π Z a Z a
a I0
dφ Ez ρdρ = 2π AJ0 (kρ)dρ = 2π J1 (ka)A = −
0 0 0 k ω0
Rearranging we get A,
iI0 k iI0
A=− =− (1.0.73)
2πaω0 J1 (ka) 2πac0 J1 (ka)

Substituting equation(1.0.72) in to (1.0.71) we obtain the expression of he fields in

terms of the Bessel functions

~ = − iI0 J0 (kρ) ẑ,

E ~ =−
B
iI0 J1 (ka)
φ̂ (1.0.74)
2πac0 J1 (ka) 2πac2 0 J1 (ka)
 16

Now, let expand the two Bessels function up to the second order in a power of ka.

k 2 ρ2
J0 (kρ) ≈ 1 − + ...
4
ka
J1 (ka) ≈ + ...
2
The fields in terms of this functions are
2 2 2 2
  
~ =− iI0 2 k a k ρ
E 1+ + ẑ, (1.0.75)
2πac0 ka 8 g

k 2 a2 k 2 ρ2
  
~ =− iI0 ρ
B 1+ − φ̂ (1.0.76)
2πac2 0 a 8 8

Now we compare the resonance frequency with the first root of J0 .

c
ka ≈ a ωresonance /c =⇒ ωresonance = ka
a
Comparing this with equation (1.0.70) we see that
√
ka ≈ 2 2 ≈ 2.8284

The root of J0 = 2.4048,which are near to the value.